Typical Type Research Articles

Comparative study of commercialized sodium-ion batteries and lithium-ion batteries

Developing new energy storage technologies is the foundation for advancing renewable energy. Among them, the development of electrochemical energy storage technology has received widespread attention. Due to its high energy density, lengthy cycle life, and environmental friendliness, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are being utilized extensively in everyday life. With a similar structure to LIBs, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are also promising for broad use in the new energy sector due to their abundant Na supplies and considerable cost benefits. In addition to introducing typical battery types and their benefits and drawbacks, this paper investigates the structures and operational concepts of LIBs and SIBs. SIBs have the advantages of low cost, abundant resources, and faster charge-discharge rates. However, they have lower energy density and require larger volume and weight. On the other hand, LIBs have a higher energy density, and more stable cycle life, but also have disadvantages such as poor safety, high cost, significant environmental impact, and destructive mining processes. The paper also focuses on the industrialization progress of SIBs by internationally renowned new energy companies such as Contemporary Amperex Technology Ltd. (CATL) and Natron Energy, highlighting the advantages of SIBs in the field of energy storage.

Crystal growth, HOMO-LUMO engineering and charge-transfer emission of TCNB-based donor-acceptor cocrystals

Using carbazole (CARB), dibenzothiophene (DBZP) and dibenzofuran (DBZF) as electron donors, 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCNB) as electron acceptor, three typical types of luminescent organic cocrystals were synthesized by a simple supramolecular assembly strategy. The cocrystals exhibit interesting optical properties for its charge transfer (CT) interactions. Meanwhile, a series of three-component (CARB)x (DBZP)1-x (TCNB) crystalline microtubes comprising organic CT interactions have been prepared by the self-assembly with poor solvent co-precipitating method. DFT calculations were used to predict the CT interactions and the binding patterns of donor and acceptor, which suggest that the CT interactions can largely influence the energy level and orbital distributions. Moreover, the SXRD analyses verified the cocrystals are constructed by π-π stacking with a face-to-face model. The solid-state cocrystals and microtubes were well characterized by PXRD, UV absorption spectra, emission spectra, fluorescence lifetime and quantum yield analyses. The obvious red-shift in UV–vis absorption spectra and emission spectra with respect to the free monomer indicate the formation of CT interactions. The emission colors of the mixed microtubes can be tailored from green to orange as well as associated photophysical properties with the increasing of dopant concentrations. Therefore, by the combination of experimental and theoretical studies on the cocrystals and microtubes, this work not only reports the new types of crystalline micro-nano materials, but also provides an in-depth understanding of the relationship between structure and fluorescence effect.

Abstract 12128: Catheter Ablation Outperforms Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Therapy in Improving Arrhythmic Outcomes of Brugada Syndrome

Background: Brugada syndrome (BrS) is characterized by ventricular arrhythmias that pose a significant risk to affected individuals. While ICD therapy is the primary treatment, it does not prevent VF episodes. Catheter ablation (CA) has shown promise in improving arrhythmic outcomes. This study aims to compare the efficacy of CA with ICD therapy in symptomatic BrS patients. Methods: A total of 49 symptomatic BrS patients were enrolled, with 21 patients undergoing CA and 28 patients receiving ICD therapy. Substrate modification techniques, including endocardial and epicardial approaches, were utilized along with VF-triggering PVC ablation strategies. The primary outcomes assessed were the occurrence of VF episodes and sudden cardiac death during the follow-up period. Results: The study population had a mean age of 44.3±10.4 years, with 44 patients (89.8%) being male. Among the participants, 40 (81.6%) exhibited the typical type 1 BrS electrocardiogram pattern, and 12 (24.5%) had a positive SCN5A mutation. VF-triggering PVCs were successfully ablated in 3 patients (14.3%), while VF substrates were eliminated in 18 patients (85.7%). Epicardial ablation was performed in 14 patients (66.7%). During a median follow-up of 46.2 (15.6-68.8) months, the primary outcomes occurred more frequently in the ICD group compared to the CA group (4.8% vs. 57.1%, Log-rank P = 0.006). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CA is a more effective therapy for improving arrhythmic outcomes in symptomatic BrS patients compared to ICD implantation. These results highlight the potential of CA as a first-line therapeutic approach for managing symptomatic BrS.

