Stock Type Research Articles

An interval constraint-based trading strategy with social sentiment for the stock market

Developing effective strategies to earn excess returns in the stock market is a cutting-edge topic in the field of economics. At the same time, stock price forecasting that supports trading strategies is considered one of the most challenging tasks. Therefore, this study analyzes and extracts news media data, expert comments, social opinion data, and pandemic text data using natural language processing, and then combines the data with a deep learning model to forecast future stock price patterns based on historical stock prices. An interval constraint-based trading strategy is constructed. Using data from several typical stocks in the Chinese stock market during the COVID-19 period, the empirical studies and trading simulations show, first, that the sentiment composite index and the deep learning model can improve the accuracy of stock price forecasting. Second, the interval constraint-based trading strategy based on the proposed approach can effectively enhance returns and thus, can assist investors in decision-making.

Современная практика искусственного лесовосстановления в таежной зоне европейской части России

The article presents an analysis of technologies and techniques for creating forest plantations used in the Arkhangelsk and Kirov Regions, as well as the Komi Republic, based on the materials of reforestation projects for 2020. The territories under consideration belong to 6 forest areas: the Northern taiga, the Dvina-Vychegda taiga, the Southern taiga, the coniferous- broad-leafed (mixed) forests, the Western Ural taiga and the area of tundra forests and sparse taiga. The database created on the basis of the data from reforestation projects includes 13 indicators: categories of reforestation areas, forest vegetation conditions (terrain, soil type, soil moisture, group of forest types, degree of turfing), as well as tillage methods, mechanisms and aggregates used for tillage and planting seedlings and saplings and planting stock type. It has been established that in the studied regions, reforestation is more often carried out in fresh (1–2-year-old) felling areas in place of spruce plantations of blueberry forests, with podzolic drained and poorly drained soils. When cultivating soil for forest plantations, excavators are widely used (44 %), replacing traditional tractors with ploughs (usually PL-1). In most areas, furrow tillage is prevalent (52 %), but strips, mounds and patch scarification are also common (40 %). Containerized spruce and pine planting stocks have become more widely used (more than 50 % of the area), though seedlings are extremely rare (7 % in the Kirov Region). The data obtained allow us to asses the real picture of the use of reforestation technologies in the taiga zone on the example of three subjects of the Russian Federation, which will help the subjects of the Russian Federation in making management decisions for exercising their powers in the reforestation field.

Monetary momentum and risk management in stock market

Purpose- This study aims to investigate the relationship between monetary interest rate decisions, liquidity mechanisms and risk management issues. As a core interest the significance of a structural change in the data around the FOMC meetings is analyzed. By the help of continuous time models we analyze the kind of dynamics, which can be observed in the stock returns, i.e. conditional volatilities and jumps. A further central interest is given to investment decisions and risk management issues. This encompasses the elaboration of the hedging strategies to achieve higher performance. Methodology- The study employs GARCH-Ito and GARCH-Ito-Jump models to analyze the stock market returns and their related volatilities on the day of a FED interest decision announcement. The continuous time GARCH model setting allows to model stock market returns with a high flexibility, therefore these models are abled to capture jump dynamics in the stock returns. Findings- The analysis reveals that persistence in conditional volatilities change according to alternative stocks. These stocks can be classified according to alternative market capitalization sizes. Mega market capitalization stocks are better governed by no jump GARCH-Ito models regardless the monetary policy changes, that is, changes in interest rates or not. Conclusion- Based upon the analysis, it may be concluded that risk management applications effectively might perform under the consideration of stock types in terms of market sizes. The persistence in the conditional volatility massively decreases if a jump component is introduced into the model. Since most of the mega market cap stocks perform better without a jump part component, it might be conjectured that persistence in the conditional volatility for mega cap stocks play a more important role compared to large cap stocks. Regardless the case whether there is an interest rate change or not, the persistence in conditional volatility remains in mega cap stocks, and thus, these stocks are prone to the involvement of prices jumps. Keywords: Monetary policy, risk management, jump detection, investment decisions JEL Codes: C22, E49, G11

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ТЕНДЕНЦІЙ ЗМІН КАПІТАЛЬНИХ ІНВЕСТИЦІЇ ПРОМИСЛОВОГО ВИРОБНИЦТВА В УМОВАХ НЕВИЗНАЧЕНОСТІ, ЗАГРОЗ ТА РИЗИКІВ

