Type Subspecies Research Articles

Immunodiffusion analysis shows that Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and other mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria are variants of Mycobacterium avium.

Antigenic analysis by immunodiffusion has been applied to 74 strains of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria. Thirty-eight strains were of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from cases of Johne's disease of cattle or goats. The remaining cultures were obtained from a variety of animals and included the wood pigeon bacillus. Rabbit antisera were raised to some of the strains and these, together with antisera to M. avium and M. intracellulare, were used to examine sonicate preparations of all the cultures. All were found to be antigenically identical with M. avium and none were found to belong to M. intracellulare. A predominance of the cultures from Johne's disease belonged to the potential brunense subspecies of M. avium, and the remainder together with the majority of the other mycobactin-dependent strains belonged to the type subspecies. In view of these findings the separate species status of M. paratuberculosis is refuted and some difficulty remains in the nomenclature of strains giving rise to Johne's disease.

The Genus Stenoperla McLachlan in Australia (Insecta: Plecoptera: Eustheniidae)

Two strikingly different kinds of Stenoperla larvae are recorded from Australia. For this reason, and others, a subdivision of Australian Stenoperla into two species-groups (australis group, kuna group) is proposed. The following taxa are recognized within Australian Stenoperla: S. australis Tillyard, now known from south-eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales; S. denise, sp. nov., from south-eastern Queensland and eastern New South Wales; S, kuna, sp. nov., from south-eastern New South Wales and Victoria; S. macrops, sp. nov., from the peaks of Mt Bartle Frere and the Bellenden Ker Range in northeastern Queensland; S. wongoonoo, sp. nov., with the typical subspecies in south-eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales, and S. wongoonoo tropica, subsp. nov., in north-eastern Queensland. S. australis is redescribed from fresh material, the new taxa are described; all forms are figured. A key is presented for the identification of all known Stenoperla in Australia (adults and larvae).

Systematics and ecology of the sea urchin genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans

Pawson, David L., and John E. Miller. Systematics and Ecology of the SeaUrchin Genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, number 20, 15 pages, 5 figures, 5 tables, 1983.—Surveys by the Johnson-SeaLink submersibles have revealed the presence of large populations of black Centrostephanus, superficially resembling Diadema antillarum Philippi, along the shelf edge prominences off the east coast of Florida in depths of 48-80 meters. Typical habitats are aggregations of dead coral rubble, with seasonal growths of leafy red algae. Some aspects of the biology of these echinoids are described. We affirm that only a single species of the genus, Centrostephanus longispinus (Philippi), occurs in the Atlantic Ocean. As Fell (1975) and Serafy (1979) have shown, western Atlantic populations can be referred to the subspecies Centrostephanus longispinus rubicingulus H.L. Clark, which usually differs from the typical subspecies in possessing uniformly black spines rather than banded purple and yellowish white spines when fully grown. C besnardi Bernasconi from Isla Trindade, Brazil, is herein synonymized with C. longispinus rubicingulus. C. coronatus (Verrill) from California and the Galapagos Islands differs little from C. longispinus and the two species may yet prove to be subjective synonyms. There is some evidence to suggest that Gulf of California populations of C. coronatus differs from California populations at the subspecies level. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN: Seascape along the Atlantic coast of eastern North America. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Pawson, David L. (David Leo), 1938Sea urchin genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) (Smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences ; no. 20) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: ST 1.41:20 1. Centrostephanus. 2. Echinodermata—Atlantic Ocean. 3. Echinodermata—Pacific Ocean. I. Miller, John E. II. Title. III. Series. QL384.E2P38 1983 593.9'5 83-600054

Observations on some Tasmanian fishes: Part XXVII

One new species is added to the Tasmanian list; Amrnotretis elongatus McCulloch, 1914, from Goose Island, Furneaux Group, Bass Strait. A detailed account, with table of dimensions, is given for two examples of Trygonorrhina fasciata Muller & Henle, 1841 (rulinobatidae). It has hitherto been assumed the Tasmanian fiddler ray is the typical subspecies: however, the present paterial is determined as T. f. guanerius Whitley, 1932. Other species noted are: Dinolestes lewini (Griffith, 1834) (Apogonidae), general specifications of a sample of eight specimens, with extensions of published meristic and morphometric ranges, Beryx decadactylus Cuvier, 1829, B. decadactylus (Gunther, 1859) (Berycidae), Paratrachichthys trailli (Hutton, 1875) (Trachichthydae), the treatment of the last three species including detailed morphometry and various aspects of body form, with some comparison between them.

