Types Of White Blood Cells Research Articles

A high-resolution large-scale dataset of pathological and normal white blood cells

Microscopic examination plays a significant role in the initial screening for a variety of hematological, as well as non-hematological, diagnoses. Microscopic blood smear examination that is considered a key diagnostic technique, is in recent clinical practice still performed manually, which is not only time consuming, but can lead to human errors. Although automated and semi-automated systems have been developed in recent years, their high purchasing and maintenance costs make them unaffordable for many medical institutions. Even though much research has been conducted lately to explore more accurate and feasible solutions, most researchers had to deal with a lack of medical data. To address the lack of large-scale databases in this field, we created a high-resolution dataset containing a total of 16027 annotated white blood cells. Moreover, the dataset covers overall 9 types of white blood cells, including clinically significant pathological findings. Since we used high-quality acquisition equipment, the dataset provides one of the highest quality images of blood cells, achieving an approximate resolution of 42 pixels per 1 μm.

Role of macrophage polarization in cancer progression and their association with COVID-19 severity

Macrophages are a type of white blood cells that can exist in two different functional states, known as M1 and M2. M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines that can promote tumor growth and metastasis, whereas M2 macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines that can inhibit tumor progression. This phenomenon, referred to as macrophage polarization, has been implicated in the development and progression of cancer. Furthermore, macrophage polarization is currently being investigated in the context of COVID-19 severity. It is believed that M1 macrophages may contribute to the excessive inflammation observed in severe COVID-19 cases, while M2 macrophages may confer protection against the disease. Hence, comprehending the role of macrophage polarization in both cancer and COVID-19 has the potential to enhance treatment strategies for both conditions.

A patient with the highly suspected B cell lymphoma accompanied by the erythrocytes cold agglutination: Case report.

Cold agglutinins are related with B cell lymphoproliferative disorder and lymphoma, and can agglutinate red blood cells (RBCs) at an optimum temperature of 3-4°C, which is the undergoing cause of RBCs cold agglutination. RBC cold agglutination may lead to an extreme abnormality of RBC parameters of complete blood count (CBC). The present study reports a case of an old patient with severe infectious fever and anemia presenting extremely abnormal levels of RBC parameters in CBC and a sand-like appearance of blood on tube wall. The validating tests indicated the presence of the RBCs cold agglutination and the highly suspected B cell lymphoma. The 37°C-incubation corrected the CBC results of the patient, and the microscopic observation and flow cytometry analysis of blood and marrow indicated many abnormal B lymphocytes. Subsequently, the patient was diagnosed with a highly suspected B-cell lymphoma. The blood with a sand-like appearance was reanalyzed to validate the cold agglutination by 37°C-water incubation. The smears of peripheral blood and marrow were made for morphological observation by using optical microscopy. Moreover, the clusters of differentiation of the white blood cells were analyzed to confirm the type of abnormal white blood cells with a flow cytometer. The RBCs cold agglutination was validated, and the highly suspected B cell lymphoma was proved as the undergoing cause. This case focuses on the discovery and solutions of RBCs cold agglutination, and emphasizes the importance of microscopic observation in the exploration of undergoing causes of cold agglutination.

Comparative study of the effect of different antimicrobial groups on chick blood leukogram

Diseases of bacterial etiology are a serious problem hindering the development of the poultry industry, causing serious economic damage to it.Herein we present the results of studies of the effect that drugs of different antimicrobial groups (ditrim and furazolidone) have on leukogram of Hisex Brown chicks. We studied blood values in 3 groups, group I received pure drinking water, group II received ditrim via drinking water at a concentration of 200 mg/L 10 consecutive days, whereas group III received furazolidone in the same manner. Blood samples were collected at Day 1, Day 3, Day 5, Day 7 and Day 9 after the drug withdrawal. We performed leukocyte count in chick blood in each group, then in blood smears we calculated the number of eosinophils, basophils, pseudoeosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. We also calculated percentages of separate white blood cell types in order to perform the white blood cell differential. We discovered that administration of furazolidone via drinking water causes a long-term decrease in leukocyte number while such decrease was not observed following administration of ditrim. Leukopenia was observed in chicks of group III at Day 1, Day 5 and Day 7, their values differing from the control values by 26%, 12% and 25% respectively. Besides the administration of furazolidone via drinking water caused changes in leukogram, manifesting in prolonged dynamics of pseudoeosinophil number and lymphocyte number, and also in transitory change in eosinophil number. We did not observe such effect on blood values following the administration of ditrim to the chicks of Group II, except for transitory eosinopenia at Day 9 of our experiment

