Type Of Sugar Research Articles

Extending the Shelf Life of Doxorubicin Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles with Cryoprotectants

AbstractSugars, as cryoprotectants, can be added to NP formulations before lyophilization to ensure that NPs retain their size during long‐term storage. In this study, mannitol, glucose, and sucrose were used at different concentrations to extend the storage time of doxorubicin (DOX)‐loaded PLGA‐NPs prepared using two different copolymer ratios (75 : 25 and 50 : 50) at different storage temperatures (−20, +4, and +25 °C). After lyophilization, a glucose or sucrose concentration of only 5 % for DOX‐PLGA‐75 : 25‐NP and a glucose concentration of 10 % for DOX‐PLGA‐50 : 50‐NP were found to prevent agglomeration for up to 4 months at −20 °C. It is noteworthy that after storage at 4 °C for up to 4 months, agglomeration was prevented using 5 % sucrose and 10 % glucose in DOX‐PLGA‐50 : 50‐NP and 10 % sucrose content in both NP types. On the other hand, as expected, no sugar type or concentration could prevent agglomeration during long‐term storage of NPs at 25 °C. The sizes and encapsulation efficiencies (EE%) before lyophilization were 221.8±2.20 and 45.4 % for DOX‐PLGA‐50 : 50‐NP and 221.5±1.31 and 48.7 % for DOX‐PLGA‐75 : 25‐NP, respectively. Furthermore, the release profiles and encapsulation of DOX in both NPs were investigated by UV‐Vis analyses. DSC analysis revealed that DOX was present in the free form and amorphous in the NPs. Consequently, PLGA copolymer ratios were found to have an impact on the long‐term stability of DOX loaded PLGA lyophilizates, and DOX‐loaded NPs prepared with PLGA 75 : 25 or PLGA 50 : 50 can be stored at −20 and +4 °C for up to 4 months when combined with appropriate sugar contents and concentrations, demonstrating the versatility of these materials.

A Hybrid Model for Palm Sugar Type Classification: Advancing Image-Based Analysis for Industry Applications

A Hybrid Model for Palm Sugar Type Classification: Advancing Image-Based Analysis for Industry Applications

Declaration of free sugars from fruits on food labels: a scoping review

PurposeThe World Health Organization recommends limiting the intake of free sugars, which can be added to packaged foods and may appear on labels under different terms. The aim of this research was to analyse the evidence related to the declaration of free sugars from fruits on packaged food labels.Design/methodology/approachA scoping review was conducted following the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI).FindingsTen eligible studies, conducted in seven countries, were included in this review. The percentage of packaged foods in which free sugars were identified ranged from 52.5 to 86.5%. In three studies, terms related to sugars were identified inductively by reading the entire ingredient list, whereas in the other studies sugars were identified by searching for a list of predefined terms. Studies differed in the definition of sugars and the terms used to identify them. Nine studies included fruit sugars within the terms used to identify free sugars. However, they lacked consistency in the types of fruit sugars considered and did not discuss their agreement with the adopted definitions of sugars.Originality/valueAs far as can be ascertained, this is the first review that addresses the declaration of free sugars from fruits on packaged food labels. Overall, there is a scarcity of literature focused on identifying and discussing the range of free sugars from fruits declared on food labels.

Cooking Time, Seed Darkening, and Iron and Zinc Concentrations of Selected Andean Genotypes of Common Bean

ABSTRACTCooking time (CT), post‐harvest darkening (PHD), and micronutrient content influence consumer preference of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties. The objective of this study was to evaluate Andean genotypes for CT, PHD, and seed iron and zinc concentration. A total of 52 genotypes belonging to three market classes, namely, purple‐speckled (Kabulangeti), yellows, and cranberry (sugar beans), were grown at the Golden Valley Agricultural Research Trust (GART) Farm and the Mpika Research Farm in Zambia and assessed for CT, PHD, and seed iron and zinc concentration. The fastest cooking genotype among all 52 genotypes was a yellow genotype, Y1612‐5. Yellow genotypes generally cooked faster than the Kabulangeti and sugar types. Among the elite lines with Kabulangeti seed types, which is a dominant market class in Zambia, the elite line K175 had faster CT and higher iron and zinc concentration than the Kabulangeti landrace race currently available on the Zambian market. Kabulangeti and sugar genotypes showed regular darkening, whereas yellows did not darken. The yellow genotype Y1612‐3 was particularly outstanding because of its unique combination of high concentrations of both iron and zinc. Therefore, it can be used to introgress these two essential minerals into variable genetic backgrounds. The significant variability and high to moderate heritability for CT (0.85) and iron (0.81) and zinc (0.58) concentration observed in the current study suggest that it is possible to make progress in breeding for faster cooking varieties that are rich in iron and zinc.