Geo-Visualization of Spatial Occupancy on Smart Campus Using Wi-Fi Connection Log Data

As a typical and special type of urban setting, the university campus usually faces similar challenges as cities raised by high-density inhabitants. The smart campus has been introduced based on the smart city, as concepts, technologies, and solutions to improve livability and energy efficiency. Inhabitants’ occupancy in buildings and open spaces on campus is critical to optimize campus management and services. Information about spatial occupancy of campus inhabitants can be produced based on various location-based solutions, such as global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), campus cameras, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi. As an essential component in campus information infrastructure, Wi-Fi network covers almost the entire university campus and has advantages in collecting locations of campus inhabitants. In this paper, geo-visualization of spatial occupancy of campus inhabitants is designed and implemented using anonymized Wi-Fi network log data. First, 3-dimension building models are reconstructed based on LiDAR point clouds and construction drawings. Then, the Wi-Fi network log data are cleaned and preprocessed. Campus inhabitants’ locations are extracted from structural Wi-Fi data. Geo-visualization at room, floor, and building levels is designed and implemented. On a temporal dimension, spatial occupancy can be visualized by each second, minute, hour, or day of the week in 3D buildings. The implementation of the geo-visualization is based on CesiumJS, which offers an interface for 3D-animated visualization and interaction. The research can be used to support university management and educators to implement the smart campus and optimize pedagogical research.

A real‐time seismic damage prediction framework based on machine learning for earthquake early warning

AbstractFor implementing earthquake early warning (EEW), real‐time parameters of ground motion (GM) which can be obtained at the beginning of earthquake wave arrival (i.e., P‐wave arrival) are usually used to estimate the intensity measure (IM) of the following GM for supporting alarm decision. However, prior studies have proved that the estimated IM is hard to relate structural damage effectively, thus affecting the decision‐making behavior and resulting in more economic losses and casualties. Although the real‐time parameters may be adopted to directly predict structural damage, it is difficult to construct the accurate mathematical model between the parameters and structural damage index. To solve the above problems, a machine learning‐based real‐time damage prediction framework that can directly predict the structural maximum inter‐story drift ratio (MIDR) after P‐wave arrival is proposed for use in EEW. Within the framework of the proposed method, the database for training the prediction model come from the accurate nonlinear time‐history analyses of 32 typical building types under the real GM records, where the real‐time characteristic parameters of P‐wave of the records are taken as the inputs. To achieve accurate and efficient prediction, a total of 32 alternative characteristic parameters of P‐wave are selected and a parameter optimization approach is developed to remove the redundant and useless parameters for various type of building structure. Moreover, an interpretable approach is adopted to explain the effects of different input parameters on the prediction results and demonstrate the reliability of the proposed method. Finally, the framework is thoroughly assessed and investigated through two seismic damage cases and an occurred seismic event, which has an accuracy rate above 96.4% on average for risk‐consistent early‐warning trigger classification. These results show that the proposed method have the ability of continuously stable and excellent prediction power when using it for EEW.

A probabilistic neural network with adaptive capability to optimize fault trees for the intelligent fault diagnosis of rapier loom throughout its operating cycle1

The mechanical structures of the rapier loom are strongly coupled, resulting in faults that are characterized by strong coupling, hierarchy, phase dynamics, and a transient nature. However, current fault diagnosis methods using a single approach are not satisfactory. Additionally, fault diagnosis of the entire operation cycle of the rapier loom equipment is lacking. This paper proposes a fault tree diagnosis method with probabilistic neural network optimization to build a complete fault diagnosis system for rapier looms and improve their intelligent diagnosis capability. The method has strong fault tolerance and self-adaptive capability, allowing for accurate location of the root cause of the fault from multiple fault sources. By accumulating fault samples and continuously improving the diagnosis network, the accuracy of diagnosis can be further enhanced. Initially, the failure mechanism of key subsystems of rapier loom is analyzed. A fault tree model is established for each subsystem based on expert experience and historical data. The model identifies the characteristic sign quantities of typical fault types and serves as the basic input for fault identification. A probabilistic neural network is used to train the fault sample set and complete the diagnosis of the cause of the fault. According to field experiments, the proposed method has demonstrated a significant improvement in the efficiency of locating and identifying fault signs in rapier looms. This improvement allows for accurate and quick identification of faults.

