Types Of Organic Compounds Research Articles

Scavenging residence times of trace metals and surface chemistry of sinking particles in the deep ocean

The adsorption properties of sinking particulate matter in the deep subtropical Atlantic Ocean are modeled by combining the field observations of trace metal scavenging with theoretical surface chemistry. The treatment yields equilibrium constants that define metal interactions with deep-ocean particles. These equilibrium constants can be compared with those that define metal interactions with typical metal oxides and organic compounds. The comparison indicates that metal-particulate matter interactions closely resemble the interactions between organic compounds and metals. Therefore, it is suggested that the adsorption properties of marine particulate matter are controlled by organic coatings. In addition, quantifying the surface properties of deep-ocean particles provides a means for estimating the scavenging residence times for metals for which the determination has not yet been made.

Reactions of NaBH2S3 with some typical organic nitrogen compounds

The following substrates react with sulfurated sodium borohydride, NaBH2S3, to give the corresponding products as shown by the formulas in parentheses: azobenzene [Formula: see text], azoxybenzene [Formula: see text], phenyl isocyanate (C6H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3), N-nitrosodiphenylamine ((C6H5)2NH, (C6H5)2NNH2), diphenylcarbamyl chloride ((C6H5)2NH), phenyl isothiocyanate (C6H5NH2), benzyl carbamate (C6H5CH2OH), benzyl N-phenylcarbamate (C6H5CH2OH, C6H5NH2, C6H5CH2SH), benzyl nitrite (C6H5CH2OH), benzyl nitrate (C6H5CH2OH), benzyl thiocyanate (C6H5CH2S2CH2C6H5), and pyridine-1-oxide (C5H5N). Benzotriazole, pyridine, phthalimide, and N,N′-diphenylurea were found to be stable towards NaBH2S3.The advantage of sulfurated sodium borohydride, NaBH2S3, over sodium borohydride, NaBH4, as a reducing agent was also proven when it was found that most of the above substrates were inert toward NaBH4 except for the following organic nitrogen compounds which reacted with NaBH4 to give the products indicated in parentheses: N-nitrosodiphenylamine ((C6H5)2NH), diphenylcarbamyl chloride ((C6H5)2NCH3), phenyl isothiocyanate (C6H5NHCH3), benzyl N-phenylcarbamate (C6H5CH2OH, C6H5NHCH3), and benzyl thiocyanate (C6H5CH2-S2CH2C6H5).

Comparison between New Method (Toyama Method) and the Regular Methods of Dichromate COD for Practical Application.

It is required to shorten the time for test of the Moore's dichromate reflux method for COD determination, because the reaction time is too long for the test of many samples. The authors'methods could determine in a quarter of the usuel reaction time, and the results were agreed with those of the regular methods in determination of 14 typical organic compounds. Moreover, the authors'method B could eliminate the chloride interference. In this present study, various industrial wastes and sewages were repeatedly measured and their results were statistically analyzed. There were no significant differences between the authors'methods and the regular methods.

Theory of mass spectra

The theory of mass spectra is concerned with the stability of ions and with their decomposition reactions and in the widest sense is therefore synonymous with applied theoretical chemistry. In conformity with this, the main objectives in a theoretical treatment of mass spectra are to discuss the most probable distributions of electrons and of vibrational energy quanta and to attempt to relate these to the observed fragmentation patterns. In recent years attention has been concentrated on the quasi-equilibrium behaviour of ion decomposition processes and the main features of this theory are outlined in a form as close as possible to the conventional statistical mechanical treatment of ordinary chemical kinetics. With the object of pursuing this correspondence as far as possible, some consideration is given to the significance that might be attributed to temperature as a defined variable in mass spectral processes. Applications of the theory to some typical organic compounds are described and computational procedures for the evaluation of frequency factors are explained. The possibility is also examined of using mass spectrometry to supplement conventional organic chemistry in, for example, the study of organic catalysts.

Synthesis of new polymers with inorganic chains of molecules

AbstractA synthesis of polyorganosiloxanes is based on attaching organic groups to inorganic silicon‐oxygen chains structurally corresponding to the quartz molecules. The extension of this idea to skeletons composed of silicon, oxygen, and metals, and corresponding structurally to the silicates, led to the synthesis of new polymers containing chains such as magnified image called polyorganometalosiloxanes. Further development of the idea of attaching organic groups to mineral chains, especially the use of the groups R3SiO—, allowed the inclusion even of elements which do not form stable bonds with carbon. This paper presents some results of our research on the formation of new polymers with mineral chain molecules containing atoms of aluminum, titanium, phosphorus, and oxygen. The reactions leading to the formation of aluminosiloxanes are expressed by the following schematic equations: magnified image Titanosiloxanes are formed as follows: magnified image Similarly mixed phosphoaluminosiloxane polymers are prepared: magnified image Thus carbon and silicon are no longer the only important elements forming polymer chains. Such elements as aluminum, titanium, phosphorus, and many others belonging to the second, third, fourth, and fifth groups of the Periodic System can be used in the synthesis of polymers. The method of organically enveloping inorganic skeletons makes it possible to change the properties of the compounds within wide limits. Silicates, corundum, and inorganic polytitanates are familiar as hard, brittle compounds, insoluble in organic solvents. If now, while preserving the polymer chains typical of these inorganic molecules, we surround them by organic groups, we obtain synthetic polymers with properties markedly different from those of their inorganic analogs. At a certain stage these polymers become soluble in organic solvents, form films typical for organic polymers, and show plasticity. The organic radicals surrounding the inorganic chains increase the flexibility of the molecular chains and confer the elastic properties of typical organic macromolecular compounds on these polymers.