Sucrose, glucose, and fructose preference in honeybees and their effects on food digestibility

In bee diets, nectar is the primary source of carbohydrates. During scarcity of bee flora, such as in winter, beekeepers typically provide supplemental sugar syrup as a nectar substitute. We examined four types of sugars (sucrose, fructose, glucose, and a mixture of fructose and glucose) on bee longevity, bee appetitive, and their impact on pollen digestion. The results showed that sucrose and glucose had extended the longevity in cages. Bees preferred sucrose at a 50% concentration since they consumed more than the other sugar types in cages and in the multiple-choice test experiment in apiary. Bees given sucrose solution consumed the most pollen. In contrast, the cages provided the fructose solution consumed the least amount of pollen, increasing body fat percentage, which can be considered evidence of a digestive disorder. Generally, the type of sugar affects bee’s benefits from nutrition. Finally, sucrose is the best type of sugar and is considered the ideal substitute for nectar.

Development of a novel method based on extraction mediated by a semipermeable membrane to determine Cd and Cr in sugar by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

This work proposes a novel method to determine the Cd(II) and Cr(III) content in commercial sugar samples. It is based on the extraction of the analytes (as ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate complexes) into a semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) filled with CHCl3. After extraction, the SPMD was deployed and opened, and the analytes were recovered from the organic phase by back extraction with a 4.2 mol L−1 HNO3 solution. The analytes present in the acid extract were measured with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Under optimized conditions, the limit of quantification of the method was 1.2 and 3.1 ng g−1 for Cd(II) and Cr(III), respectively. Twelve samples of different types of sugar were analyzed. In addition, a recovery test was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the method. The recovery percentage was 90 %–102 % for Cd(II) and 85.2 %–103 % for Cr(III).

Medical misinformation and fear of recurrence in patients with breast cancer.

354 Background: Fear of recurrence is a common yet underappreciated burden patients experience during and after cancer treatment. Medical misinformation about factors that influence risk of cancer progression/recurrence is also common. Little is known about the spread of medical misinformation and how it affects fear of cancer recurrence. Methods: From 7/2023 to 8/2023 patients completed an anonymous online survey administered by Breastcancer.org. Surveys were available in English and Spanish with eligibility: US resident, age ≥18 years, and breast cancer diagnosis within 10 years. Surveys assessed patient awareness of various factors purported to increase or decrease risk of cancer progression/recurrence and fear of recurrence (via validated FCRI-SF, scored 0-36, higher scores indicate greater fear, score ≥22 indicate clinical relevance). Multivariate analysis (MVA) assessed awareness of misinformation after controlling for age, race and ethnicity, marital status, and level of education. Chi-square assessed association between misinformation exposure and fear of recurrence. Results: Overall, 997 completed the survey. Median age was 62 (IQR 53-69), 86% were White, 5% Black, 4% Hispanic, and 3% Asian. 76% were married and 77% had completed a college or advanced degree. 52% were undergoing active cancer treatment at the time of assessment. Most (65%) reported hearing misinformation regarding factors that may INCREASE risk of cancer progression/recurrence. Specifically, patients heard that sugar (61%), deodorant (22%), vaccines (8%), cell phones (8%), and bra type (8%) could increase risk. Half (54%) reported hearing misinformation regarding factors that may DECREASE risk of cancer progression/recurrence. Specifically, patients heard that eating organic food (41%), oral vitamins/supplements (29%), alkaline diet/alkalized water (12%), vitamin infusions (7%), cleanses (5%), essential oils (5%), and oxygen therapy (4%) could decrease risk. Overall, 76% had reported at least one incorrect factor influencing risk of cancer progression/recurrence. On MVA, younger age (OR 0.99/year of age, 95%CI 0.97-1.00, p=0.044) and Hispanic ethnicity (OR 2.98, 95%CI 1.02-8.25, p=0.047) were associated with hearing misinformation. Fear of recurrence score was available for 695 (70%) patients. Median score was 19 (IQR 13-24), 38% had a clinically significant level of fear (≥22). Awareness of medical misinformation was not associated with clinically significant fear (38% vs. 35%, χ 2 0.53, p=0.469). Conclusions: In a large cohort of patients with breast cancer, medical misinformation about risk of progression/recurrence was common. Fear of recurrence was high in over a third of surveyed patients, but was not associated with awareness of false information. Further understanding of how patients perceive and process medical misinformation is essential, especially in populations at highest risk for misinformation spread.

