Stock Type Research Articles

A Mixed Integer Linear Programming Model for Rolling Stock Deadhead Routing before the Operation Period in an Urban Rail Transit Line

In an urban rail transit line, train services are performed by the rolling stocks that are initially stored at depots. Before the start of the operation period, rolling stocks consecutively leave the depots and run without passengers (deadhead routing) to the origin station of their corresponding first departure train service in an operation day (first train service) using either direct or indirect routes. This paper investigates the rolling stock deadhead routing problem in an urban transit line with multiple circulation plans, depots, and rolling stock types. Given the rolling stock circulation plans, the problem is to identify a deadhead route for the rolling stock required by the train services to cover the initial operation. By pregenerating all direct and indirect candidate deadhead routes in a polynomial manner, the problem is then nicely formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model to minimize the total deadhead mileages. A real-world case from the urban rail transit line 3 of Chongqing in China is adopted to test the proposed method. Computational results demonstrate that the problems of large-scale instances can be quickly solved to optimality by commercial optimization solvers on a personal computer. In addition, our optimization method is better than the empirical practices in terms of the solution quality. Meanwhile, alternative measures can further decrease the total deadhead mileages according to the proposed model, e.g., opening idle switch stations and prolonging the time that is used for the rolling stock departure. Finally, the model is further extended to consider operating costs, and more computation cases are tested for better adapting to the practical operating conditions.

Measuring Portfolio Rebalancing Benefits in Equity Markets

The potential source of additional performance due to the simple act of resetting portfolio weights back to the original weights is referred as the rebalancing premium. It is also sometimes known as the volatility pumping effect or diversification bonus because volatility and diversification turn out to be key components of the rebalancing premium. The purpose of this article is to provide a thorough empirical analysis of the volatility pumping effect in equity markets and to examine the conditions under which it can be maximized. The authors’ main contribution to the understanding of the rebalancing premium is an effort to disentangle and separately measure the isolated impact of various components of the total effect. Using the Fama–French–Carhart four-factor model, they find that, after controlling for factor exposures, the average outperformance of the rebalanced strategy with respect to the corresponding buy-and-hold strategy remains substantial at an annualized level above 100 bps over a five-year time horizon for stocks in the S&P 500 universe. They also find that size, value, momentum, and volatility are sorting characteristics that have a significant out-of-sample impact on the rebalancing premium. In particular, the selection of small-cap, low book-to-market, past loser, and high-volatility stocks generates a higher out-of-sample rebalancing premium compared to random portfolios for time horizons from one year to five years. They also show that the initial weighting scheme has a significant impact on the size of the rebalancing premium. Taken together, these results suggest that a substantial rebalancing premium can potentially be harvested in equity markets over reasonably long horizons for suitably selected types of stocks. TOPICS:Performance measurement, portfolio management/multi-asset allocation, portfolio theory, portfolio construction, equity portfolio management Key Findings • After controlling for factor exposures, the rebalanced strategy generates an average annual outperformance of more than 100 bps with respect to the corresponding buy-and-hold strategy over a five-year time horizon for the S&P 500 universe. • The selection of small-cap, low book-to-market, past loser, and high-volatility stocks generates a higher out-of-sample rebalancing premium compared to random portfolios for time horizons from one year to five years. • Serial correlation as a sorting characteristic does not allow maximization of the rebalancing premium out of sample for time horizons greater than one year.

Technique to Determine Integral Distribution of Forces Acting on the Railway Track

A comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of heavy-haul traffic is a prerequisite for its implementation in world railway sector. The assessment should include the study of the effect of increased axial loads on degradation of the elements of the track’s superstructure, deformation parameters of the ballast layer and the track’s substructure, and of measures intended to reinforce the railway infrastructure accordingly. It is necessary to consider rather accurately the force factors acting on the track and generated by different types of rolling stock with various axial loads. The distribution of force factors for a specific section of a railway track is a multifactorial process, the quantitative parameters of which depend on the structure of the train traffic flow, the type of rolling stock and its share in the total daily train traffic passing through this section, speed limits set for the section, track profile (straight line, curve), technical conditions of rolling stock and elements of the track superstructure.The objective of the work was to develop a technique for determining the integral law of distribution of vertical and lateral forces affecting the track and caused by wheels of different types of rolling stock, depending on the share of the operation of the respective types of rolling stock in the daily train traffic flow. Methods of mathematical statistics were used.In the process of experimental studies of the effects of various types of rolling stock, the statistical distributions of vertical and lateral forces have been determined. The histograms of vertical and lateral forces have been approximated by theoretical laws. Kolmogorov–Smirnov fit criterion has been used to confirm goodness of chosen approximation functions. A technique has been developed for mixed freight and passenger railway traffic that allows to consider the contribution of the share of each type of rolling stock in the force impact on the track when calculating the total impact. The technique is based on real, experimentally established distributions of vertical and lateral forces, traffic speed at the considered section of the track with regard to seasonality (winter, summer), and can be used for the sections where heavyhaul traffic is being implemented.