Are there different kinds of appositive relative clauses?

Abstract In his latest book on relative clauses, Cinque claims that there are two fundamentally different kinds of appositive (non-restrictive) relative clauses. The unintegrated ones are the typical English type, the integrated ones are found in various languages, including Chinese and Japanese. This second type shares some characteristics with restrictive relatives, and seems to require a different syntactic analysis. Some languages, like Italian, supposedly have both types. A list of a dozen criteria differentiates the two, such as the use of relative pronouns and the possibility of heavy pied piping. However, when we carefully look at Dutch and other languages, the picture starts to blur considerably, and an abundance of (micro)variation shows up. This is problematic. I argue that the suggested criteria do not add up to two natural classes at all and are in fact non-explanatory. Therefore, we need to focus on what is truly fundamental to non-restrictiveness, which leads to a different perspective on the matter.

Progress and prospects for research on Martian topographic features and typical landform identification

The study of Martian surface topography is important for understanding the geological evolution of Mars and revealing the spatial differentiation of the Martian landscape. Identifying typical landform units is a fundamental task when studying the origin and evolution of Mars and provides important information for landing on and exploring Mars, as well as estimating the age of the Martian surface and inferring the evolution of the Earth’s environment. In this paper, we first investigate Mars exploration, data acquisition and mapping, and the classification methods of Martian landforms. Then, the identification of several typical Martian landform types, such as aeolian landforms, fluvial landforms, and impact landforms, is shown in detail. Finally, the prospects of Mars data acquisition, landform mapping, and the construction and identification of the Martian landform classification system are presented. The construction of the Martian landform classification system and the identification of typical Martian landforms using deep learning are important development directions in planetary science.

Role of Flavonoids in the Treatment of Urolithiasis: A Challenging Herbal Approach

A common condition that puts a huge financial and morbidity burden is kidney stones. Throughout the past 20 years, the frequency of urolithiasis has increased; 5 to 15 % of people globally are affected. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones, which form in the renal surfaces, are the most prevalent variety. Several physicochemical processes of urinary stone constituents within tubular cells lead to the complex process of stone generation. Obese people are known to be at an increased risk of developing stones. Nephrolithiasis in women is becoming more common because of metabolic syndrome. Recent years have seen a significant change in the detection and initial treatment of urolithiasis. Calcium oxalate renal stones are the most typical type of stone proclaimed in India. Since medicinal herbs are safer, more efficient, more acceptable culturally, and have fewer side effects than produced pharmaceuticals, they have been used for treatment for millennia. Patients are recommended to follow a low-fat diet and take herbal remedies in addition to fibre from naturally occurring plants. Flavonoids are a type of plant polyphenol that has been linked to several health benefits. Recent research has revealed that plant flavonoids can significantly reduce the formation of kidney stones in vitro and in vivo, which correlates with their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, antibacterial, and other beneficial actions. Thus, the flavonoids or extracts of flavonoid-rich plants associated with anti-urolithiasis activity were evaluated. This article emphasises the use of flavonoid-containing plants or herbs and synthetic medications to cure kidney stones. The epidemiology, mechanism of action, pathophysiology, synthetic and natural treatments for kidney stone development, and ways to reduce stone risks are all covered in this review article.