How sugar types and fabrication methods affect palatability in paediatric-friendly oromucosal pullulan films of chlorpromazine hydrochloride

Ensuring children adhere to their prescribed medication can be challenging, particularly when a large number of medicines on the market consist of unpalatable drugs and difficult to swallow dosage forms. Sugar-based oromucosal films are easy to administer dosage forms across all age groups within the paediatric population, as they eliminate the need for swallowing or water intake and can contribute to enhancing palatability and medicine adherence. In the current study, electrospun and 3D printed oromucosal films of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CHZ), a bitter drug, were developed based on pullulan, a natural polysaccharide, and an array of sweeteners. Their taste masking efficacy was assessed in vitro using an electronic tongue, showing a significant suppression of the bitter taste of CHZ in the presence of sucralose, sucrose and isomalt in the 3D-printed films. In vivo assessment further confirmed that the sugar-based 3D printed films are highly acceptable to volunteers. For the electrospun films, volunteers reported neutral responses for overall acceptability, likely due to their lack of familiarity with this type of formulation. Overall, with improved acceptability and further optimization for taste masking, sugar-based films could serve as a viable alternative to conventional solid oral dosage forms for administering drugs to children.

The impact of sugar diet on humidity preference, survival, and host landing in mosquitoes.

Mosquito-borne diseases have caused more than one million deaths each year. There is an urgent need to develop an effective way to reduce mosquito-host interaction to mitigate disease transmission. Sugar diets have long been linked to abnormal physiology in animals, making them potential candidates for mosquito control. Here, we show the impact of sugar diets on humidity preference and survival in Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens . With two-choice assays between 100% and 75% relative humidity (RH), we demonstrate that the effect of sugar diets on humidity preference is species-specific where Ae. aegypti showed significant differences and the reduced effects were noted in Cx. pipiens . Among the sugar diets, arabinose significantly reduced the survival rate of mosquitoes even at low concentrations. Moreover, we found that host landing was not impacted by feeding on different sugar types. Our study suggests that specific sugar treatments could be applied to mosquito control by dampening their humidity preference and reducing their lifespan, thus reducing mosquito-borne disease transmission.

A Novel Technique Using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with PLS-DA to Identify the Types of Sugar in Three Tropical Fruits

A Novel Technique Using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with PLS-DA to Identify the Types of Sugar in Three Tropical Fruits

Influence of different types of dietary sugars on the intestinal mucosa and hepatic lipid metabolism in germ-free mice

The excessive consumption of dietary sugar induces changes in gut microbiota, which is associated with obesity and metabolic dysregulation. This study investigated the effects of monosaccharide and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) intake on metabolic function and intestinal environment in germ-free (GF) mice lacking gut microbiota. GF mice were provided with a chow diet and administered a water solution containing 15 % glucose, fructose, or FOS for 4 weeks. Compared with FOS, glucose, and fructose induced increased hepatic lipid accumulation, increased adipocyte size in white adipose tissue, and upregulated hepatic lipogenic gene expression. FOS exhibited notably higher activation of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase compared with those consuming glucose or fructose. Moreover, the number of goblet cells in the intestinal mucosa increased significantly with FOS consumption. Collectively, these findings indicate that while monosaccharides caused metabolic disorders in GF mice, FOS alleviated these disorders and increased the number of goblet cells in the intestinal mucosa. These results provide evidence for the occurrence of these effects independently of the gut microbiota.