Effects of shelterwood method and plant stock type on the early growth and survival of pine seedlings in regeneration stands under hemiboreal conditions

ABSTRACTShelterwood forest regeneration methods are increasingly used in northern Europe to reduce clear-cut based even-aged forest management. However, empirical knowledge about seedling performance under various shelterwood methods is still incomplete. We analysed the effects of three shelterwood methods (uniform (UNI), strip felling (STR) and group selection (GRO)) on four types of Scots pine plant stock type height growth and survival during the first 6 years in hemiboreal Estonia. After 6 years, the height of the planted seedlings was 35% lower in GRO and 47% lower in UNI compared to STR. A similar outcome was observed for the height growth of the sown seedlings. Competition with the nearest shelter trees had a negative effect on seedling height growth. Lower height growth in UNI can be attributed to more intensive root competition with shelter trees. Artificial sowing and natural seeding can provide sufficient regeneration, but height growth was significantly lower compared to that of planted seedlings. Shelterwood methods delay seedling growth compared to clear-cut area reforestation. The lag in regeneration height growth was the smallest in STR and the greatest in UNI. The growth lag can be reduced by using complementary planting to natural regeneration.

Design of Smart Unstaffed Retail Shop Based on IoT and Artificial Intelligence

Unstaffed retail shops have emerged recently and been noticeably changing our shopping styles. In terms of these shops, the design of vending machine is critical to user shopping experience. The conventional design typically uses weighing sensors incapable of sensing what the customer is taking. In the present study, a smart unstaffed retail shop scheme is proposed based on artificial intelligence and the internet of things, as an attempt to enhance the user shopping experience remarkably. To analyze multiple target features of commodities, the SSD ( $300\times 300$ ) algorithm is employed; the recognition accuracy is further enhanced by adding sub-prediction structure. Using the data set of 18, 000 images in different practical scenarios containing 20 different type of stock keeping units, the comparison experimental results reveal that the proposed SSD ( $300\times 300$ ) model outperforms than the original SSD ( $300\times 300$ ) in goods detection, the mean average precision of the developed method reaches 96.1% on the test dataset, revealing that the system can make up for the deficiency of conventional unmanned container. The practical test shows that the system can meet the requirements of new retail, which greatly increases the customer flow and transaction volume.

Cultivation Technology of Bronze Featherback (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas 1769) at Different Stocking Densities and Types of Feed

Bronze featherback (Notopterus notopterus, Pallas 1769) is one of Indonesia’s endemic fish that needs to be cultivated. Stocking density and the right type of feed are important aspects of fish farming activities. This study aims to determine the stocking density and type of feed that is appropriate for the cultivation of bronze featherback. This research was conducted from June to July 2019 in a fish pond in Sungai Geringging Village, Kampar Kiri District, Riau. The design used in this study was a completely random design with two factors (stocking density and type of feed), with three replications. Stocking densities were: 5, 10 and 15 fish/m3. While the types of feed included: commercial feed pellets plus vitamin E, trash fish and local mussel. Results showed that a density of 5 fish / m3 fed with trash fish produced the best fish growth in terms of absolute weight (6.98 ± 1.49 g), absolute length (3.61 ± 0.20 cm), daily growth rate (0.83 ± 0.30%) and larval survival rate (86.67 ± 11.55%).