Prevalence of Benign Vocal Fold Lesions: Long-Term Results From a Single European Institution

Hoarseness and limited voice capacity are often associated with benign vocal fold (VF) lesions. Despite their high clinical prevalence, epidemiological investigations focusing on these structural alterations are rare. The aim of the study was to present current European data on five typical lesion types (VF nodules, polyp, cyst, contact granuloma, Reinke´s edema). Retrospective investigation. Video recordings of laryngoscopies from all patients with one of the above-mentioned VF pathologies were subjected to a review process. Data collected arose from a single institution over a period of 13years. They were evaluated statistically with respect to lesion type, sex, age at first diagnosis, and affected side. In a total of 535 patients, VF polyps occurred most frequently, followed by Reinke's edema and nodules. Each of the lesion types studied was significantly associated with sex and, except VF cysts, all diagnoses were also significantly related to age. Female sex was a risk factor for VF nodules, cysts, and Reinke's edema, whereas male sex was associated with polyps and contact granulomas. VF nodules occurred predominantly in young patients, VF polyps in middle-aged, Reinke's edema, and contact granulomas in later adulthood. The predominantly affected side (bilateral, right, or left VF) depended on sex. Different prevalences from previous studies resulted from inconsistencies in terms of classification framework, terminology, and definition. In addition to endoscopic findings, socio-cultural backgrounds must also be considered when studying benign VF lesions. Prophylactic voice care education for all populations and concomitant efficacy studies are required. Further research is needed to verify possible correlations between sex and the affected side. A non-binary view could broaden the spectrum of phoniatric research issues.

Research on the wind environment in an enclosed courtyard: Effect of the opening position, size and wind angle

With the urbanization process in China, outdoor thermal environments are drawing increasing attention, of which comfortable pedestrian height wind environments are crucial for urban outdoor spaces. Few studies have been conducted on the comfort wind zone ratio (CWZR)11Abbreviations: CFD, computational fluid dynamics; CWZR, comfort wind zone ratio; MWSR, mean wind speed ratio; SWZR, static wind zone ratio. models for openings in enclosed courtyards. We quantitatively analyzed the effects of different opening positions, sizes, and wind angles on the wind environment of campus enclosed courtyards via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and CWZR models were established for different opening sizes and wind angles. The results are as follows: (1) The opening position, opening size and wind angle significantly affected the outdoor wind environment. (2) Under the dominant wind direction in summer, the cross-opening position better improved the courtyard wind environment than the symmetrical opening. The courtyard CWZR significantly increased with increasing inlet opening size and increased with decreasing outlet opening size. (3) A wind angle from 2° to 47° is the recommended angle for typical courtyard opening types, and the maximum courtyard CWZR occurred at a wind angle of 10°. The study results could guide courtyard building design and courtyard wind environment optimization and enrich the theoretical study of outdoor wind environments.

Investigating Soil Pore Network Connectivity in Varied Vegetation Types Using X-ray Tomography

The ecological environment in southwestern China is fragile. Due to the significant preferential flow in vertical and horizontal directions and poor water conservation ability, vegetation degradation still exists under conditions of abundant rainfall. Therefore, the pore connectivity and infiltration characteristics in shallow soil under typical local vegetation need to be studied. A calculation model for the vertical connectivity of soil macropores was independently constructed, and differences in soil macropore structures and the degree of vertical connectivity in typical vegetation types (natural secondary forest, natural grassland, Yunnan pine plantation, eucalyptus plantation, cypress plantation, mulberry bushes) were investigated by CT scanning technology of undisturbed soil columns. The results showed that the vertical connectivity of large pores in the shallow soil of the region can be quantitatively described by X-ray tomography, and the total surface area and cumulative curvature of macropores in natural grassland soil were two or three times that in artificial vegetation. The concentration area of macropores in the soil of artificial forestland was closer to the surface, and the tendency of macropore preferred path decreased by 76.18% around 30 cm depth in the soil. The vertical connection of soil macropores in artificial forests was significantly lower than that of natural secondary forestlands (33.03%) and natural grasslands (36.75%). The restoration of the plantation improved surface soil pore structure, and the vertical connectivity of soil is nearly 20% less than that of natural vegetation types (natural secondary forestland, natural grassland), which reduced water outflow rate by nearly 44% and electrolyte content by nearly 14% at a depth of 30 cm. This study provided data and research directions for the study of hydrological processes in local forest vegetation and technical support for solving the problems of soil water loss and forestland water conservation in southwestern China.