Testing the causal relationship of fat and sugar intake with depression and cortisol: a Mendelian Randomisation study

Unhealthy diets high in fat and sugar content may have an impact on psychological health and increase the risk of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and stress levels. On the other hand, MDD and stress might be related to food choices and intake. However, it is not clear whether diet, and specifically fat and sugar intake, is causally related to stress and MDD, and whether this relationship may be bi-directional. This study utilised Mendelian Randomisation (MR) to investigate the causal nature of the relationship of fat and sugar intake with MDD and cortisol (as a proxy of stress), and to shed light on the direction of this relationship. Summary-level data for all exposure and outcome variables were obtained from large-scale, non-overlapping GWASs in individuals of European ancestry. Bidirectional analyses were performed: one with macronutrients as exposures and one with MDD/cortisol as exposures. Random-effects inverse-variance weighted regression was used as the primary analytic method for genetic instruments with at least two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) available (and individual Wald ratio was used when only one SNP was available). Higher levels of genetically predicted relative sugar intake were causally associated with lower MDD risk, for both genome-wide significant p-value threshold of p < 1 × 10−8, (OR = 0.553, 95% CI: 0.395-0.775) and relaxed p-value threshold of p < 1 × 10−6 (OR = 0.786, 95% CI: 0.630–0.981). No reverse causality was detected in the opposite direction as MDD was not associated with sugar consumption. The associations observed for all the other pairs of variables were weak and imprecise. A number of limitations was present in the study, such as low-SNP based heritability for some exposures, inability to prove whether variants were correlated with unmeasured confounders and self-reporting of MDD data. Lifestyle and/or pharmacological interventions targeting sugar-related physiological mechanisms may help to reduce depressive symptoms. However, more research is necessary on short- and long-term effects of sugar on the risk of MDD. Additionally, future studies should investigate whether the amount and type of sugar consumed may underlie the impact of sugar on mood and stress levels.

Regulation of exogenous sugars on the biosynthesis of key secondary metabolites in Cyclocarya paliurus.

The biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites play a vital role in determining the quality of medicinal plants, with carbohydrate metabolism often influencing secondary metabolism. To understand the potential regulatory mechanism, exogenous sugars (sucrose, glucose/fructose) were applied to the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus, a highly valued and multiple function tree species. The results showed that exogenous sugars enhanced the accumulation of soluble sugar and starch while increasing the enzyme activity related to carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, the plant height was increased by a mixture of exogenous mixed sugars, the addition of sucrose promoted the net photosynthetic rate, while all types of exogenous sugars facilitated the accumulation of flavonoids and terpenoids. Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), two key gene modules and four candidate transcription factors (TFs) related to carbohydrate metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthesis were identified. A correlation analysis between transcriptome and metabolome data showed that exogenous sugar up-regulated the expression of key structural genes in the flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. The expression levels of the four candidate TFs, TIFY 10A, WRKY 7, EIL 3 and RF2a, were induced by exogenous sugar and were strongly correlated with the key structural genes, which enhanced the synthesis of specific secondary metabolites and some plant hormone signal pathways. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of key factors in the quality formation of medicinal plants and a potential approach to improve the quality.

A hybrid hue saturation lightness, gray level co-occurrence matrix, and k-nearest neighbour for palm-sugar classification

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for high-quality raw materials driven by consumers and the food industry. This study aims to build a model to predict the type of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="IN"&gt;palm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt; sugar using a hybrid method of hue&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="IN"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;saturation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="IN"&gt;-l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;ightness (HSL), gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), and K-nearest neighbor (KNN). The price of palm sugar is determined based on the type and ingredients used. However, due to the lack of public knowledge in distinguishing the types of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="IN"&gt;palm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt; sugar, there is the potential for price manipulation that can harm the community. The accuracy rate of 9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="IN"&gt;7.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;% of the palm sugar type prediction results shows that the model that was built has worked very well. The results have practical implications, such as developing automated systems to classify palm species in specific industries to benefit economics and operational efficiency. Future research directions may explore the integration of advanced machine-learning techniques and real-time image processing for further improving classification performance and scalability in industrial applications&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="IN"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;

Ashitaba's instant chemical and sensory qualities (Angelica Keiskei)

Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei) is one of the introduced plants originating from Japan,precisely from the island of Hanchijojima which is not widely known in Indonesia. This plantis rich in beta-carotene, vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, biotin, folic acid and vitamin C,and also contains several minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus,zinc and copper. can grow well on Mount Rinjani, East Lombok, West Nusa TenggaraProvince, which is located in Sembalum Village. This plant has potential as a medicinebecause the yellow sap contains chalcones such as xanthoangelols (Xas), 4-hydroxyderricin (4-HD) and isobavachalcone. The active substance contained inchalcone is useful for maintaining glucose homeostasis, increasing red blood cellproduction, increasing concentration power. Based on the description above, thisresearch raises the topic of making Ashitaba leaves into instant drinks in various typesand concentrations of sugar. The types of sugar used are brown sugar and granulatedsugar with concentrations of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%. carried out several tests of thecontent of instant ashitaba powder, namely testing water content, reducing sugarcontent and organoleptic tests for color, aroma, taste and texture. Data analysis wasperformed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, consisting oftypes of sugar (brown sugar and granulated sugar). From the test results, it was foundthat the lowest water content of 2.76% was found in the treatment of granulated sugarwith a concentration of 60% (G1W5), Reducing sugar levels showed that the treatmentof granulated sugar with a concentration of 20% (G1W1) had the highest levels of 8.33%and 3.61 mg. In organoleptic testing (color, taste, aroma and texture) the results showedthat the treatment using granulated sugar with a concentration of 60% (G1W5) had thequality of color, taste, aroma and texture favored by the panelists.

INDUCTION ENDOSPORE FORMATION OF Bacillus subtilis KM16 AS A PROBIOTIC CANDIDATE BY OPTIMIZATION OF THE GROWTH CONDITIONS

Probiotics are living microorganisms which have beneficial effects. One of the benefits is enhancing immunity. Therefore, probiotics are often supplemented into food, medical, and aquaculture products. B. subtilis KM16 as endospore-producing bacteria have been known to increase probiotic resistance to confront the unstable conditions of the digestive tract. Spore formation of Bacillus is supported by the optimal condition of growth medium and incubation periods. The sufficient availability of carbon, nitrogen, and mineral source in the growth medium, and environmental conditions can support the formation of optimal endospores. This research aimed to determine the suitable sugar composition of a medium and optimum incubation time suitable for endospores formation of B. subtilis KM16. Glucose and maltose were utilized as a carbon source in several concentration as a growth medium for B. subtilis KM 16. The incubation time was 48 and 72 hours. The viable number of vegetative cells was not significantly different for the type of sugar and incubation periods. Based on the glucose concentration, 0.2% glucose exhibited the uppermost number of cells, while 1% glucose concentration caused the decrease of vegetative cells. In this study, 0.2% glucose with 48 hours incubation period showed the highest percentage of sporulation frequencies, up to 48%, but it was not significantly different from the other glucose concentration. The medium that contains 0.2% glucose with 48 hours incubation period is the best medium for the utilization of B. subtilis KM16 cells and spores as probiotic candidates.

Simplified Method for Kinetic and Thermodynamic Screening of Cardiotonic Steroids through the K+-Dependent Phosphatase Activity of Na+/K+-ATPase with Chromogenic pNPP Substrate.

The antitumor effect of cardiotonic steroids (CTS) has stimulated the search for new methods to evaluate both kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of their binding to Na+/K+-ATPase (IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature). We propose a real-time assay based on a chromogenic substrate for phosphatase activity (pNPPase activity), using only two concentrations with an inhibitory progression curve, to obtain the association rate (kon ), dissociation rate (koff ), and equilibrium (Ki ) constants of CTS for the structure-kinetics relationship in drug screening. We show that changing conditions (from ATPase to pNPPase activity) resulted in an increase of Ki of the cardenolides digitoxigenin, essentially due to a reduction of kon In contrast, the Ki of the structurally related bufadienolide bufalin increased much less due to the reduction of its koff partially compensating the decrease of its kon When evaluating the kinetics of 15 natural and semisynthetic CTS, we observed that both kon and koff correlated with Ki (Spearman test), suggesting that differences in potency depend on variations of both kon and koff A rhamnose in C3 of the steroidal nucleus enhanced the inhibitory potency by a reduction of koff rather than an increase of kon Raising the temperature did not alter the koff of digitoxin, generating a ΔH‡ (koff ) of -10.4 ± 4.3 kJ/mol, suggesting a complex dissociation mechanism. Based on a simple and inexpensive methodology, we determined the values of kon , koff , and Ki of the CTS and provided original kinetics and thermodynamics differences between CTS that could help the design of new compounds. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study describes a fast, simple, and cost-effective method for the measurement of phosphatase pNPPase activity enabling structure-kinetics relationships of Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors, which are important compounds due to their antitumor effect and endogenous role. Using 15 compounds, some of them original, this study was able to delineate the kinetics and/or thermodynamics differences due to the type of sugar and lactone ring present in the steroid structure.