Blood Slide Image Analysis to Classify WBC Types for Prediction Haematology Based on a Hybrid Model of CNN and Handcrafted Features.

White blood cells (WBCs) are one of the main components of blood produced by the bone marrow. WBCs are part of the immune system that protects the body from infectious diseases and an increase or decrease in the amount of any type that causes a particular disease. Thus, recognizing the WBC types is essential for diagnosing the patient's health and identifying the disease. Analyzing blood samples to determine the amount and WBC types requires experienced doctors. Artificial intelligence techniques were applied to analyze blood samples and classify their types to help doctors distinguish between types of infectious diseases due to increased or decreased WBC amounts. This study developed strategies for analyzing blood slide images to classify WBC types. The first strategy is to classify WBC types by the SVM-CNN technique. The second strategy for classifying WBC types is by SVM based on hybrid CNN features, which are called VGG19-ResNet101-SVM, ResNet101-MobileNet-SVM, and VGG19-ResNet101-MobileNet-SVM techniques. The third strategy for classifying WBC types by FFNN is based on a hybrid model of CNN and handcrafted features. With MobileNet and handcrafted features, FFNN achieved an AUC of 99.43%, accuracy of 99.80%, precision of 99.75%, specificity of 99.75%, and sensitivity of 99.68%.

Plain Language Summary of principles for improving the care of people with eosinophil-associated diseases.

Eosinophil-associated diseases (EADs) are a group of conditions in which eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) are thought to play a key role in the disease and how it develops. Some EADs are common, such as atopic dermatitis (also called eczema) and a subtype of asthma called eosinophilic asthma, while others are rare, such as hypereosinophilic syndrome (a condition in which a person has a very high number of eosinophils in both the blood and one or more organs). People with EADs face many problems related to their conditions. Symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, itch, or shortness of breath impact both the patient as well as their friends and family. Patients with EADs also experience delays to diagnosis and treatment as well as financial barriers. Healthcare professionals sometimes fail to recognize the complex set of symptoms that characterize an EAD, and this may cause delays in reaching a correct diagnosis. As a result, it may take longer for a patient to get the best care and the most effective treatments, which may contribute to poor health. The goal of this charter is to describe the key elements of good quality care, which all people with EADs deserve, as well as to present an action plan to improve health and overall well-being for people with EADs. Proposed use of this patient charter: The principles described in this charter (a written guide to achieve an outcome) show the core elements of quality care that people with EADs must receive. They also describe clear steps to reduce the burden on patients and their caregivers and to improve patient health outcomes. We urge healthcare professionals, hospitals, and policymakers around the world to adopt these principles quickly. By doing this, people with EADs will be more likely to receive an accurate and timely diagnosis and have access to quality care and treatment in the right setting.

