Typical Response Research Articles

Structural and aeroelastic characteristics of wing model for transonic flutter wind tunnel test fabricated by additive manufacturing with AlSi10Mg alloys

In this paper, the potentials of wing models fabricated by metal additive manufacturing for transonic flutter wind tunnel testing are investigated. The additive manufacturing technique would be a tool for the fast production of wind tunnel models at low cost and enable multiple experiments with various wing designs while precisely realizing designed geometries and structural properties for aeroelastic evaluations. The novelties in this paper are: 1) a concept of the transonic flutter wing model, which can be used to investigate phenomena involving transonic aeroelastic instabilities in transonic flutter wind tunnel testing, fabricated with the AM technique for cost-effective manufacturing and extension of design freedom, and 2) its design and manufacturing methodology combining the AM technique and post machining treatments. As a proof-of-concept study, this paper mainly investigates the feasibility of a transonic flutter wing model fabricated by the proposed methodology based on the AM technique and post-processing, which realizes not only aerodynamic shapes but also designed elastic and modal characteristics, to evaluate typical transonic aeroelastic responses such as the LCO and the transonic dip. The geometrical accuracy of additively manufactured wing models is firstly accessed. Structural/aeroelastic characteristics of an additively manufactured wing model for wind tunnel testing are then evaluated numerically and experimentally. Finally, the aeroelastic characteristics of the fabricated flutter wing model are also investigated by performing a transonic flutter wind tunnel experiment. Through a series of evaluations, the feasibility and capability of such AM-based transonic flutter wing models for transonic wind tunnel testing are demonstrated.

Transpiration response to soil drying versus increasing vapor pressure deficit in crops: physical and physiological mechanisms and key plant traits.

The water deficit experienced by crops is a function of atmospheric water demand (vapor pressure deficit) and soil water supply over the whole crop cycle. We summarize typical transpiration response patterns to soil and atmospheric drying and the sensitivity to plant hydraulic traits. We explain the transpiration response patterns using a soil-plant hydraulic framework. In both cases of drying, stomatal closure is triggered by limitations in soil-plant hydraulic conductance. However, traits impacting the transpiration response differ between the two drying processes and act at different time scales. A low plant hydraulic conductance triggers an earlier restriction in transpiration during increasing vapor pressure deficit. During soil drying, the impact of the plant hydraulic conductance is less obvious. It is rather a decrease in the belowground hydraulic conductance (related to soil hydraulic properties and root length density) that is involved in transpiration down-regulation. The transpiration response to increasing vapor pressure deficit has a daily time scale. In the case of soil drying, it acts on a seasonal scale. Varieties that are conservative in water use on a daily scale may not be conservative over longer time scales (e.g. during soil drying). This potential independence of strategies needs to be considered in environment-specific breeding for yield-based drought tolerance.

LD50 ACUTE TOXICITY TEST OF GREEN GRASS JELLY (Cyclea barbata Miers) LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST MICE (Mus musculus L.)

Introduction: Green grass jelly leaves (Cyclea barbata Miers) are well known by the public as food to reduce fever (fever), nausea, stomach ulcers, coughs and reduce high blood pressure, antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and as analgesics, so safety needs to be controlled. Acute Toxicity Test is a test used to detect the toxic effect of a substance on a biological system and to obtain typical response data from test preparations, Lethal Dose 50 and toxicity classification. Research Objectives: To determine the safety of green grass jelly leaf extract (Cyclea barbata Miers) against mice (Mus musculus L.) by LD50 acute toxicity test. Research Methods: In the acute toxicity test using the Thomson-Weil calculation method and mice as experimental animals as many as 25 mice (Mus musculus). The mice were divided into 5 treatment groups with the main test series group I distilled water as the control, group II was given the test extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg, group III was given the test extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg, group IV was given the test extract at a dose of 800 mg/kg, and Group V was given the test extract at a dose of 1600 mg/kgBW with one oral administration and observed the number of deaths in each test animal after 24 hours to 14 days. Research Results: The results of the acute toxicity test showed that the LD50 value of green grass jelly leaf extract was 0.6166 gr/kg BW (moderately toxic). For acute toxicity, the weights of mice were analyzed using the ANOVA and LSD tests and for allergy testing using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Conclusion: the results of the analysis show that there is a significant difference at the test level of 0.05 (???? < 0.05).