Infrared Microspectroscopy III A Capillary Cell for Liquids*†

Apparatus and methods are described for the determination of infrared spectral absorption of solutions containing about 1 gamma (10−6 g) of solute. The absorption cell used is a piece of capillary tubing made of silver chloride with a central hole about 0.075 mm in diameter. The cells have lengths of 1 to 1.5 mm and are filled by means of a micropipette. A magnified image of the cell is then projected on the entrance slit of a spectrometer, and the spectral data are recorded. Results with typical organic compounds indicate that satisfactory spectral resolution may be obtained with this capillary cell.

Studies on Glass XIV. Note on the Compressibility of Glucose Glass

The coefficient of cubical compressibility of glucose glass at 24°C has been found to be 18.8 (10—6) atmos.—1 for the pressure range 7–25 atmos. The relatively large intermolecular forces in polyhydroxy substances, such as glassy glucose and liquid glycerol, are indicated by a comparison of the compressibility and expansion coefficients for these and other typical organic compounds.

Optical rotatory power. Part IV.-rotatory dispersion of Bornyl and Menthyl Zanthates, especially in the region of absorption

During a period of over 20 years, investigations have been carried out by one of us with a view to determining the form of the curve of rotatory dispersion, e.g., in the cases of quartz* and of a large number of typical organic compounds. These measurements were always made within the range of wave-lengths for which the medium under examination was completely transparent, since only under these conditions could the precision of the measurements be raised to a maximum by increasing the concentration of the optically-active compound and the length of the column traversed in the polarimeter. The general result has been to prove that the equation a = 2 f 2 , by which DRUDE in 1899 proposed to represent the optical rotatory power of transparent media, can be used to express the rotatory dispersion of compounds of every available type, up to the limits set by the experimental errors and by the range of transparency of the medium.

Crystal structure and chemical constitution of basic beryllium acetate and its homologues

The physical and chemical properties of basic beryllium acetate, OBe 4 (CH 3 .CO 2 ) 6 , are those of a non-ionised substance having the unitary structure of a typical organic compound, each chemical molecule of which may be regarded as forming one co-ordination complex. The fact that the arrangement of the eleven associating units of which this molecule is composed possesses the geometrical attributes of a tetrahedron has led to a stereochemical conception of the constitution of the compound, which is confirmed by the results of X-ray analysis.

A note on the availability of organic nitrogen compounds in pot experiments

In the course of an investigation on the nitrification process in soils a series of pot experiments was set up to compare the manurial actions of some typical organic nitrogen compounds. The laboratory work was interrupted at an early stage; the results of the pot experiments are briefly described in this note.

Exercises in Quantitative Chemistry

THE time when the sole desideratum in the training of the chemical student was the acquirement of greater or less proficiency in the processes of analytical chemistry has, happily, gone by. Courses of experimental work arranged with the. view of familiarising him with the most important general reactions, the preparation of typical organic compounds, and the methods peculiar to physical chemistry are now recognised as the essentials of chemical training. The work under review has been written from this standpoint, and makes no attempt to present a course of work for the training of expert analysts.

Practical Work in Organic Chemistry

THE numerous manuals of practical organic chemistry which have been published of late years testify to a re-awakened interest in an important subject. Some of these deal with the preparation of various typical organic compounds; others restrict themselves to describing methods of analysis. The present work combines both methods of teaching, and, as a special feature, divides the subject into “programmes of instruction” designed to meet the varied wants of the students attending the evening classes of chemical technology at the Finsbury College, taking into account the special nature of their daily avocations and the purpose to which they wish to apply their chemistry. Thus, after working through the introductory courses of “operations” and “analysis,” and thus familiarizing himself with the general methods of the subject, the student would begin to specialize. The brewer would select the programme “ethyl alcohol and its reactions,” which includes fermentation and the purification and estimation of alcohol, and touches on allied subjects, such as the preparation of aldehyde, acetic acid, and chloroform. The soap-maker would devote himself to the programme, “a study of the preparation and decomposition of ethyl acetate, and of the composition and reactions of some of the natural fats and oils”; thus passing from the simplest case of saponification (hydrolysis) of an ethereal salt in ethyl acetate to the more complex cases in the fats. This latter programme also includes the isolation and estimation of glycerol, and its properties; palmitic, stearic, oleic, and elaïdic acids; drying and non-drying oils; bromine and iodine absorption of oils; and other matters of interest in this connection. The tar-distiller would carry out the experiments given under “coal-tar and coal-tar products”—a very full and satisfactory chapter.