The article examines the trends of changes in capital investment in industry and determines the trends of further investment in conditions of uncertainty, threats and risks. Capital investments in industry for 2010-2022 were analyzed. It was determined that the general level of capital investments in the industry of Ukraine in the period 2010-2022 increased, with the exception of 2020. The number of industrial enterprises that introduced innovations for the period 2013-2020 was analyzed as a percentage of the total number. During the period 2013-2016, there was an increase in enterprises that implemented innovative processes in their activities, in 2017 and 2019, there was a slight decrease in innovative activity compared to the previous period. It is substantiated that the main vectors of development among science-intensive types of industry and mechanical engineering should become: the development of the aviation industry, rocket and space technology, the production of new types of rolling stock, the development of the energy industry, the production of electronic equipment and the modernization of the defense complex. To ensure the security and competitiveness of the state, it is necessary to develop modern types of weapons and military equipment. Among the priorities: radar systems, high-precision weapons and means of their destruction, missile complexes of various ranges. In order to maintain competitive positions in the field of mining and metallurgical production, it is necessary to develop directions for the diversification of production, optimization of the structure according to the nomenclature range, development of new types of goods and services on the basis of existing production capacities. It is necessary to develop and attract new, more effective methods of development of natural reserves of mineral raw materials.

The importance of accounting method and sampling depth to estimate changes in soil carbon stocks

BackgroundAs interest in the voluntary soil carbon market surges, carbon registries have been developing new soil carbon measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols. These protocols are inconsistent in their approaches to measuring soil organic carbon (SOC). Two areas of concern include the type of SOC stock accounting method (fixed-depth (FD) vs. equivalent soil mass (ESM)) and sampling depth requirement. Despite evidence that fixed-depth measurements can result in error because of changes in soil bulk density and that sampling to 30 cm neglects a significant portion of the soil profile’s SOC stock, most MRV protocols do not specify which sampling method to use and only require sampling to 30 cm. Using data from UC Davis’s Century Experiment (“Century”) and UW Madison’s Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial (WICST), we quantify differences in SOC stock changes estimated by FD and ESM over 20 years, investigate how sampling at-depth (> 30 cm) affects SOC stock change estimates, and estimate how crediting outcomes taking an empirical sampling-only crediting approach differ when stocks are calculated using ESM or FD at different depths.ResultsWe find that FD and ESM estimates of stock change can differ by over 100 percent and that, as expected, much of this difference is associated with changes in bulk density in surface soils (e.g., r = 0.90 for Century maize treatments). This led to substantial differences in crediting outcomes between ESM and FD-based stocks, although many treatments did not receive credits due to declines in SOC stocks over time. While increased variability of soils at depth makes it challenging to accurately quantify stocks across the profile, sampling to 60 cm can capture changes in bulk density, potential SOC redistribution, and a larger proportion of the overall SOC stock.ConclusionsESM accounting and sampling to 60 cm (using multiple depth increments) should be considered best practice when quantifying change in SOC stocks in annual, row crop agroecosystems. For carbon markets, the cost of achieving an accurate estimate of SOC stocks that reflect management impacts on soils at-depth should be reflected in the price of carbon credits.

Analysis of Investors’ Choices in Technology Companies

This paper examines how to analyze which technology companies are suitable for different types of investors through various financial indicators. First, this paper chooses four technology companies, namely Tesla, Tencent, Microsoft and Apple. Next, Yahoo searches for various profit and loss metrics for several companies and groups these metrics into three categories, including risk, profitability and market ratio. Finally, reasonable suggestions are given by analyzing the investment preferences of nine kinds of investors. The nine types of Investors are price/earnings to growth ratio investors (PEG investors), discounted cash flow Investors (DCF investors), income investors, value investors, index investors, momentum investors, insider investors, ratio analysis and stock buyer. According to the analysis results, PEG investors and DCF investors may choose Tesla, while DCF investors and income investors may choose Tencent. In addition to index investors, other investors are likely to choose Microsoft. Apple is likely to be picked by PEG investors, value investors and momentum investors. The research significance of this paper is to help investors who lack certain financial knowledge to choose their own types of stocks, and to describe the characteristics of different types of investors to help investors judge which investment method is suitable for them.