Site response analysis of liquefiable stratified ground comprising silt and sand: Numerical investigations

Most of the times in situ ground comprises layers of saturated silt and sand. Present study investigates effect of thickness and position of these layers on the site response of the ground. The constitutive response of both materials has been modelled by pressure dependent multi yield material model that captures typical cyclic mobility response under undrained seismic loading. For the homogeneous sandy ground, hydraulic gradient along the depth was found to be constant and equal to the submerged unit wight of the soil (i.e., 6.86). However, when 0.5 m thick silt seam was introduced at different depths, hydraulic gradient increased to as high as 57. It is inferred that a water film under sustained high pressure may get formed beneath the silt seam. With passage of time, further increase in the hydraulic gradient across the silt seam was noted. A re-liquefaction of the overlying soil is likely to happen due to breaking of the silt seam and pressurized soil ejecta. Locally negative hydraulic gradients were also observed implying that in a soil domain there could be locally downward flow of water even though top soil gets liquified. In all cases, a zone of zero hydraulic gradient was observed near the bottom of the model. The maximum horizontal acceleration at the ground surface was found to be 0.10 g irrespective of the stratification of the ground. Wavelet coherence revealed that the acceleration record across the silt seam was in phase over entire shaking and for frequency up to 25 Hz. The input acceleration record and the acceleration record at the ground surface were found to be almost in no phase, for all cases. Spectral analysis revealed that liquefaction reduces the spectral accelerations.

Theoretical and numerical analysis of a compact structure with cutting rings for energy absorption mechanism

Structures designed based on the deformation and damage mechanisms of metals are extensively applied in the energy absorption field. Inspired by cutting metal structures, a compact energy absorption structure with cutting rings (ECR) is proposed in this paper, which absorbs energy via metal shearing, extrusion, and upsetting. To investigate the effect of the key geometrical parameters on energy absorption performances of the ECR, including ring thickness and spacing, a parametric study is conducted. The numerical model of the ECR is constructed and validated by the dropping weight impact test results. Combining the response mechanism and numerical analysis, it is found that ECRs with different structural parameters show three typical response modes during the energy absorption process. Mode B is superior to the other two modes, with a higher energy absorption EA and a lower uniformity ratio RU. Moreover, the ECR with a larger ring thickness has a higher peak contact force Fpecf, which changes Mode B to Mode C. Thus, the gradient configuration is introduced to reduce the peak and obtain a steady energy absorption process. It is demonstrated that the gradient ECR shows an approximate 16% reduction in RU and an approximate 9% reduction in Fpecf, as compared to a non-gradient ECR with a similar average ring thickness.

601-P: Heterogeneity in Postprandial Glucose Response to Specific Carbohydrates and Mitigation with Premeal Fat, Fiber, or Protein

Glycemic responses to foods are determined by total carbohydrates, glycemic index, and addition of fat, fiber, and protein. Interindividual variability in these responses are not well characterized. We propose that postprandial glucose response (PPGR) exhibits variability between individuals with regard to 1) “worst” or most glucose elevating food; 2) degree of mitigation by fat, fiber, or protein. Forty participants, healthy or with prediabetes, were given a repeated series of 7 standardized food challenges with the same amount of carbohydrates but varying in source (rice, bread, potatoes, pasta, berries, grapes, and beans) while wearing a CGM. We summarized PPGR and constructed a typical response to each food challenge. Rice exhibited the highest peak value and potatoes had the longest return to baseline time. However, cluster analysis revealed heterogeneity in PPGR indicating that the “worst” food differed between individuals. Participants were then pretreated with potential mitigators (fat, protein, or fiber) before a standardized food challenge. Cluster analysis revealed heterogeneity of mitigator effect between individuals and foods, and within individuals. Results indicate that diets can be individualized with regard to both carbohydrate choice and addition of fat, protein, or fiber to optimize metabolic health. Disclosure A.A.Metwally: Employee; Google LLC, Stock/Shareholder; Google LLC. D.Perelman: Advisory Panel; January, Inc. B.W.Ehlert: None. Y.Wu: None. A.Celli: None. C.Bejikian: None. H.Park: None. T.Mclaughlin: Board Member; January, Inc., Research Support; Merck & Co., Inc., Stock/Shareholder; Eiger Bio. M.Snyder: Advisory Panel; Genapsys, Jupiter, Neuvivo, Swaza, Mitrix, Other Relationship; Personalis, QBio, January, Inc., Fodsel, Filtricine, Protos, RTHM, Iollo, Marble Therapeutics, Mirvie, SensOmics. Funding Stanford Precision Health and Integrated Diagnostics Center (5R01DK110186)