An Analysis of Tamil Nadu Income-Based Consumption Patterns and Consumer Behaviour for Jaggery and Khandsari Sugar: A Review

Purpose and Objectives: Markets such as Coimbatore, Tiruppur and Erode district Cooperative Jaggery Marketing Federation (CTEDCJMF), Selur Farmers Sugarcane Products Market (Farmers jaggery market), Pilikalpalayam and Chitthode jaggery market exclusively for jaggery and khandsari sugar, coconut and palm sugar. Methodology: Snowball sampling method was used for the data collection and also producers, visiting the market also enrolled in the study. Totally 30 producers of each sugar, 60 middlemens and 120 consumers who purchased sugar through the identified marketing channels were interviewed for the study. The data collected were analyzed to determine the cost and returns for three types of sugar. The price spread at various marketing levels, trader concentration ratios, and consumer buying behavior towards alternate forms of sugar were also examined. Principal component analysis was used to identify factors influencing consumer purchases of alternate forms of sugar. Key Findings: The results of the sample respondents showed that sample respondents of jaggery and khandsari sugar producers, majority of the sample respondents were aged between 31-40 years (33.33%) followed by 26.67 percent in the category of 20-30 years, about 23.33 per cent of the sample respondents in the producer category were aged above 50 years, followed by 16.67 per cent aged between 41-50 years. Implications: Hence, the demand for coconut sugar is very low, so promotional efforts should be made to popularize its health benefits among consumers. In the case of jaggery and khandsari sugar, product modification into cube form (similar to white sugar cubes) will increase market preference and acceptability.

Nutritional compositions, microbial quality, bioactivities, and volatile compounds of a novel vinegar from wild edible mushroom, Russula delica Fr

Vinegar is commonly utilized in cooking and food preparation as a flavoring, preservative, and condiment. It can be made from various sources, including fruits, grains, and vegetables. This study produced vinegar from a wild edible mushroom, Russula delica Fr., using microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis extraction. The nutritional composition, bioactivities, microbial quality, and volatile compounds were analyzed in the production process and final vinegar product. Sugar syrup as total soluble solids (TSS) and total phenolic content (TPC) were extracted from mushroom powder using commercial enzymes and yielded 5.60 ± 0.10°Brix and 7.01 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g substrate, respectively. The extracted syrup was rich in amino acids such as aspartic and glutamic acid, with glucose as the main type of sugar. Maximum alcohol content at 10.95 ± 0.21% (w/v) with 1.28 ± 0.23 mg GAE/mL TPC was obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation after 21 days, while highest acetic acid was obtained at 5.60 ± 0.42% w/v with 1.87 ± 0.14 mg GAE/mL of TPC content and 74.85 ± 1.24% of DPPH radical scavenging activity after surface fermentation using Acetobacter aceti TISTR 354. Thirteen volatile compounds, including acids, alcohols, and aldehydes, were found in the wild edible mushroom vinegar, contributing to the unique aroma of the product. This study presented the first report on the analysis of vinegar from a wild edible mushroom, R. delica Fr. which showed high nutritional value, antioxidant activity and volatile compounds, with the potential for future commercial production.Graphical

Genome characterization of Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides UTNElla29 isolated from Morus nigra (L.) fruits: A promising exopolysaccharides producing strain

Lactic acid bacteria produce various natural polysaccharides that are secreted into the cellular matrix and bonded to the cell surface or released into the surrounding environment. Due to their broad applications in the food industry, the search for novel polysaccharide producer strains remains of interest. In this study, we report the genome sequencing and characterization of Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides strain UTNElla29 isolated from Morus nigra (L.) fruits. Using in silico different “genome mining” tools we prospect their genetic potential. The genome size was estimated at 2,272,560 bp and a GC content of 39.26%. Of the total proteins, 2170 matched in the EggNOG database. The key genes related to amino acid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, were annotated. The genome harbors one intact prophage, one CRISPR array, and two putative gene sequences associated with CAS3 Type I, and no plasmids indicating its stability. Moreover, no acquired resistance genes, virulence and pathogenic factors, nor biogenic amines were predicted, suggesting its safety. In vitro preliminary studies showed that EPS yield from 0.4 to 10.2 (g/L) dry biomass and the production varied with the inoculum size and sugar type MRS containing medium. Furthermore, several polyketides and terpenes were predicted, indicating the possibility of generating a wide range of naturally compounds with broad biological functions. However, these promising results suggest that Ella29 is a beneficial strain to be further exploited in vitro for various technological use.