Influence of Extreme Factors of High Mountains on the Ultrastructure of Rat Blood Leukocytes

This paper presents the results of a study on the ultrastructure of white blood cells under the influence of high-altitude factors in combination with cold. Materials and methods: 70 outbred male laboratory rats weighing 200-300 g; method of electron microscopic examination, statistical methods. Research results. It has been established that in rats, during adaptation to high altitude conditions, in combination with exposure to cold, there are sharp changes in the ultrastructure of leukocytes. In experimental animals on the 3rd day of observation, the level of volumetric density of mitochondria increased almost 2 times in neutrophils, 1.5 times in eosinophils, and 1.4 times in monocytes and medium lymphocytes. With an increase in the length of stay in the highlands in combination with cold exposure, the volumetric density of mitochondria continued to increase in all types of white blood cells, and on the 30th day of adaptation it remained statistically significantly higher both in comparison with the control and in comparison, with the indices of the animal group on the 3rd and day of adaptation. The volumetric density of ribosomes also increased statistically significantly on the 3rd day of adaptation to high mountains in combination with cold in neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes, and continued to increase by the 30th day of observation. A trend towards an increase in bulk density was also noted in cell vacuoles: on the 3rd day of adaptation, an increase in the volumetric density of vacuoles was recorded compared to the control in neutrophils. By the 30th day of adaptation, the bulk density of vacuoles, compared with animals on the 3rd day of adaptation, statistically significantly decreased, although it did not reach the indicators of animals in the control group. The bulk density of specific granites on the 3rd day of stay in the mountains in neutrophils and eosinophils decreased by almost 100%.

Human gene age dating reveals an early and rapid evolutionary construction of the adaptive immune system.

T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a critical role in the immune response against foreign pathogens through a process called T Cell Adaptive Immunity (TCAI). However, the evolution of the genes and nucleotide sequences involved in TCAI is not well understood. To investigate this, we performed comparative studies of gene annotations and genome assemblies of 28 vertebrate species and identified sets of human genes that are involved in TCAI, carcinogenesis, and ageing. We found that these gene sets share interaction pathways which may have contributed to the evolution of longevity in the vertebrate lineage leading to humans. Our human gene age dating analyses revealed that there was rapid origination of genes with TCAI-related functions prior to the Cretaceous eutherian radiation and these new genes mainly encode negative regulators. We identified no new TCAI-related genes after the divergence of placental mammals, but we did detect an extensive number of amino acid substitutions under strong positive selection in recently evolved human immunity genes suggesting they are co-evolving with adaptive immunity. More specifically, we observed that antigen processing and presentation and checkpoint genes are significantly enriched among new genes evolving under positive selection. These observations reveal an evolutionary process of T Cell Adaptive Immunity that were associated with rapid gene duplication in the early stages of vertebrates and subsequent sequence changes in TCAI-related genes. These processes together suggest an early genetic construction of the vertebrate immune system and subsequent molecular adaptation to diverse antigens.

Mutational screens highlight glycosylation as a modulator of colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) activity

The colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) controls the growth of neutrophils, the most abundant type of white blood cell. In healthy neutrophils, signaling is dependent on CSF3R binding to its ligand, CSF3. A single amino acid mutation in CSF3R, T618I, instead allows for constitutive, ligand-independent cell growth and leads to a rare type of cancer called chronic neutrophilic leukemia. However, the disease mechanism is not well understood. Here, we investigated why this threonine to isoleucine substitution is the predominant mutation in chronic neutrophilic leukemia and how it leads to uncontrolled neutrophil growth. Using protein domain mapping, we demonstrated that the single CSF3R domain containing residue 618 is sufficient for ligand-independent activity. We then applied an unbiased mutational screening strategy focused on this domain and found that activating mutations are enriched at sites normally occupied by asparagine, threonine, and serine residues-the three amino acids which are commonly glycosylated. We confirmed glycosylation at multiple CSF3R residues by mass spectrometry, including the presence of GalNAc and Gal-GalNAc glycans at WT threonine 618. Using the same approach applied to other cell surface receptors, we identified an activating mutation, S489F, in the interleukin-31 receptor alpha chain. Combined, these results suggest a role for glycosylated hotspot residues in regulating receptor signaling, mutation of which can lead to ligand-independent, uncontrolled activity and human disease.