Diurnal water fluxes and growth patterns in potato tubers under drought stress

Abstract Background and aims Potato tubers comprise 83% water at harvest, but surprisingly few studies address tuber water relations in drying soil. This study aims to understand whether soil drying alters tuber water fluxes and their effect on tuber volume growth. Methods Tuber water content and volume growth were investigated every 4 h using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during soil drying and re-watering, with leaf gas exchange, leaf water potential and foliar abscisic acid (ABA) concentration measured concurrently. Results Tubers of well-watered plants showed a diurnal growth pattern with their volume and average water content (TWC) increasing overnight. Withholding irrigation caused typical shoot drought stress responses (e.g. stomatal closure), dampened fluctuations in total TWC and paused nocturnal volume growth. Irrespective of soil moisture, tubers lost water (likely to the shoot) during the daytime when the plant transpires, while tuber water loss to the soil was minimal. Re-watering restored tuber volume growth and average TWC due to root water uptake and transport to the tuber. Conclusions Potato tubers can supply water to the shoot. Nocturnal water influx needs to exceed daytime water efflux for net tuber volume growth, which should be considered in irrigation management.

Seismic design and hybrid simulation test of existing concrete frames upgraded by metallic damper

Concrete frame makes up a large amount of current building structures. Therefore, there is a high need to upgrade the existing frame owing to material aging, cracking and crushing of concrete which significantly decreased the anti-seismic capacity. In this paper, the metallic damper was employed to upgrade the existing concrete frames. An interactive seismic design process was described to properly determine the yield strength of metallic damper of each floor. Two prototype buildings including one existing concrete frame and one existing concrete frame upgraded by metallic damper were selected as research objects. Hybrid simulation tests were performed to observe the seismic performance of prototype buildings, in which the numerical model was established by OpenSEES software and its accuracy was validated against the test results. The side span in the first story of the prototype building was selected as physical substructure. Based on the test results, it indicated that the metallic damper could significantly decrease the story drift of structure and relatively minor damage was detected on the metallic damper upgraded concrete frame compared with pure concrete frame. Typical failure modes and dynamic responses of two substructures were evaluated and discussed. Afterwards, the global responses of two prototype buildings were analyzed to reveal the influence of metallic damper. It suggested that the strength of metallic damper should be 0.4 to 0.6 times the story shear for better decreasing the story drift ratio and dissipating the input seismic energy. The test and analytical results provided a reasonable upgrade method for existing concrete frame under seismic actions.

Analysis of Electronic Banking and Information Technology using the TOPSIS Method