Automation of diesel fuel consumption accounting on a special self-propelled rolling stock of Russian Railways

The article provides the results of a study to assess the effectiveness of automation of diesel fuel consumption accounting for a certain type of special self-propelled rolling stock of the company Russian Railways. The main current provisions of the fuel consumption assessment are considered. It is proposed to supplement the provisions on the adjustment of fuel consumption standards by identification methods. The identification method includes monitoring actual values, performance indicators, rolling stock mileage and fuel consumption forecasts. The analysis showed that the efficiency of fuel consumption automation can be as high as 30%. The effect is achieved by fulfilling the forecast fuel consumption standards and eliminating unauthorized fuel overruns.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ МЕТОДИК ОЦЕНКИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ АКТИВНЫХ ОПЕРАЦИЙ КОММЕРЧЕСКИХ БАНКОВ

The article is devoted to the research of banking activity, which differs significantly from other types of activity and is subject to a greater degree of risks: interest rate, credit, stock, currency and other types of risks. In this regard, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of active operations of commercial banks. This article discusses methods for evaluating active operations, as well as comparative characteristics of methods for evaluating the effectiveness of active operations of commercial banks.

Analyses of antimicrobial usage in 598 pig farms in Switzerland in 2017

Antimicrobial usage was analyzed in 598 Swiss pig farms as part of the SuisSano Health Program in 2017. Antimicrobial usage was calculated on the basis of the prescriptions of the veterinarians using the standard dosages DCDCH (Defined Course Dose for Switzerland) and the amount of active substance by weight. Usage was analyzed based on the active antimicrobial class, pharmaceutical form age category (suckling piglets, weaned piglets, fattening pigs, sows) and stock type (breeding farms, fattening farms, farrow-finish farms and sow pool systems (SPS). A total amount of 610 kg antimicrobials or 894,688 DCDCH standard doses were used. The proportion of Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials (HPCIAs) of the total antimicrobial usage was 2.5% for breeding sows, 4.5% for piglets, and 2.7% for fattening pigs based on the number of treatments in DCDCH/animal/year. In contrast weaning piglets showed a calculated proportion of 26%, of which 18% was due to polypeptides (colistin). Suckling piglets produced in SPS stocks were treated significantly more frequently than suckling piglets from other farms (P.

PORTOFOLIO INVESTASI SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF KEPUTUSAN DI PASAR MODAL (Studi Penelitian pada Saham Bursa Efek Indonesia 2012

Portfolio Analysis is one of the alternative alternative tools in making investment decisions in stocks. In investing, if it only depends on one type of stock, it is likely that many investors will bear the risk. This stage involves identifying which securities will be chosen to form a portfolio and what proportion of funds will be invested in each of these securities. The selection of these securities (in other words, investors diversify) is intended to minimize the risk borne. The selection of these securities will be influenced by risk preferences, cash needs patterns, and tax status. Investment decisions are decisions taken by investors to allocate the funds they have in the form of certain assets (financial assets) in the hope that they will get economic benefits in the future. If the decision taken is to buy a certain number of shares, then that is expected to get dividends and capital gains if the shares are resold. The main consideration for fund owners (investors) in optimizing investment decisions is to maximize the level of return on investment (risk) for certain investments (Saragih et al., 2006). The making of an investment decision framework largely determines the success of an investor in optimizing the level of investment returns and reducing as little as possible the risks faced (Markowitz, 1952). In connection with the above, the main problem in this study is how to design an optimal portfolio simulation which is a combination of LQ 45 liquid stocks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The research data was conducted on LQ 45 shares during the period March - June 2012. The variables of this study were stock prices, returns, standard deviations of returns. The statistical method used is the F-test for homogeneity of variants. The results showed that only 16 stocks had optimal portfolios. Optimal portfolio, characterized by high return and low risk.

Effects of stock, sex, and muscle type on carcass characteristics and meat quality attributes of parent broiler breeders and broiler chickens