Etiology of Farcy in African Bovines: Nomenclature of the Causal Organisms Mycobacterium farcinogenes Chamoiseau and Mycobacterium senegalense (Chamoiseau) comb. nov.

In 1973 the author proposed the name Mycobacterium farcinogenes for the causal agent of farcy in African bovines. Two varieties (subspecies) of this species were recognized by the author: M. farcinogenes subsp. tchadense and M. farcinogenes subsp. senegalense. Because the former is the type subspecies of the species, its name should have been M. farcinogenes subsp. farcinogenes. It is now proposed that these subspecies constitute two separate and distinct species: M. farcinogenes Chamoiseau and M. senegalense (Chamoiseau) comb. nov. IEMVT 75 (= NCTC 10955) and IEMVT 378 (= NCTC 10956) are herein designated the type strains of these two species, respectively.

Staphylococcus hyicus (Sompolinsky 1953) comb. nov. and Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. chromogenes subsp. nov.

Although the name Staphylococcus hyicus has appeared in the literature, it has never been validly published. Supportive evidence is given for the transfer of Micrococcus hyicus Sompolinsky to the genus Staphylococcus, and the name Staphylococcus hyicus (Sompolinsky) comb. nov. is proposed. A description of this organism is given on the basis of a taxonomic analysis of 168 strains of this species isolated from swine with infectious epidermitis, from the skin and nares of healthy pigs and poultry, and from cows with mastitis. One hundred thirty-two strains which produced unpigmented colonies and a heat-stable nuclease were placed in the type subspecies S. hyicus subsp. hyicus subsp. nov. Thirty-six pigmented strains were placed in the subspecies S. hyicus subsp. chromogenes subsp. nov. Strain NCTC 10350 (= CCM 2368 = ATCC 11249 = D. Sompolinsky no. 1) is here designated the type strain of S. hyicus and of S. hyicus subsp. hyicus, and strain NCTC 10530 (= A. C. Baird Parker CBCC 1462) is designated the type strain of S. hyicus subsp. chromogenes. A scheme for the differentiation of S. hyicus from certain other Staphylococcus species is included.

Hemicycliophora Chathami N. Sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida) From Chatham Island, New Zealand, With the Description of Two Subspecies

Males and females of normal and giant forms of Hemicycliophora chathami n. sp. are described. Females of the type subspecies H. chathami chathami n. subsp. have a loose outer cuticular layer, lateral field marked by a step in the annules, stylet 93-108 μm, stylet knobs with a basal cavity, lateral lips lower than submedian lips, tail elongate conoid and length averages 1.02 mm. Males average 0.90 mm long, and spicule circumference is 64-70 μm. H. chathami major n. subsp. is similar in morphology, except cuticular details are more obvious, female stylet is 120-163 μm, female length average 1.30 mm, male length 1.06 mm, and spicule circumference is 75-85 μm. H. c. chathami was found at one site only, in a mixed population, while the giant form H. c. major occurred at eight sites; juveniles of the subspecies could be distinguished by length of stylet and body.