Electronic banking, sometimes referred to as electronic transfer of funds (EFT), is the process of moving money electronically from one account to another. A 2015 Treasury Department poll found that 22% of mobile telephone owners conduct banking transactions online or over the phone as opposed to in person. They accomplish this via computer technology, telecommunications, and mobile payments. Automatic bill and paycheck deductions, computerized money transfers for online spending, and payment machines (ATMs) are some of its features. In the banking sector, information technology refers to the application of cutting-edge computer science and information and communication technologies. It retains a strategic advantage over all the other banks by offering its customers safe, dependable, and inexpensive services. A variety of banking services and other facilities that use electronic technology are referred to as electronic banking. Services for debit cards and ATMs. Banking over the phone. Online banking is one of the main services offered by banks, and it is also a relatively safe platform. Banks often use encryption technology to safeguard all client data and stop security lapses. Last, it provides protection from online scams and account hacking. Electronic banking, sometimes known as e-banking, is a broad term for using technology to access banking services, Internet banking, on the other hand, is a type of electronic banking. It employs electronic ways to move money straight from one accounts to another and is also referred to as an "Electronic Funds Transfer" (EFT). Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs) are online banking facilities that let customers do transactions without going to a bank location. Some ATMs only let you withdraw cash, while others let you do a wide range of things like check deposits, current accounts, and bill payments. Mobile banking is only possible through mobile devices, but digital banking gives you access to a variety of banking options from your desktop, tablet, laptop, etc. Also, you can do mobile banking through SMS or banking applications without the need for the Internet. By replacing document and labor-intensive techniques with automated processes, internet banking has become an effective resource for increased productivity and profitability, operational control, and cost savings. Examining how online banking affects consumer happiness is the goal of this empirical study. The goal of electronic banking is to increase customer happiness and lessen crowding in bank lobby areas. Banks have not adequately utilized these facilities despite their introduction. Customers' unhappiness and being crowded in the financial institutions are results of this. To convey different financial services and goods, telecommunication systems and electronic networks are used. A customer can use his or her computer or mobile device to access his or her account and manage several transactions with e-banking. E-banking has become a more important aspect thanks to advancements in financial innovation and inventiveness of the banking sector. In the present day, e-banking has changed everyone's lives. The wave of the information revolution is taken into consideration after the farms and factories revolutions. Prior to the introduction of online banking, customers had to physically visit the credit union to conduct their savings account operations. Many computer-savvy people enjoy using e-banking. Since the number of individuals using the internet has expanded over time and more people are becoming aware of the numerous advantages that online banking offers, its popularity has surged rapidly. TOPSIS method of ranking evaluated based on enhanced ambiguity comparison with weighted average. One of the typical approaches Multiple responses in the process used in TOPSIS to improve problems, reduce uncertainty determining the weight of each response and manageable at the same time A global approach continuously. Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) technology, Real time gross settlement (RTGS), National electronic fund transfers (NEFT), Cheque truncation system (CTS), Automated teller machines (ATMs), Smartcard banking, Core banking solutions (CBS), Mobile banking and Internet banking. Global financial environment, financial innovations and technologies and Information technology. Electronic Banking and Information Technology. Automated teller machines (ATMs) is got the first rank whereas is the National electronic fund transfer (NEFT) is having the Lowest rank. Electronic Banking and Information Technology. Automated teller machines (ATMs) is got the first rank whereas is the National electronic fund transfer (NEFT) is having the Lowest rank.

Mechanistic study in sulfur-carbon co-modification on Li2FeSiO4 for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium iron silicate (Li2FeSiO4) has high theoretical capacity of 332 mAh∙g-1 upon full extraction of two lithium ions, which is accompanied by high delithiation potential and large volume change. Sulfur modification could be an effective approach for stabilizing Li2FeSiO4 cathodes. A series of carbon-coated Li2FeSiO4 samples were prepared through a hydrothermal and solid-state reaction route at a fixed sucrose content (14 wt% carbon) with varying amounts of sublimed sulfur at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 at%. The crystal structures, chemical compositions, microstructures and electrochemical performances of the differently sulfur-modified Li2FeSiO4/C were systematically investigated. The sulfur-carbon co-modifications and possible existing chemical states of sulfur are discussed in terms of the surface and near-bulk modifications. It was found that all the samples exhibited a monoclinic P21 structural Li2FeSiO4, while the sulfur contents over 10 at% formed impure phases such as iron sulfides (Fe1-xS) and lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3). Furthermore, three types of sulfur states could be found when sulfur and carbon were added simultaneously into Li2FeSiO4. The surfaces were predominated by S–C and S–O–C, indicating the sulfur-carbon co-modification, which would reduce the resistance at the solid/electrode interface (SEI) but increase the charge transfer resistance. Near the bulk, the enhanced interactions between sulfur and iron S–Fe(−S) or sulfur and silicon S–Si(−O) may lead to the formation of possible impurities or oxygen substitution by sulfur. The former is detrimental as the effective sulfur amount is reduced, while the latter is beneficial to improve specific capacity and cycle stability. The overall performance of sulfur-carbon co-modified sample is influenced complicatedly by the sulfur content. The best initial discharge capacity of 152.3 mAh∙g-1 was obtained with 5 at% sulfur modification, while the best overall performance, showing a typical warm-up response and good cycle stability, was observed with 15 at% sulfur modification.