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using breeder parents (434-days-old) and broiler chickens (37 D of age) from Ross 308 on meat quality parameters and carcass characteristics; sex and muscle type were also estimated. Carcass assessment involved hot carcass weight, carcass yield, and cuts (breast, legs, wings, back, and shoulder). A total of 120 birds were divided into 2 groups (60 birds from each stock), each stock contain equal number of sexes (30 males and 30 females), and further divided into 6 replicates, so that there were 5 birds in each replicate. The birds were fed ad libitum. A sample of 30 birds (male, n = 15 and female, n = 15) from each group was slaughtered for assessing carcass and physical characteristics. Sensory analysis was carried out on each group after boiling or roasting the bird. Live weight, carcass weight and yield, breast weight, legs, wings, and back weights and yield were higher (P < 0.001) for breeder parents when compared to broilers, with the exception of breast percentage. Moreover, better carcass characteristics were observed in males than in females. Parent stock had better water-holding capacity and myofibrillar fragmentation whereas broilers had more tender meat than breeders. Moreover, cooking loss and other sensory characters were not significant between the two groups; however, females had more tender pectoral muscles and more myofibrillar fragmentation than males. We concluded that parent breeders had better carcass characteristics than broiler chickens. The broiler chickens of Ross 308 and female birds had better meat quality than parent breeders.

The cross-border impacts of China’s official rate shocks on stock returns of Chinese concepts shares listed on U.S. market

This paper examines a new cross-border effect of an emerging country’s interest rate changes on the stock returns of its domestic firms listed overseas. First, we discover that the increase in China’s official interest rate greatly affects the NYSE-listed Chinese stocks, thereby suggesting that similar to Chinese domestic investors, the institutional investors in a mature market sometimes exhibit irrational sentiment driven by an emerging economy’s unexpected monetary policy shocks. Second, we highlight some novel asymmetric impacts of China’s official rate changes on Chinese concepts stock prices and reveal that these effects differ from the conventional nonlinear effects of monetary policies. For instance, a bull and bear regime has no statistically significant asymmetric effect on NYSE, whereas interest rate rise has different cross-border impact on Nasdaq and NYSE markets. These interesting findings are mainly driven by the smart investors in the U.S. stock market who are knowledgeable about the differences between NYSE- and Nasdaq-listed stocks and carefully analyze the different impacts of China’s official interest rate changes on the fundamentals of different types of Chinese concepts stocks.

Better wearing comfort of knee-length elastic compression stockings with an interface pressure of 18-21 mmHg compared to 23-32 mmHg in elderly people after a one day trial - Influence on foot deformities, rheumatism and arthritis.

Although the efficacy of compression therapy through knee-length compression stockings with an interface pressure of 18-21 mmHg for leg oedemas has been confirmed by many studies, 91% of patients are still treated with a higher interface pressure. In this prospective open randomised monocentric study 19 patients (age ≥65, movement restrictions and symptomatic leg oedema) received knee-length compression stockings with an interface pressure of 18-21 mmHg (stocking type 1) and 23-32 mmHg (stocking type 2). On two consecutive days each of the two compression stocking types were worn for at least 8 hours. After this test period, both stocking types were assessed subjectively and skin changes were recorded. A significantly (p-value <0.001) subjective improvement of the symptoms and complaints based on leg oedema was reported with the knee-length compression stockings. The Stocking type 1 recorded a significantly (p = 0,045) better wearing comfort. In addition, the Stocking type 2 was significantly too large amongst women in the front foot area (p = 0.044). The most common side effects were constrictions on the proximal lower leg (stocking type 1 = 73,7% (14/19); stocking type 2 = 78,9% (15/19)). Subjects with arthritis (p = 0.006), hallux valgus (p = 0.034) and/or digitus flexus (p = 0.021) found the socking type 1 significantly more comfortable. In order to achieve optimal patient compliance it is recommended to prescribe knee-length compression stockings with an interface pressure of 18-21 mmHg if the following criteria are met: age ≥65 years, female sex, arthritis, digitus flexus (claw toe) or hallux valgus.

Interactive Effects of Stock Type and Forest Vegetation Management Treatments on Douglas-Fir Seedling Growth and Survival—Ten-Year Results