How Investors Choose Assets Among Pfizer, Walgreens, and CVS

Investment is one of the most important economic activities, and a reasonable investment method can help investors continuously obtain stable returns and complete the process of wealth accumulation. The healthcare industry, as a technology and capital-intensive industry, has always been a favored area for investors. This study selected three companies, Pfizer, Walgreens, and CVS, and analyzed financial data from different perspectives, including risk, profitability, and market ratio; Based on these data, this study determined the investment preferences of several types of investors in three companies, and the results showed that value and return investors would invest in Pfizer and Walgreens, while stock repurchase investors would invest in CVS. The analysis in this article is crucial for helping people determine which type of stock to invest in, thereby improving their chances of outperforming the market.

Правовой режим малоэтажного жилищного фонда в России

The article is devoted to very acute issue of legal regulation of the low-rise private housing fund, since the latter is one of the most prioritized and rapidly growing areas of territorial development in the Russian Federation, which rises the disputes over the legal regime of various types of lowrise housing stock, the legal status of owners and users of the corresponding residential premises, the nature of the emerging housing relations. The relevance of these problems is seen through the important changes in the housing and construction legislation of the Russian Federation, introduced in 2022. The purpose of this study is to identify common features and peculiarities of the legal regime of private low–rise housing stock, the nature of housing and other legal relations arising during the construction, commissioning and subsequent use of low-rise residential buildings. For this purpose, the features of the legal regime of an ordinary low-rise residential building, a blocked residential building, a low-rise residential complex, low-rise apartment buildings are analyzed. Having conducted a comparative analysis of the legislation fixing the features of the legal regime of various types of low-rise residential buildings, the practice of its application, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to expand the application of the analogy of the law in resolving disputes concerning low-rise housing stock.

How did African stock markets react to the Russia-Ukraine crisis “black-swan” event? Empirical insights from event study

This study builds on the recent literature by investigating how various types of African stock markets responded to the Russia-Ukraine crisis (commonly referred to as the black-swan event). The empirical analysis used in this paper centred on event study analysis, a statistical technique used to measure the impact of a specific event. The findings show that the black-swan event had a significant negative impact on African stock markets (14/20), with stocks having a negative abnormal return on the event day, and out of this, nine stocks’ abnormal returns are statistically significant. These include Safaricom Kenya, Commercial International Bank, Attijariwafa Bank, Morocco Casablanca Index, Egyptian Exchange 30, Nairobi All Share Index, AVI Equity, MCB Group Ltd, FTSE/JSE All Share, Delta Corp. Ltd, Stock Exchange of Mauritius, Tunisia Stock Exchange, Tanzania All Share Index, and Banque de Tunisie. Furthermore, the study discovers that African stock markets reacted heterogeneously to the impact of the crises, while some stocks were severely affected, some were minimally affected. The study concludes that African stock markets should build a resilient market capable of withstanding external shock and reducing the risk of contagion.

Determining the energy efficiency indicators of the diesel train DPKr-2 and the rail bus 620M based on traction calculations using the numerical method of solving the equation of train movement

The purpose of the article is to compare the technical and energy parameters of the diesel train DPKr-2 and the railbus 620M based on traction calculations using mathematical modeling when solving the train movement equation. The mathematical model of the train is adapted to determine the movement parameters of the specified rolling stock units according to different variable phase coordinates for different movement modes. To achieve this purpose, the authors used methods of system analysis, nonlinear programming, and numerical methods for solving differential equations. The accuracy of the calculations was verified using simulation modeling methods and compared with experimental data. To analyze the results, the obtained indicators of traction calculations – technical speed and specific consumption of diesel fuel – were compared. As a result of the comparison, the specific fuel consumption per ton-kilometer meter, a significant saving of energy resources is observed. Comparative specific fuel consumption per passenger-kilometer meter, on the contrary, indicates an increase in the consumption of energy resources. The mathematical model of the train is adapted to determine the movement parameters of diesel trains and rail buses according to different variable phase coordinates for different drive modes. The practical significance lies in determining the efficiency indicators of the use of different types of rolling stock on the railways of Ukraine, taking into account economic, social and migration factors.

Stock Type Prediction Based on Multiple Machine Learning Methods

Stock Type Prediction Based on Multiple Machine Learning Methods

Solution Approach to Cutting Stock Problems Using Iterative Trim Loss Algorithm and Monte-Carlo Simulation

Cutting Stock Problems are the most studied NP-Hard combinatorial problems among optimization problems. An One-dimensional Cutting Stock Problem (1-CSP), which aims to create cutting patterns to minimize trim loss, is one of the best known optimization problems. The difficulty of the solution stages and the lack of a definite solution method that can be applied to all problems have caused these problems to attract a lot of attention by researchers. This study includes a hybrid solution algorithm combined with iterative trim loss algorithm and Monte Carlo simulations, and a comparative study of the method with the solution methods in the literature, for the solution of orders to be obtained with minimum cutting loss from the same type of stocks.