Streptomyces cavourensis sp. nov. (nom. rev.) and Streptomyces cavourensis subsp. washingtonensis subsp. nov., a Chromomycin-Producing Subspecies

A Streptomyces strain, AUW-83, isolated as a contaminant in a marine fungal culture and previously reported to produce the chromomycin antibiotics, was taxonomically evaluated by direct comparison with strains selected from those species which were previously studied and reported by collaborators of the International Streptomyces Project and with additional strains. Strain AUW-83 was found to resemble strain 829 of the flavensomycin-producing species, Streptomyces cavourensis Giolitti 1958 (which name was not effectively published, according to Rule 25b of the Bacteriological Code, 1976 revision), more closely than strain 689 of the xanthicin-producing species, S. xanthochromogenus (sic) Arishima, Sakamoto, and Sato 1956. Two additional strains of the “griseus” series—Illinois 205-2 and Illinois 205-2M—reputed to produce flavensomycin were observed to be phenotypically very similar both to strain 829 and to strain AUW-83. These four strains appear to belong to one and the same species, for which we propose the name Streptomyces cavourensis. Because the name S. cavourensis was not effectively published by Giolitti, it is available for use (as a revived name [nom. rev.]) for the same or for a different species. To avoid confusion and chaos, we have elected to use the name S. cavourensis for the same organism to which Giolitti originally applied the name. However, under the circumstances, the name S. cavourensis is to be attributed to the present authors, namely Skarbek and Brady, not to Giolitti. The production of structurally unrelated antibiotics is regarded by us as a major indication for subspecific differentiation of strain AUW-83 from the flavensomycin-producing strains of S. cavourensis, and so we place strain AUW-83 in a separate subspecies, for which we propose the name Streptomyces cavourensis subsp. washingtonensis subsp. nov. Strain 829 of Giolitti (= ATCC 14889 = CBS 669.69 = NRRL 2740) is designated the type strain of S. cavourensis, and strain AUW-83 (= ATCC 27732 = NRRL B-8030) is designated the type strain of S. cavourensis subsp. washingtonensis. The valid publication of this subspecies name automatically creates the publication of the name of the type subspecies—S. cavourensis subsp. cavourensis Skarbek and Brady—the nomenclatural type of which is strain 829.

VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION: A NEW BROMELIAD TAXON FROM ECUADOR

SummaryNumerical taxonomic and classical methods are used to describe a pattern of variation within a cosmopolitan species of epiphytic bromeliad. Two distinct assemblages were recognized and each of their geographic distributions include a wide range of partially interdigitating habitats. The typical subspecies is largely coastal but ranges up the slopes of the andes. The new subspecies is mostly andean. The Massenerhebung or mountain mass effect is considered partly responsible for its distribution on isolated cerros among the hills of the coastal plains and at higher elevations within the western cordillera of the andes.

Characterization of Staphylococcus sciuri sp.nov. and Its Subspecies

Several strains previously classified as group III staphylococci, by the scheme of Schleifer and Kocur, and numerous strains isolated from animal and human skin that appeared to be related to group III strains were subjected to a taxonomic study. As a result of this study, all group III and related strains were placed in the newly proposed species Staphylococcus sciuri. This species can be differentiated from all other staphylococci on the basis of colony morphology, cell wall peptidoglycan, acid production from cellobiose and usually from fucose under aerobic conditions, and a combination of other characteristics. Thirty-five strains that produced large colonies, usually moderate to light anaerobic growth in thioglycolate, and acid from galactose, sucrose, glycerol, and often from melezitose were placed in the type subspecies, S. sciuri subsp. sciuri. Nine strains that produced very small, unpigmented colonies, usually no detectable anaerobic growth in thioglycolate, and acid from sucrose and often from galactose, glycerol, lactose, and raffinose were placed in the subspecies S. sciuri subsp. lentus. The type strains of these subspecies are ATCC 29062 and ATCC 29070, respectively. A group of three strains that produced relatively small, unpigmented colonies, moderate anaerobic growth in thioglycolate, and acid from glycerol but failed to produce acid from sucrose, melezitose, raffinose and usually galactose may also deserve subspecies status. A summary of the character variation found in S. sciuri and in other novobiocin-resistant species and a simplified scheme for distinguishing S. sciuri and its subspecies are included in this paper.

The chromosomes of a long‐isolated monotypic butterfly genus: Tellervo zoilus (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) in Australia

SYNOPSISThe chromosome number of the Australian butterfly Tellervo zoilus, the only representative of the subfamily Ithomiinae outside tropical America, is reported as n = 32. The meiotic metaphase chromosomes and adults of the typical subspecies are illustrated, and the significance of this particular chromosome number is discussed.