Water Flow Requirements of Post-smolt Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Reared in Intensive Seawater Flow-through Systems: A Physiological Perspective

Environmental challenges related to open sea cage production of Atlantic salmon have sparked interest in developing commercial-scale semi-closed sea systems for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (100–1000 g). Determining the mass-specific water flow required by post-smolts will largely influence the design and dimensioning of such systems. In this experiment, post-smolts were exposed to four levels of specific water flow: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 L kg fish−1 min−1. All treatments involved flow-through seawater with full oxygenation, a salinity of 34‰, and a mean temperature of 9.3 °C. The stocking density was kept stable at 75 kg m−3. Water pH decreased with reduced flow, while partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the water increased. The increase in water CO2 was reflected in the blood with increased pCO2, HCO3−, and decreased Cl− in the lowest water flow treatment (0.2 L kg fish−1 min−1), indicating a typical regulatory response to increased water CO2 over the eight-week experimental period. No negative effects on osmoregulation, external macroscopic welfare, or performance indicators were observed, suggesting that within the time period of this experiment, post-smolts can compensate for reductions in water flow down to 0.2 L kg fish−1 min−1. However, to avoid activating and exhausting potentially energy-costly physiological regulatory mechanisms, it is suggested to keep specific water flow above 0.3 L kg fish−1 min−1 in large-scale operations with semi-closed sea systems at intermediate temperatures.

Discovering Similarity Inclusion Dependencies

Inclusion dependencies (INDs) are a well-known type of data dependency, specifying that the values of one column are contained in those of another column. INDs can be used for various purposes, such as foreign-key candidate selection or join partner discovery. The traditional notion of INDs is based on clean data, where the dependencies hold without exceptions. Unfortunately, data often contain errors, preventing otherwise valid INDs from being discovered. A typical response to this problem is to relax the dependency definition using a similarity measure to account for minor data errors, such as typos or different formatting. While this relaxation is known for functional dependencies, for inclusion dependencies no such relaxation has been defined. We formally introduce similarity inclusion dependencies, which relax the inclusion by demanding the existence only of sufficiently similar values. Similarity inclusion dependencies can fulfill traditional IND use cases, such as foreign-key candidate discovery, even in the presence of dirty data. We present Sawfish, the first algorithm to discover all similarity inclusion dependencies in a given dataset efficiently. Our algorithm combines approaches for the discovery of traditional INDs and string similarity joins with a novel sliding-window approach and lazy candidate validation. Our experimental evaluation shows that Sawfish can outperform a baseline by a factor of up to 6.5.

Fast Substructure Search in Combinatorial Library Spaces.

We present an efficient algorithm for substructure search in combinatorial libraries defined by synthons, i.e., substructures with connection points. Our method improves on existing approaches by introducing powerful heuristics and fast fingerprint screening to quickly eliminate branches of nonmatching combinations of synthons. With this, we achieve typical response times of a few seconds on a standard desktop computer for searches in large combinatorial libraries like the Enamine REAL Space. We published the Java source as part of the OpenChemLib under the BSD license, and we implemented tools to enable substructure search in custom combinatorial libraries.

The impact of anti-COVID-19 restrictions and transitory unemployment insurance policies on unemployment in Russia

PurposeDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, transitory unemployment insurance (UI) policies substantially increased unemployment benefits (UBs) and the number of eligible groups in Russia. The procedure for registering as unemployed was moved to an online platform. The present paper aims to distinguish the effect of anti-COVID-19 restrictions on unemployment from that of the transitory unemployment insurance policies.Design/methodology/approachUsing 553,627 approved claims for unemployment benefits from the Russian Public Employment Service (PES) administrative records (June 2019–December 2020), monthly data on the number of individuals registered as unemployed are aggregated in a pseudo panel. A double-difference approach is employed to identify the effects of the social interaction intensity and teleworkability (TW) of the latest occupation on unemployment. The first is associated with a direct effect of anti-COVID-19 restrictions and the latter with the simplified application procedure.FindingsThe face-to-face (F2F) intensity of the latest occupation did not lead to any increase in the number of unemployed persons as could be expected in response to anti-COVID-19 restrictions. Job TW had two opposite effects on unemployment: it decreased individuals' risk of job loss and increased their likelihood of claiming unemployment benefits. Surprisingly, however, in line with the typical response of the Russian labour market to downturns, the latter dominated. The largest response was found among men and individuals with primary education.Originality/valueThis study is the first to attempt to distinguish the effect of anti-COVID-19 restrictions from that of the transitory UI policies on unemployment in Russia.