In the Pacific Northwest, the use of forest vegetation management (FVM) and seedling stock type selection are important tools to ensure seedling establishment according to organizational objectives and state laws. Individually, these two reforestation decisions have been shown to increase growth and survival of Douglas-fir seedlings, however, the interaction between seedling stock type and level of vegetation control represents economic and ecologic tradeoffs that are less well understood. This study was designed to test the combined effects of three FVM regimes and three containerized stock types, one of which was experimental at the time, on Douglas-fir growth during the initial ten years of establishment on a site near Belfair, Washington (USA). When compared to the no-action control, FVM treatments reduced competitive plant cover below 20% during the year of application, and differences in vegetation cover persisted through the fifth growing season. Vegetation species diversity recovered quickly after FVM and there were no differences among the treatments by the third growing season. After ten growing seasons, trees in plots treated with FVM were 1.1 m taller with a mean diameter at breast height (DBH) 2.2 cm larger than those in the no-action control. Larger seedlings at the time of planting (styro-60) were 0.6 m taller with a mean DBH 1.1 cm larger than smaller seedlings (styro-8 and styro-15). The only significant stock type by FVM interaction in the experiment occurred with the survival of styro-60 seedlings growing in the no action control which had lower survival than all other treatment combinations (67% vs 91%). The long-term competitive impact of shrub cover was demonstrated by a strong non-linear relationship. Increasing cumulative shrub cover from 10% to 30% during the first two years of establishment reduced stand volume at year 10 by 79%.

A Novel Approach to Short-Term Stock Price Movement Prediction using Transfer Learning

Stock price prediction has always been an important application in time series predictions. Recently, deep neural networks have been employed extensively for financial time series tasks. The network typically requires a large amount of training samples to achieve high accuracy. However, in the stock market, the number of data points collected on a daily basis is limited in one year, which leads to insufficient training samples and accordingly results in an overfitting problem. Moreover, predicting stock price movement is affected by various factors in the stock market. Therefore, choosing appropriate input features for prediction models should be taken into account. To address these problems, this paper proposes a novel framework, named deep transfer with related stock information (DTRSI), which takes advantage of a deep neural network and transfer learning. First, a base model using long short-term memory (LSTM) cells is pre-trained based on a large amount of data, which are obtained from a number of different stocks, to optimize initial training parameters. Second, the base model is fine-tuned by using a small amount data from a target stock and different types of input features (constructed based on the relationship between stocks) in order to enhance performance. Experiments are conducted with data from top-five companies in the Korean market and the United States (US) market from 2012 to 2018 in terms of the highest market capitalization. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of transfer learning and using stock relationship information in helping to improve model performance, and the proposed approach shows remarkable performance (compared to other baselines) in terms of prediction accuracy.

The impact of transaction costs in portfolio optimization

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the impact of transaction costs in portfolio optimization in Peru. The study aims to compare the transaction costs structure applied in Peru with respect to the ones applied in the USA, and over a few dimensions. Design/methodology/approach The paper opted for an empirical study analyzing the cost of rebalancing portfolios over a set period and dimensions. Stocks have been carefully selected using Bloomberg terminals, and portfolio designed then rebalanced using VBA programming. Over a few dimensions as type and number of stocks, holding period and trading strategy, the behavior of these different transaction costs has been compared. The analysis has been done for four different portfolios. Findings The paper provides empirical insights about how a retail investor actively trading in Peru can pay up to 14 times more in transaction costs than trading the same portfolio in the USA. These comparatively high transaction costs prevent retail investors to trade in the Peruvian stock market while fueling illiquidity to this market. Research limitations/implications The paper deals with a limited amount of Peruvian stocks. Researchers are encouraged to test the proposition further, including other dimensions. Practical implications The paper includes implications for any retail investor that wants to invest in Peruvian stocks, giving an insight about how expensive it is to actively rebalance a portfolio in Peru. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to study how much it costs to actively invest on the stock market in Peru.

ON THE ISSUE OF ESTIMATING ECONOMIC LOSSES IN THE CARRIAGE OF CARGO TRANSPORTATION WITHIN A LARGE INDUSTRIAL UNIT

The article deals with topical issues of estimation of the general economic losses from freight transport. The purpose of the study is to estimate the economic losses incurred in the carriage of goods by road within a large industrial unit, taking into account all the costs and the amount of damage. Methodology. In the course of the study, the methods of field observations, scientific search, intellectual and statistical data analysis were applied.Findings. Separate calculation methods and methods are used as a basis for development, which are used in European and CIS countries. It is established that considerable material damage is caused to objects and elements of transport and urban infrastructure. Industrial sites (cities and other settlements) are subject to harmful environmental impacts. They incur considerable losses and carriers, using vehicles in difficult road conditions. Road accidents (road accidents) involving freight vehicles also cause damage to the region's economy, carriers, road owners, third parties.Quantitative assessment is a set of separate economic calculations of different costs and amounts of damage. An assessment was made and appropriate calculations were made to determine the cost of repairs, restoration, reconstruction and operation of the road farm; for repair, restoration of rolling stock, damage due to underutilization of its performance; damage from road accidents and costs of eliminating the consequences of an accident; reduced environmental costs.The originality is that for the first time an extended method of calculation (quantification) of total damage, which is inflicted by road freight transport to the infrastructure and transport network of regions, industrial units, cities and other settlements, is proposed.The practical value is that the quantitative assessment will allow an objective assessment of the economic damage, costs and losses of freight transport systems. Implementation of the proposed developments will facilitate the choice of more efficient options for the organization of transportation, the application of more rational types of rolling stock, the complete or partial elimination of the harmful effects of road transport.