P071 Exercise as an anti-inflammatory treatment in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA): a proof-of-concept study

Abstract Background/Aims Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is an inflammatory arthritis affecting 0.5-1.0% of people in the UK. The inflammatory profile with axSpA causes pain and loss of mobility but can also contribute to other manifestations such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Current management of axSpA relies on biologic medication; however, they are expensive, and effectiveness is influenced by disease duration, baseline inflammation and age. Monocytes, a type of white blood cell, express the cell surface markers CD14 ++CD16- (classical), CD14 ++CD16 + (intermediate), and CD14+CD16 ++ (non-classical). CD16+ monocytes are pro-inflammatory and are elevated in populations with CVD. Importantly, regular exercise reduces the relative proportion of CD16+ cells in other populations, but this is unknown in axSpA. Therefore, the present randomised control trial investigated whether exercise reduced the relative percentage of CD16+ monocytes in response to 12-weeks of home-based walking. Subjective measures of disease activity, physical function, spinal pain, and work productivity are included to supplement the findings. Methods 20 participants (10 control, 10 exercise; 8 vs 7 presented here due to ongoing data collection) were recruited, provided written informed consent, and completed baseline assessments before being assigned into a control or exercise group. The control group carried on as normal. The exercise group completed 5 x 30-minute bouts of ‘somewhat hard’ walking per week which was confirmed via heart rate monitoring and a rating of perceived exertion scale. At baseline (week 0) and follow-up (week 12), participants completed questionnaires to assess BASDAI, BASFI, ASAS-HI, WPAI, and spinal pain. Blood samples were also collected for the analysis of monocyte subsets. Data were analysed using a two-way mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) with time as the within factor. Statistical significance was accepted as P < 0.05. However, description of trends is used throughout due to this being preliminary data with a small sample size. Results Group-by-time interactions revealed a significant reduction in the proportion of non-classical monocytes in the exercise group and an increase in the control group (P < 0.001). This coincided with a significant interaction for the proportion of less inflammatory classical monocytes, with an increase in the exercise group and decrease in the control group (P < 0.001). Overall, the exercise group also responded more favourably for BASDAI (P = 0.026) and spinal pain (P = 0.088) than the control group. Conclusion Preliminary findings suggest regular walking reduces pro-inflammatory immune cell populations in axSpA which coincides with favourable BASDAI and spinal pain responses compared to a control group. This highlights the importance of regular exercise to improve underlying inflammatory profiles in patients with axSpA. Disclosure M. Roberts: None. M. Hamrouni: None. V. Linsley: None. A. Moorthy: Consultancies; A.M has received speaker fees from Lilly, Novartis, Galapagos and UCB. Grants/research support; A.M has received funding from the National Axial Spondyloarthritis Society for this work. N. Bishop: Grants/research support; N.B has received funding from the National Axial Spondyloarthritis Society for this work.

Deep and Hybrid Learning Techniques for Diagnosing Microscopic Blood Samples for Early Detection of White Blood Cell Diseases

The immune system is one of the most critical systems in humans that resists all diseases and protects the body from viruses, bacteria, etc. White blood cells (WBCs) play an essential role in the immune system. To diagnose blood diseases, doctors analyze blood samples to characterize the features of WBCs. The characteristics of WBCs are determined based on the chromatic, geometric, and textural characteristics of the WBC nucleus. Manual diagnosis is subject to many errors and differing opinions of experts and takes a long time; however, artificial intelligence techniques can help to solve all these challenges. Determining the type of WBC using automatic diagnosis helps hematologists to identify different types of blood diseases. This work aims to overcome manual diagnosis by developing automated systems for classifying microscopic blood sample datasets for the early detection of diseases in WBCs. Several proposed systems were used: first, neural network algorithms, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) and feed-forward neural networks (FFNNs), were applied to diagnose the dataset based on the features extracted using the hybrid method between two algorithms, the local binary pattern (LBP) and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). All algorithms attained superior accuracy for WBC diagnosis. Second, the pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) models AlexNet, ResNet-50, GoogLeNet, and ResNet-18 were applied for the early detection of WBC diseases. All models attained exceptional results in the early detection of WBC diseases. Third, the hybrid technique was applied, consisting of a pair of blocks: the CNN models block for extracting deep features and the SVM algorithm block for the classification of deep features with superior accuracy and efficiency. These hybrid techniques are named AlexNet with SVM, ResNet-50 with SVM, GoogLeNet with SVM, and ResNet-18 with SVM. All techniques achieved promising results when diagnosing the dataset for the early detection of WBC diseases. The ResNet-50 model achieved an accuracy of 99.3%, a precision of 99.5%, a sensitivity of 99.25%, a specificity of 99.75%, and an AUC of 99.99%.