Amino acid substitutions in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) acetolactate synthase conferring herbicide resistance

Acetolactate synthase genes (ALS) have successfully been modified for providing resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in many plant species. Based on sequence and expression analyses, we confirmed VvALS1 as the best functional ALS candidate in grapevine. To develop an ALS-based herbicide selection system for facilitating grape transformation, we firstly evaluated the responses of Vitis vinifera cv Chardonnay callus and young in vitro shoots of Vitis vinifera cv Thompson Seedless to several representative ALS-inhibiting herbicides and found a typical linear response curves to some of the herbicides, including chlorsulfuron and imazapyr belonging to the sulfonylurea or imidazolinone families, respectively. Secondly, we created constructs containing amino acid substitutions in the domains which are known to be critical to herbicide resistance and generated transgenic plants for 3 amino acid substitutions using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of meristematic bulk tissues of Thompson Seedless. Finally, we showed that ectopic expression of two amino acid substitutions (P191S and P191T) at the N-terminal region and another (W568L) at C-terminal region in VvALS resulted in high resistance to chlorsulfuron or imazapyr herbicides in transgenic in vitro shoots. Our work highlighted the potential use of VvALS mutations imparting herbicide resistance as a selectable marker in grapevine transformation research and as a means in fostering grapevine improvement via cisgenesis, paving the way for developing a selectable co-editing system to facilitate transgene-free gene-editing.

Epitaxial SiC Dosimeters and Flux Monitoring Detectors for Proton Therapy Beams.

The exceptional optoelectronic properties and high radiation resistance of epitaxial silicon carbide make this material attractive for high-energy beam dosimetry and radiation monitoring, especially when strict requirements such as high signal-to-noise ratios, high time and spatial resolutions and low detectivity levels are required. A 4H-SiC Schottky diode has been characterized as a proton-flux-monitoring detector and dosimeter under proton beams for proton therapy. The diode was composed of an epitaxial film grown on 4H-SiC n+-type substrate equipped with a gold Schottky contact. The diode was embedded in a tissue-equivalent epoxy resin and then characterized in terms of capacitance vs. voltage (C-V) and current vs. voltage (I-V) characteristics in the dark in the range of 0-40 V. The dark currents at room temperature are in the order of 1 pA, while the doping and active thicknesses extracted from the C-V are 2.5 × 1015 cm-3 and 2-4 μm, respectively. Proton beam tests have been carried out at the Proton Therapy Center of the Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA-INFN). They have been carried out with energies and extraction currents of 83-220 MeV and 1-10 nA, respectively, as typical for proton therapy applications, corresponding to dose rates in the range of 5 mGy/s to 2.7 Gy/s. The I-V characteristics measured under proton beam irradiation at the lowest dose rate showed a typical diode photocurrent response and a signal-to-noise ratio well above 10. Investigations with null bias evidenced a very good performance in terms of the diode's sensitivity, fast rise and decay times and response stability. The diode's sensitivity was in agreement with the expected theoretical values, and its response was linear throughout the whole investigated dose rate range.

Commentary on the article “Primary intestinal anastomosis in a child with perforation of Meckel's diverticulum and peritonitis”

Commentary on the article Morozov KD, Sharkov SM, Kozlov MYu, Mordvin PA, Ayrapetyan MI, Morozov DA Primary intestinal anastomosis in a child with perforation of Meckels diverticulum and peritonitis published in the Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care. 2023;13(1):105112. (In Russ.) DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/psaic1498
 After reading the article under discussion, serious doubts were raised about the presence of diffuse peritonitis (there was no typical response of the body to a severe inflammatory process in the abdominal cavity), and the mild course of diffuse peritonitis in surgical practice is unknown. Primary intestinal anastomosis in peritonitis cannot be recommended for pediatric surgeons to present its wide introduction in clinical practice.

The Rice Endophyte-Derived α-Mannosidase ShAM1 Degrades Host Cell Walls To Activate DAMP-Triggered Immunity against Disease.