Variation of interception efficiency and transformation to natural glucocorticoids in three texture reclaimed water receiving riverbeds

BackgroundThe efficacy of the interception and purification mechanism for low-dose toxic contaminants in riverbeds, which serve as a link between surface water and groundwater, is of paramount importance in ensuring groundwater safety, particularly considering the replenishment of reclaimed water. The specific objective of this work is to identify the variation of interception efficiency and transformation to natural glucocorticoids in three texture reclaimed water receiving riverbeds. MethodsHerein, an experimental percolation platform was set up to simulate hydrocortisone (HC) migration and biotransformation during the reclaimed water infiltration process through three typical types of riverbeds (silty clay (SC), loam (L) and sand (S)). Significant findingsThe attenuation of HC in time dimension and longitudinal direction was consistent with the two compartment first-order kinetic model, with decay rate constant greater than -0.031 m−1 and 2.71 d−1 in spatial and temporal distribution. The SC riverbed enhanced 36.36 % HC removal due to adsorption and microbial transformation. Furthermore, the major metabolic pathways of side chain oxidation and ring rupture were significantly enhanced due to the increasing diversity and relative abundance of the functional bacteria present in SC. The enrichment of functional genera, Stenotrophomonas and Sphingomonas contributed to the biotransformation enhancement. pH and TOC played the most significant role to the difference of migration and metabolism of HC. Moreover, pore volume was the primary factor leading to varying adsorption of three types of riverbeds for HC. The simulation results with HYDRUS showed that the ecological risk level of HC in L and S were 6.5 times higher than SC after 50 years infiltration. Therefore, future challenges and prospects concerning pollution control and enhancement measures should be pay attention to the physicochemical characteristics of various riverbeds.

Maximizing the Connectivity of Network Slicing Enabled Internet of Vehicle With Differentiated Services

The advent of 5G opens up hitherto unimagined opportunities for delivering the much-anticipated Internet of Vehicles (IoV). There are two typical types of services in IoV, i.e., safety service and non-safety service. However, the existing IoV framework cannot efficiently support the differentiated IoV services. In addition, maximizing the number of accessed vehicles/users is another critical issue in IoV, especially in the dense urban area. To address these problems, in this paper, we utilize the emerging network slicing technology to support different services and employ Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access technology (NOMA) to help increase the connectivity. In particular, for the safety service, we take advantage of the finite blocklength capacity to correctly record the delay. Our goal is to maximize the connectivity of users by jointly considering the user association and their beamforming vectors, under the restrictions of limited physical resource. The problem is formulated as a Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming problem (MINLP). To tackle the intractable MINLP, we propose a two-stage scheme. Firstly, we exploit efficient approaches to solve the beamforming problem, i.e., successive convex approximation, semidefinite relaxation and second-order cone programming. Secondly, we propose a low-complexity Greedy User Association (GUA) algorithm to solve the user association problem. Finally, comprehensive simulations verify that our proposed GUA algorithm is close to global optimal solution and outperforms the benchmark schemes.

信阳小调初探

Xinyang is located between the Yangtze River and Huai River basins, and is the center of cultural integration between the north and south. Its folk songs have a wide variety and are widely distributed (including Shangcheng County, Xinxian County, Gushi County, Luoshan County, Xi County, Guangshan County, Huangchuan County, and Huaibin County), with Xinyang minor being the most abundant. Xinyang minor tunes are divided into three categories: singing tunes, folk songs, and seasonal tunes. The themes mostly come from the labor and production of the people, customs and habits, real life, love and marriage, etc. Some reflect the tragic life of the lower-class people in the old society, some reflect folk festivals, and some have strong characteristics of the times. The typical melodic composition types based on ‘decorative tone’, ‘variable rhythm’, ‘progressive and triple jump’, and ‘repetitive phrases’ give Xinyang minor unique characteristics.