Is the Overheated Short-selling Stock Designation Regulation Properly Designed? Based on the Clustering Analysis of Overheated Short-selling Stocks

This paper examines whether the overheated short-selling stock designation regulation is effectively designed. The regulation prohibits short sales of overheated short-selling stocks for one day to call investors’ attention and prevent stock price declines. Comparing overheated short-selling stocks with control group, we find no statistically significant difference in their stock prices after the prohibition. This finding indicates that the one-day short sale ban is not effective in preventing stock price declines. We further show that the difference in short sale rates between overheated short-selling stocks and control group varies by types of overheated short-selling stocks. This result means that the regulation can stabilize short trading in certain types of stocks while it can also decrease market stabilization in other types. Lastly, we present the cluster of overheated short-selling stocks that is effective in preventing stock price declines through clustering analysis. It indicates that the effectiveness of the regulation is selective when a stock exhibits certain patterns, suggesting that the regulation should be designed more carefully.

EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF DISC GRAIN MILL

In the structure of the product's production, feed is in the first place and accounts for 60-70% of the total cost. The effectiveness of stagnation of concentrated feed depends on the quality of their preparation, and the uniformity of detail and type of fractional stock of animal husbandry products. In the midst of all the development of methods of refinement and design solutions for the greatest expansion for the refinement of feed grain, hammer mills have emerged, which, unlike any other in the world, provide energy saving, with fine grinding up to 40% of the saw-like fraction, and for coarse grains - up to 20% of whole and incomplete grains. At the same time, disk-type grain trimming designs are becoming more and more widespread in the world. Such structures are developed from hammer construction with lower energy consumption and higher yield of the finished product. Therefore, further research aimed at improving the efficiency of the work of disk workers is relevant. Experimental studies of disk grain processing were carried out based on the theoretical design of the experiment, which was why mathematical models of processes were selected in the form of regression. The factors in the experiment were the frequency of disk wrapping n (x1), the modular gap between the disks m (x2) and the moisture content of the grain W (x3). Optimization criteria are the energy density of the detail q (y1) and the uniformity of k (y2). The energy intensity of the process began as a balance between effort and productivity. Uniformity began as a relationship instead of often with rational parameters to the point of importance and was expressed in hundreds. As a result of experimental studies of disk grain processing, it has been established that the energy intensity of the process and the uniformity of the grain are dependent on all relevant factors, with which rational indicators are based on optimization criteria and do not match. The main task is to find the optimal variation of factors for two criteria, which makes it possible to confirm that the minimum energy intensity of the process is in the range q = 3.67…4.54 kWhour/t, one Particularity - k=86.5…92.6% at values of additional factors n=1260-1320 min-1; W=12.8-13.2% for a rational range of refinement steps.

432 Fluctuations in Equine Cutaneous Ph and Trans-Epidermal Water Loss Associated with Anatomical Location, Time, and Weather

Abstract Although skin health is of critical importance for all horse owners, understanding of cutaneous pH and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and the normal ranges of these variables is lacking. Cutaneous pH and TEWL measures provide insight into the barrier function of the epidermis and have the potential to determine the resident dermal microbiota. However, these measures have been recorded to fluctuate due to a variety of factors such as environment and anatomical locations in other species. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to identify the impacts of anatomical location, weather, and time of day on cutaneous pH and TEWL in equines. This study utilized nine (n = 9) stock type mares, group-housed in a pasture setting at Southern Illinois University Equine Center. Researchers measured cutaneous pH and TEWL three times (6:00 AM, 12:00 PM, 6:00 PM) daily across five anatomical locations (nose, whither, heart-girth, mid-back, and base of tail) for five consecutive days. All statistical analysis was conducted using SAS On Demand for Academics (P < 0.05). Analysis of changes in variables associated with time, anatomical location, and day were conducted utilizing a PROC GLM three-way repeated measures ANOVA utilizing a Greenhouse-Geiser correction. Cutaneous pH results displayed significant main effects of day (P = 0.0052) and time (P = 0.0073) as well as a significant interaction of day and location (P = 0.0004). Mean cutaneous pH fluctuated daily, however, certain anatomical locations fluctuated more than others each day. Additionally, pH was highest in the morning (mean of 7.28) and lowest in the evening (mean 7.011). However, the mean overall pH for the study is 7.14 which is congruent with other work. TEWL measurements had significant main effects of day (P < 0.0001), time (P < 0.0001), and location (P = 0.0231), as well as a significant interaction of day, time, and location (P < 0.0001). TEWL measurements fluctuated with day, likely a result of weather changes. Mean TEWL measurements were less in the morning (mean 24.68) and greatest in the afternoons (mean 38.52). Overall mean TEWL measurement was 30.25. The results of this work indicate fluctuations in dermal barrier variables are associated with day, anatomical location, and time of day. These findings may have implications for applications of dermal treatments for horses as well as catalog the natural fluctuations which may affect future research.