Plain language summary of the MajesTEC-1 study of teclistamab for the treatment of people with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.

This is a summary of a phase 1-2 clinical trial called MajesTEC-1. This trial tested the cancer drug teclistamab in people with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma, a cancer that forms in a certain type of white blood cells known as plasma cells. Most participants who took part in the study had at least 3 prior treatments for multiple myeloma before their cancer came back. A total of 165 participants from 9 countries were included in this study. All participants were given teclistamab once per week and monitored for side effects. Once participants started taking teclistamab, they were checked regularly to monitor if their cancer had no change, improved (responded to treatment), or worsened or spread (known as disease progression). After approximately 14.1months of follow-up (from 2020 to 2021), 63% of participants who were given teclistamab had a decrease in myeloma burden, meaning that they responded to treatment with teclistamab. Participants who responded to teclistamab lived without their myeloma coming back for approximately 18.4months. The most common side effects were infections, cytokine release syndrome, abnormally low white and red blood cell counts (neutropenia, lymphopenia, and anemia), and low platelet cell counts (thrombocytopenia). Approximately 65% of participants experienced serious side effects. Overall, more than half of the participants (63%) in the MajesTEC-1 study responded to treatment with teclistamab despite previous myeloma treatment failures. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03145181, NCT04557098 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Hyperspectral images classification for white blood cells with attention-aided convolutional neural networks and fusion network

The classification of White blood cells (WBCs) plays an important role. However, the traditional method of blood smear analysis is laborious. This paper presented a classification method of WBCs based on hyperspectral images and Deep learning (DL). The U-net network was proposed to extract spectral features of WBCs region of interest (ROI) under the pseudo-color images with specific hyperspectral images (420.8, 557.2 and 667.4 nm). For spectral features and the pseudo-colour images of hyperspectral data, attention-aided one and two-dimensional convolutional neural networks were applied to establish WBCs classification models, respectively. The overall average accuracy can reach 94.20% and 92.60%, respectively. A fusion network was constructed to make full use of the spectral and image spatial features, and its classification accuracy reached 96.20%. In terms of overall average accuracy, the fusion network model was the optimal, but for individual types of WBCs, each network had its own unique advantages.

The Role of T Cells and Innate Immunity in Long Term Immunity and Vaccine Development for COVID 9

Coronaviruses are significant pathogens for humans. Our findings suggest that antibodies may not have a crucial role in long-term immunity against COVID-19, but T cells, a type of white blood cell, could play a critical role. T cells have long-term memory in the blood. Investigating mild cases of COVID19 in children is key to understanding the disease, as it may uncover important protective mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Children’s milder response to COVID-19 compared to adults suggests that children have a higher resistance to the virus due to their innate immune system. Our results indicate that phagocytes, a component of the innate immune system, play a significant role in eliminating COVID-19 in both mice and humans. We also found that CD4+ T cells activate B cells and play a crucial role in primary infections. Kids have higher levels of natural antibodies (IgM and IgG) compared to adult patients, and the number of γδ T cells increases both locally and systemically in kids with COVID-19, but decreases in adults with severe symptoms. Our observations have important implications for developing novel vaccines and therapies for COVID-19. To produce a vaccine, the following factors must be considered: 1) phagocytes, 2) natural antibodies, 3) T cells, and 4) white blood cells. The vaccine should be based on T cells instead of antibodies and should also boost the innate immune system, including phagocytes. A novel vaccine eliciting a protective immune response against SARS-Cov-2 is suggested.