Endophytes play an important role in shaping plant growth and immunity. However, the mechanisms for endophyte-induced disease resistance in host plants remain unclear. Here, we screened and isolated the immunity inducer ShAM1 from the endophyte Streptomyces hygroscopicus OsiSh-2, which strongly antagonizes the pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Recombinant ShAM1 can trigger rice immune responses and induce hypersensitive responses in various plant species. After infection with M. oryzae, blast resistance was dramatically improved in ShAM1-inoculated rice. In addition, the enhanced disease resistance by ShAM1 was found to occur through a priming strategy and was mainly regulated through the jasmonic acid-ethylene (JA/ET)-dependent signaling pathway. ShAM1 was identified as a novel α-mannosidase, and its induction of immunity is dependent on its enzyme activity. When we incubated ShAM1 with isolated rice cell walls, the release of oligosaccharides was observed. Notably, extracts from the ShAM1-digested cell wall can enhance the disease resistance of the host rice. These results indicated that ShAM1 triggered immune defense against pathogens by damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)-related mechanisms. Our work provides a representative example of endophyte-mediated modulation of disease resistance in host plants. The effects of ShAM1 indicate the promise of using active components from endophytes as plant defense elicitors for the management of plant disease. IMPORTANCE The specific biological niche inside host plants allows endophytes to regulate plant disease resistance effectively. However, there have been few reports on the role of active metabolites from endophytes in inducing host disease resistance. In this study, we demonstrated that an identified α-mannosidase protein, ShAM1, secreted by the endophyte S. hygroscopicus OsiSh-2 could activate typical plant immunity responses and induce a timely and cost-efficient priming defense against the pathogen M. oryzae in rice. Importantly, we revealed that ShAM1 enhanced plant disease resistance through its hydrolytic enzyme (HE) activity to digest the rice cell wall and release damage-associated molecular patterns. Taken together, these findings provide an example of the interaction mode of endophyte-plant symbionts and suggest that HEs derived from endophytes can be used as environmentally friendly and safe prevention agent for plant disease control.

Study on dynamic properties of ultrasoft clay based on large amplitude oscillatory shear tests

In offshore engineering, the dynamic properties of ultrasoft clay in the seabed could affect the stability of offshore construction under dynamic loading. The typical rheological response of ultrasoft clay is studied based on the test results from large amplitude oscillatory shear tests with a rheometer. The ultrasoft clay undergoes three phases: the solid phase, transition phase and liquid phase, under dynamic loading. Modulus overshoot is observed when a phase transition occurs. The shear modulus and damping ratio of ultrasoft clay are studied based on the relationship between rheological parameters and dynamic parameters. The results show that the maximum shear modulus of ultrasoft clay could be expressed as a function of water content. Compared with general clay, the normalized shear modulus of ultrasoft clay decreases, and the damping ratio rapidly increases with increasing shear strain. Models describing the change in the normalized shear modulus and damping ratio with the shear strain of ultrasoft clay are suggested based on our test results. This study could aid in the evaluation of the stability of submarine structures at the seabed level under dynamic loading.

Salvage decision-making based on carbon following an eastern spruce budworm outbreak

Forest disturbances, such as an eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) outbreak, impact the strength and persistence of forest carbon sinks. Salvage harvests are a typical management response to widespread tree mortality, but the decision to salvage mortality has large implications for the fate of carbon stocks (including forest carbon and harvested wood products) in the near and long terms. In this study, we created decision-support models for salvage harvesting based on carbon after an eastern spruce budworm outbreak. We used lasso regression to determine which stand characteristics (e.g., basal area) are the best predictors of carbon 40 years after an outbreak in both salvage and no salvage scenarios. We modeled carbon at year 40 for different treatment scenarios and discount rates. Treatment scenarios represent residual stand conditions that may be present when an outbreak occurs. Economic discount rates were applied to 40-year carbon values to account for near and long-term carbon storage aspects. We found that the volume and size of eastern spruce budworm host species are significant predictors of salvage preference based on carbon. We found overall that salvaging less volume is recommended to avoid major swings in carbon budgets and that discounting carbon values to apply weight to near or long-term sequestration greatly affects whether salvaging is preferred. Lasso models are constructed for the northeastern US, however, similar concepts may be applied beyond our study area and potentially for other insect outbreaks similar to spruce budworm, such as mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) or hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). From a policy standpoint widespread salvaging could create a large carbon emissions deficit with the risk of not being fully replenished within a desired timeframe. Since salvaging is often financially driven, especially for private landowners, carbon market payments or incentives for not salvaging is a consideration for future policy.