Bacillus alcalophilus subsp. halodurans subsp. nov.: An Alkaline-Amylase-Producing, Alkalophilic Organism

An alkaline-amylase-producing, alkalophilic bacillus, NRRL B-3881, was characterized and compared with Bacillus sp. ATCC 21591 and Bacillus alcalophilus Vedder strain NCTC 4553 (=ATCC 27647), which is here designated as the type strain of B. alcalophilus. All three strains contained motile, gram-positive rods with rounded ends and swollen, clavate sporangia with oval, terminal to subterminal endospores. All three strains grew in soybean broth; were facultatively anaerobic; hydrolyzed starch, gelatin, and casein; reduced methylene blue; and fermented the following carbohydrates without gas production: Sucrose, D-glucose, lactose, maltose, D-mannitol, D-xylose, L-arabinose, glycerol, sorbitol, and salicin. None produced acetylmethylcarbinol, indole, unrease, or crystalline dextrins. Bacillus sp. ATCC 21591 and Bacillus sp. NRRL B-3881, but not NCTC 4553, reduced nitrate to nitrite, utilized citrate, and grew well in 12% NaCl and slowly in 15% NaCl. B. alcalophilus NCTC 4553 did not grow in 5% NaCl. In our opinion, these differences are sufficient to justify the establishment of a separate subspecies for ATCC 21591, NRRL B-3881, and similar strains. We propose the name B. alcalophilus subsp. halodurans as the name for this new subspecies. The name of the type subspecies, which contains the type strain, NCTC 4553, is B. alcalophilus subsp. alcalophilus Vedder. NRRL B-3881 is designated as the type strain of B. alcalophilus subsp. halodurans and is available from the Northern Regional Research Laboratory. It has also been deposited in the American Type Culture Collection under the number 27557.

NACHTRAG ZUR NOMENKLATUR DER ACONITUM NAPELLUS‐GRUPPE IN EUROPA

SummaryThe name Aconitum divergens Pančić (1883) (see Seitz 1969) is a younger homonym for Aconitum divergens Rafinesque (1836) which is synonymous with A. uncinatum L. — a species from North America. Therefore, A. divergens Panč. must be rejected according to article 64 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN 1961). The legitimate name of A. divergens Panč. is “Aconitum pentheri Hayek (1917)” including the type subspecies “ssp. pentheri” and the new combination “ssp. burnatii (Gayer) Seitz comb. nov.”.

CYTOTAXONOMIC VARIATION IN POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA L.

Summary Potentilla fruticosa is a widespread species for which chromosome numbers of 2n = 14 (diploid), 2n= 28 (tetraploid) and 2n = 42 (hexaploid) have been published from wild populations. These are listed together with a number of new counts. A morphological study of North American and European plants shows that the diploids are hermaphrodite and the tetraploids dioecious, and that the diploids have smaller pollen and stomata than the tetraploids. These distinguishing characters are used to show that the populations of P. fruticosa from northern Europe are tetraploid and those from southern Europe, western Asia and North America are diploid. Subspecific status is given to the tetraploids and diploids; the tetraploid cytotype is the type subspecies and the diploid is named ssp. floribunda (Pursh) Elkington.It is suggested that the centre of evolution of shrubby Potentillas is in eastern Asia and that westwards migration took place separately to the north and south by tetraploids and diploids respectively. The North American populations are most likely to have immigrated across the Bering Straits from north‐east Asia.

Supplementary notes on the orbitalis (Westw.) group of Antestiopsis (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae)

The examination of samples of Antestiopsis orbitalis (Westw.) from different parts of South Africa has shown complete intergradation between the colour patterns of the typical subspecies and that of the form facetus (Germ.), hitherto of indeterminate infraspecific status, and the latter name is suppressed. Additional localities of ocurrence are given for A. orbitalis, and Antestia rufovittata Dist. is redescribed and transferred to Antestiopsis.