Churg Strauss Syndrome

Churg Strauss syndrome (CSS) also known as Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare condition characterized by asthma, high levels of eosinophils (a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection), and inflammation of small to medium sized blood vessels (vasculitis).1 The inflamed vessels can affect various organ systems including the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, skin, heart and nervous system. No known cause of disease is found but believe to be an auto immune disorder and genetic factors and allergies play vital role to trigger the disease. CSS has 3 stages, with its own clinical manifestations. It’s not necessary that all patients with CSS will go through all 3 stages and they also do not manifest in same order always. The first stage is an allergic stage presents with respiratory problems, second stage is eosinophilic stage characterized by intra organ infiltration of eosinophils and final stage is a vasculitic stage with swollen lypmph nodes, joint pain, necrotizing inflammation of small vessels. Morbidity rate is high and it also need long term monitoring.

Polarized Hyperspectral Microscopic Imaging for White Blood Cells on Wright-Stained Blood Smear Slides.

White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are hematopoietic cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious diseases and foreign materials. The abnormal development and uncontrolled proliferation of these cells can lead to devastating cancers. Their timely recognition in the peripheral blood is critical to diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we developed a microscopic imaging system for improving the visualization of white blood cells on Wright's stained blood smear slides, with two different setups: polarized light imaging and polarized hyperspectral imaging. Based on the polarized light imaging setup, we collected the RGB images of Stokes vector parameters (S0, S1, S2, and S3) of five types of white blood cells (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte), and calculated the Stokes vector derived parameters: the degree of polarization (DOP), the degree of linear polarization (DOLP), and the degree of circular polarization (DOCP)). We also calculated Stokes vector data based on the polarized hyperspectral imaging setup. The preliminary results demonstrate that Stokes vector derived parameters (DOP, DOLP, and DOCP) could improve the visualization of granules in granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils). Furthermore, Stokes vector derived parameters (DOP, DOLP, and DOCP) could improve the visualization of surface structures (protein patterns) of lymphocytes enabling subclassification of lymphocyte subpopulations. Finally, S2, S3, and DOCP could enhance the morphologic visualization of monocyte nucleus. We also demonstrated that the polarized hyperspectral imaging setup could provide complementary spectral information to the spatial information on different Stokes vector parameters of white blood cells. This work demonstrates that polarized light imaging & polarized hyperspectral imaging has the potential to become a strong imaging tool in the diagnosis of disorders arising from white blood cells.

Higher lymphocyte count associated with larger hippocampal volume and fewer depressive symptoms in drug–na ïve first-episode psychosis

Circulating white blood cells (leucocytes), which form the peripheral immune system, are crucial in inflammatory processes but their role in brain structural change in schizophrenia has been scarcely studied. With this study we want to determine how and which type of white blood cells are associated with hippocampal volume (as a key structure in schi- zophrenia etiopathology) in first episode psychosis (FEP) patients. Moreover, to determine the association between white blood cells and clinical symptomatology, including positive and negative symptoms, cognition and depression. For this purpose fifty drug-naïve FEP were included in this study. All patients underwent an assessment at baseline and at 1 year follow-up, including sociodemographic and clinical variables (substance use, DUP, PANSS, GAF and CDSS). Fasting blood samples were obtained before administering any medication at baseline. Structural T1 MRI was performed at baseline and brain volumes were quantified. In the present study, higher lymphocyte count was associated with larger right hippocampal volume at baseline in FEP drug-naive patients. Higher lymphocyte count was associated with lower depressive symptomatology measured with CDSS and Marder depressive factor from PANSS at baseline and 1-year follow –up. These results suggest that lymphocytes may have a protective effect in hippocampal volume at baseli- ne in antipsychotic naïve FEP and also, are associated with a better depressive course over follow up. These results open the door to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for patients with schizophrenia.