Design and Simulation of Robot Gripper and Conveyor System for Workstations

Abstract: Intelligent manufacturing is going to boom in the upcoming years. The characteristic features of Industry 4.0 are fully automated production facilities where all processes are controlled in real-time and take into account the changing external conditions. The core of the Industry 4.0 is made up of digitalization and robotics, in particular, the use of collaborative robots and MES. MES (Manufacturing Execution System) is a specialized system designed to solve the problems of synchronization, coordination, analysis, and optimization of production. It involves the use of conveyor belts for rapid transportation of products. Industries where conveyor belt systems are excelling include automotive, computer, good, packaging, print finishing, bottling and canning, chemical, pharmaceutical, aerospace and food processing The safety conditions in fundamental industrial jobs are dangerous and harmful combined with ineffective manual work as a result of rising need for mass manufacturing. In industries, automation is the use of technology to jobs that were previously handled by humans. It is a potent instrument that can aid companies in enhancing quality, production, and efficiency. A typical type of mechanical handling equipment that transports things from one place to another is a conveyor system. These systems consist of conveyor belts that are designed to work seamlessly with robotic arms and other automated equipment. Increased automation and mass production rate reduces the lead time and increases the profit of a firm. The deployed robotic arms are immensely capable of handling various tasks with increased flexibility. Using a robotic arm with an end effector as a gripper to hold/pick and place the material from the conveyor belt improves the product flow process. The project comes with the NodeMCU firmware and an integrated Wi-Fi chip, the ESP8266 12E. To connect with the controller via a mobile phone, a web page would be constructed using HTML and coded using the Arduino IDE's C language. At either end of the conveyor belt, 2 robotic arms with 2 degrees of freedom (D.O.F.) would be placed. Using one arm to place the product on the belt and a second to pick it up at the other end. Also calculating the analytical data of the system that is involved in reallife industrial processes along with the simulation of entire system for the UR10 industrial robot, using the RoboDK simulation software. Through the usage of this system, productivity is boosted with improved safety of the working environment, become more effective, be more flexible, and have higher levels of job satisfaction

Electromagnetic Performance Analysis of Inhomogeneous Radome Walls Considering Temperature and Ablation

The radome is an important component of the aircraft seeker. The radome of high-speed aircraft usually has ablation, which affects the electromagnetic performance of the radome. Therefore, it is important to study the electromagnetic performance of the radome wall during high-temperature ablation. However, most existing studies mainly consider the influence of temperature and ignore structural changes caused by ablation. To solve the above problems, this paper studies the influence of ablation on the electromagnetic performance of inhomogeneous radome walls (IRW) by considering the structure parameters, thermal expansion characteristics, and dielectric parameters during the ablation. The two typical types of IRW design methods are analyzed, the parameters calculation method in the ablation process is proposed, and the influence of ablation on the two types of IRW is studied. The results give the electromagnetic changing characteristics of the IRW under different ablation conditions. The contribution of this work is to lay a solid theoretical foundation for improving the performance of the radome in the ablation process, which is of great significance.

Outcomes of catheter ablation in high-risk patients with Brugada syndrome refusing an implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the outcomes of catheter ablation (CA) in preventing arrhythmic events among patients with symptomatic Brugada syndrome (BrS) who declined implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation. A total of 40 patients with symptomatic BrS were included in the study, of which 18 refused ICD implantation and underwent CA, while 22 patients received ICD implantation. The study employed substrate modification (including endocardial and epicardial approaches) and ventricular fibrillation (VF)-triggering pre-mature ventricular contraction (PVC) ablation strategies. The primary outcomes were a composite endpoint consisting of episodes of VF and sudden cardiac death during the follow-up period. The study population had a mean age of 43.8 ± 9.6 years, with 36 (90.0%) of them being male. All patients exhibited the typical Type 1 BrS electrocardiogram pattern, and 16 (40.0%) were carriers of an SCN5A mutation. The Shanghai risk scores were comparable between the CA and the ICD groups (7.05 ± 0.80 vs. 6.71 ± 0.86, P = 0.351). Ventricular fibrillation-triggering PVCs were ablated in 3 patients (16.7%), while VF substrates were ablated in 15 patients (83.3%). Epicardial ablation was performed in 12 patients (66.7%). During a median follow-up of 46.2 (17.5-73.7) months, the primary outcomes occurred more frequently in the ICD group than in the CA group (5.6 vs. 54.5%, Log-rank P = 0.012). Catheter ablation is an effective alternative therapy for improving arrhythmic outcomes in patients with symptomatic BrS who decline ICD implantation. Our findings support the consideration of CA as an alternative treatment option in this population.