A Taxonomic Revision of Section Ximenesia of the Genus Verbesina L. (Compositae)

Section Ximenesia is treated as composed of two species, Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook. f. and V. nana (Gray) Rob. & Greenm. The annual V. encelioides is native to the southwestern U. S. and the Mexican Plateau, but is weedy and has extended its range into several regions of the world. It is composed of an eastern, typical subspecies and a western subspecies, exauriculata (Rob. & Greenm.) Coleman, stat. nov. In this species n 1 17. V. nana is perennial, is mostly restricted to the Trans-Pecos region of Texas and New Mexico and is n 34. Section Ximenesia is a small group native to the southwestern United States and the Mexican Plateau, the species of which occur primarily in arid grass- and scrublands. One species, Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook., is weed,y and has extended its range into several regions of the world. This same species is cultivated as an ornamental, and is of further economic importance because of its poisonous, even lethal, properties to cattle and sheep (White, 1938). Robinson and Greenman (1899), in their comprehensive treat- ment of Verbesina, recognized three species in section Ximenesia. One of these, V. encelioides, was treated as composed of three varie- ties. In the present treatment the species are reduced to two and V. encelioides is considered as composed of two subspecies.

A Review of the Teiid Lizard Cnemidophorus cozumelus and the Recognition of a New Race, Cnemidophorus cozumelus rodecki

Recent collections of the Yucatecan endemic teiid lizard previously known as Cnemidophorus deppei cozumelus Gadow have extended the known range of the taxon to include an area of sympatry with the closely related Cnemidophorus d. deppei. On the basis of its sympatry with C. deppei and because of its unique characters, including the presence of accessory frontoparietal scutes and the lack of ontogenetic color or pattern change, Cnemidophorus cozumelus is recognized as a distinct species of the deppei group of Cnemidophorus. Studies of the geographic variation of Cnemidophorus cozumelus reveal that populations from Isla Mujeres, Isla Contoy and Puerto Juarez, Quintana Roo, Mexico, are separable on the basis of color, pattern, and scutellation from the typical subspecies which occurs on Isla de Cozumel, Quintana Roo, and Isla del Carmen, Campeche, both in Mexico, and at Ramate, El Peten, Guatemala. The subspecies occurring on Isla Mujeres, Isla Contoy, and at Puerto Juarez is herein named Cnemidophorus cozumelus rodecki, ssp. n. Since the genetic criteria employed in delineation of Mendelian species and subspecies are meaningless in this unisexual species, we have partitioned Cnemidophorus cozumelus at a level consonant with current taxonomic practice.

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF THE NOCTULE BAT (NYCTALUS NOCTULA SCHREBER 1774) FROM LEBANON

A new subspecies of the Noctule bat, Nyctalus noctula Schreber is described from Lebanon, differing from the typical subspecies in its decidedly darker colour.

A Comparison of Atlantic Sea Sturgeon with a New Subspecies from the Gulf of Mexico (Acipenser oxyrhynchus de sotoi)

The sea sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus Mitchill, occurs in the western north Atlantic Ocean from Canadian waters south to the Gulf of Mexico. Specimens taken from eastern Florida to Quebec are assigned to the typical subspecies oxyrhynchus, while 2 specimens from off Mississippi are here described as the new subspecies de sotoi. The latter differs in having a longer head, longer pectoral fins, strongly developed scutes of distinctive shape and an unusually long spleen.

Circumpolar Distribution of Water Boatmen (Hemiptera: Corixidae)

Only two species of Corixidae, commonly known as water boatmen, are known to occur in both the Old and New Worlds. One of these is Callicorixa producta Reuter, which Hungerford (1948) has divided into three subspecies. On the basis of existing records the typical subspecies is restricted to the Scandinavian peninsula and Finland. The second subspecies, producta sackalinensis (Matsumura), is so far known only from northern Manchuria and Sakhalin Island. The third subspecies, producta noorvikensis Hungerford, appears to straddle the Rering Sea, specimens being recorded from near Kolyma River in Siberia and from Bering Island in the Komandorskies east across Alaska and Northwest Territories to Hudson Bay.