Study of the prospect of k-Li lubricant for axle boxes of the railway rolling stock

The use of various types of plastic lubricants (such as LZ-TsNII, ZhRO, etc.) in the axle boxes of locomotives, cars and track machines in the Ukrainian railway network causes technological inconveniences at the stage of procurement, supply and regulation of this process, moreover, their operational capabilities do not quite satisfy modern operating conditions of axle boxes of the railway rolling stock. The paper proposes to solve this problem by using a single brand of modern multi-purpose lubricant on lithium complex basis (k-Li) – MZT – in axle boxes of all types of railway rolling stock. The presented results of the comparative analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the mentioned lubricants demonstrate that the MZT lubricant completely meets the operating conditions of the axle bearings and can provide their high-quality lubrication under any conditions of operation. The tribological studies of lubricants on frictional testing machines, with simulation of their operation with rolling friction and sliding friction, demonstrated that anti-wear, antifriction and anti-cuffing properties of the MZT lubricant are much better than those of LZ-TsNII and ZhRO lubricants. It has been found out that the properties of the MZT lubricant are most effectively used under high load in friction pairs. The paper presents the results of testing the MZT lubricant in the actual conditions of operation of locomotives, railway cars and multiple unit rolling stock, which demonstrated its high efficiency and operation capacity.

A Comparative Study of the Influence of Different Types of Polymers on Viscosity Index and Pour Point of Iraqi Base Oils

In this study, the effects of blending the un-branched acrylate polymer known as Poly (n-decyl acrylate), and the branched acrylate polymer known as Poly (iso-octyl acrylate), on the viscosity index (VI), and the pour point of the Iraqi base stocks 40, and 60 respectively, were investigated. Toluene was used as a carrier solvent for both polymer types. The improvement level of oils (VI, &amp; pour point) gained by blending the oil with the acrylate derived polymers was compared with the values of (VI, and pour point) gained by blending the oil with a commercial viscosity index, and pour point improver. The commercial lubricant additive was purchased and used by Al-Daura Refineries. It consisted of an un-known olefin copolymer dissolved in an un-known carrier solvent. All polyacrylate derivatives and the commercial lubricant additive named HITEC5748 were blended with each type of oil in weight percentage of (2, 4, 6, 8, &amp; 10) wt. %. The result of the study was that the improvement in the viscosity index and the pour point of both base stock types was higher when using the polyacrylate derivatives than when using the commercial olefin copolymer additive.

A Comparative Study of the Influence of Different Types of Polymers on Viscosity Index and Pour Point of Iraqi Base Oils

In this study, the effects of blending the un-branched acrylate polymer known as Poly (n-decyl acrylate), and the branched acrylate polymer known as Poly (iso-octyl acrylate), on the viscosity index (VI), and the pour point of the Iraqi base stocks 40, and 60 respectively, were investigated. Toluene was used as a carrier solvent for both polymer types. The improvement level of oils (VI, &amp; pour point) gained by blending the oil with the acrylate derived polymers was compared with the values of (VI, and pour point) gained by blending the oil with a commercial viscosity index, and pour point improver. The commercial lubricant additive was purchased and used by Al-Daura Refineries. It consisted of an un-known olefin copolymer dissolved in an un-known carrier solvent. All polyacrylate derivatives and the commercial lubricant additive named HITEC5748 were blended with each type of oil in weight percentage of (2, 4, 6, 8, &amp; 10) wt. %. The result of the study was that the improvement in the viscosity index and the pour point of both base stock types was higher when using the polyacrylate derivatives than when using the commercial olefin copolymer additive.