Automated evaluation of typical patient–ventilator asynchronies based on lung hysteretic responses

BackgroundPatient–ventilator asynchrony is common during mechanical ventilation (MV) in intensive care unit (ICU), leading to worse MV care outcome. Identification of asynchrony is critical for optimizing MV settings to reduce or eliminate asynchrony, whilst current clinical visual inspection of all typical types of asynchronous breaths is difficult and inefficient. Patient asynchronies create a unique pattern of distortions in hysteresis respiratory behaviours presented in pressure–volume (PV) loop.MethodsIdentification method based on hysteretic lung mechanics and hysteresis loop analysis is proposed to delineate the resulted changes of lung mechanics in PV loop during asynchronous breathing, offering detection of both its incidence and 7 major types. Performance is tested against clinical patient data with comparison to visual inspection conducted by clinical doctors.ResultsThe identification sensitivity and specificity of 11 patients with 500 breaths for each patient are above 89.5% and 96.8% for all 7 types, respectively. The average sensitivity and specificity across all cases are 94.6% and 99.3%, indicating a very good accuracy. The comparison of statistical analysis between identification and human inspection yields the essential same clinical judgement on patient asynchrony status for each patient, potentially leading to the same clinical decision for setting adjustment.ConclusionsThe overall results validate the accuracy and robustness of the identification method for a bedside monitoring, as well as its ability to provide a quantified metric for clinical decision of ventilator setting. Hence, the method shows its potential to assist a more consistent and objective assessment of asynchrony without undermining the efficacy of the current clinical practice.

Study of Settlement Patterns in Farming–Pastoral Zones in Eastern Inner Mongolia Using Planar Quantization and Cluster Analysis

Settlements are comprehensive carriers of the material form expression and social appearance of human activities under specific geographical environmental choices. The analysis and preservation of their forms are important principles and strategies for rural settlement planning and construction. In this study, 28 settlements in the farming–pastoral zones in eastern Inner Mongolia were selected as the research objects. By combining fractal geometry and computer programming, the relationship between the boundary form, spatial structure, and architectural order of the settlements was quantitatively expressed, and quantitative indicators that better summarize the form of the settlements in the farming–pastoral zones in eastern Inner Mongolia were extracted. Then, factor analysis and cluster analysis were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS26.0) to obtain the characteristic types of settlement forms. Finally, the classification results were combined with social and humanistic factors and the geographical environment to test the rationality of the results. The results show that (1) five form indicators effectively describe the settlement forms in the research area, among which the shape index, dimension of the public space, and architectural density play a crucial role in the spatial structure factors. (2) In this study, we mainly used a data collection and processing–principal component extraction and systematic clustering-type division method to complete scientific research on settlement form classification. (3) By combining the clustering results with the spatial form features and analysis mainly based on spatial structure factors, the settlement forms in the farming–pastoral zones in eastern Inner Mongolia are described as three typical types: multidirectional expanding settlement, settlement patterns extending at both ends, and centripetal development settlement. Furthermore, the characteristics of the human–land relationship implicit in each type of settlement form are explained, achieving a scientific representation and classification of the settlement forms. The research results provide useful quantitative guidance for rural revitalization, settlement form optimization, and preservation in the farming–pastoral zones in eastern Inner Mongolia