A comparative review of different diet types to boost innate immunity among HIV-positive children suffering from leukemia

HIV impairs the immune system by attacking CD4 cells, a specific type of white blood cell. Most children living with HIV are found in Sub-Saharan Africa, yet this group has a dearth of data on cancer rates. Malignancies are common in children living with HIV, and immunosuppression and oncogenic co-infections are major contributing factors. This review study aims to sort and review the different diet types that may help boost innate immunity among HIV-positive children suffering from leukemiaWith the medical topic heading words (MeSH), this review was compiled from articles available without a subscription. HIV-related leukemia, the "inflammatory diet," "immunity-boosting food," and the "HIV diet kinds" were the others. This article only considers publications that have been published and are available online (in open-access databases such as the Directory of Open Access Journals, PubMed, Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, etc.) between the years 2000 and 2022. As a result of extensive reviews, some effective diet types have come out to support the article’s objective, which is the best dietary approach to prescribe for HIV-induced leukemia. Micronutrient-rich dietary interventions, vitamin A-rich diets, Zinc enriched diet types, Neutropenic diets, Nordic diets, and some traditional Asian diets have been found significant and more effective for long years. The best, most affordable, and most commonly available strategy to maintain good health is to eat more foods that strengthen the immune system. According to the research, the Indian diet is complete with spices, citrus fruits, certain vegetables, herbal tea, honey, and other traditional foods that can strengthen the immune system. Research into diet and Ayurveda is being prioritized in many countries, including the West, mirroring India's approach..

Evaluation of the Cell Concentration in Suspensions of Human Leukocytes by Ultrasound Imaging: The Influence of Size Dispersion and Cell Type.

This work focuses on the use of ultrasound imaging to evaluate the cell concentration of dilute leukocyte suspensions in the range of 10-3000 cells/µL. First, numerical simulations were used to study the influence of the size dispersion and the leukocyte type on the performance of the concentration estimation algorithms, which were developed in previous works assuming single-sized scatterers. From this analysis, corrections to the mentioned algorithms were proposed and then the performance of these corrections was evaluated from experiments. For this, ultrasound images were captured from suspensions of lymphocytes, granulocytes, and their mixtures. These images were obtained using a 20 MHz single-channel scanning system. Results confirmed that concentration estimates provided by conventional algorithms were affected by the size dispersion of cells, leading to a remarkable underestimation of results. The proposed correction to compensate for cell size dispersion obtained from simulations improved the concentration estimation of these algorithms, for the cell suspensions tested, approaching the results to the reference optical characterization. Moreover, it was shown that these models provided a total leukocyte concentration from the ultrasound images which was independent of the relative populations of different white blood cell types.

A Novel Meta-Heuristic Optimization Algorithm in White Blood Cells燙lassification

Some human diseases are recognized through of each type of White Blood Cell (WBC) count, so detecting and classifying each type is important for human healthcare. The main aim of this paper is to propose a computer-aided WBCs utility analysis tool designed, developed, and evaluated to classify WBCs into five types namely neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and basophils. Using a computer-artificial model reduces resource and time consumption. Various pre-trained deep learning models have been used to extract features, including AlexNet, Visual Geometry Group (VGG), Residual Network (ResNet), which belong to different taxonomy types of deep learning architectures. Also, Binary Border Collie Optimization (BBCO) is introduced as an updated version of Border Collie Optimization (BCO) for feature reduction based on maximizing classification accuracy. The proposed computer aid diagnosis tool merges transfer deep learning ResNet101, BBCO feature reduction, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to form a hybrid model ResNet101-BBCO-SVM an accurate and fast model for classifying WBCs. As a result, the ResNet101-BBCO-SVM scores the best accuracy at 99.21%, compared to recent studies in the benchmark. The model showed that the addition of the BBCO algorithm increased the detection accuracy, and at the same time, decreased the classification time consumption. The effectiveness of the ResNet101-BBCO-SVM model has been demonstrated and beaten in reasonable ratios in recent literary studies and end-to-end transfer learning of pre-trained models.