The impact of economic policy uncertainty on stock types while considering the economic cycle. A quantile regression approach

PurposeThis study aims to analyse the effects of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) on the return of growth/value and small/large-cap stocks during expansionary and recessionary periods across a conditional distribution.Design/methodology/approachThe authors selected a sample covering the period between 01/1995–05/2021. Quantile regressions were applied to the EPU and Russell indices. Business cycles were established following the NBER.FindingsThe results show that EPU has a negative effect on stocks with the intensity of the effect depending on the stock's profile. Small-cap and growth stocks were found to be most sensitive to EPU, especially during recessions. The negative effect is moderated by the economic cycle but is progressively diluted at the lower tail of the stock return distribution.Practical implicationsThe findings shed more light on investment strategies for growth/value investors that pursue opportunities arising from a changing economic cycle.Originality/valueThis study makes the following contributions: (1) explores the impact of EPU on the return of different stocks across a conditional distribution, and (2) provides evidence on how the economic cycle influences EPU impact on growth/value stocks and small/large stocks.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy as the initial presenting feature of type 1 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder caused by the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin. Individuals with T1DM usually require at least 3-5 years to develop microvascular complications in comparison to people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), who may develop complications even before the diagnosis of diabetes. We discuss a patient who presented with proliferative diabetic retinopathy subsequently diagnosed with T1DM and diabetic neuropathy following investigations. Diabetic retinopathy or other microvascular complications as the presenting feature of T1DM is rarely known or reported in the literature. A 33-year-old healthcare worker had been seen by the opticians due to 1-week history of blurred vision. The ophthalmology assessment had confirmed proliferative retinopathy in the right eye and severe non-proliferative retinopathy in the left eye with bilateral clinically significant macular oedema. His BMI was 24.9 kg/m2. The nervous system examination revealed bilateral stocking type peripheral neuropathy. The random venous glucose was 24.9 mmol/L. Plasma ketones were 0.7 mmol/L and HbA1c was 137 mmol/mol. On further evaluation, the anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody was positive, confirming the diagnosis of T1DM. He was started on aflibercept injections in both eyes, followed by panretinal photocoagulation. Subsequent nerve conduction studies confirmed the presence of symmetrical polyneuropathy. The pathogenesis of the development of microvascular complications in T1DM is multifactorial. Usually, the development of complications is seen at least a few years following the diagnosis. The occurrence of microvascular complications at presentation is rare. This makes the management challenging and extremely important in preventing the progression of the disease. The pathogenesis of the development of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus is multifactorial. The development of complications is seen at least a few years following the diagnosis. Occurrence of microvascular complications at presentation is rare. This makes the management challenging and extremely important to prevent the progression of the disease.

COMPARISON BETWEEN VALUE AT RISK AND ADJUSTED EXPECTED SHORTFALL: A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Loss risk is one of the variable that always appears in every kind of investment. On stock asset investments, the characteristics of the risk of loss is uncertain, this means that losses can occur at any time with a value that cannot be determined certainly. From this condition, investors must manage the loss risk appropriately in order to retain investment stability and get optimal profits. One of the important processes in risk management is loss risk forecast. Risk forecast can be done using risk measures. In stock investment, Value at Risk (VaR) is the most widely used risk measure because has a simple model and can be applied to many types of stocks. However, VaR does not satisfy the axiom of subadditivity, thus VaR is not a coherent risk measure. Another risk measure that is coherent and can be used as an alternative to predict loss risk is the Adjusted-Expected Shortfall (Adj-ES). This study aims to compare VaR and Adj-ES through numerical analysis and backtesting test. So we can get reference to conclude the best risk measure for predicting losses on stock investments. The data used in this study are 2022 IDX blue chip i. e EXCL.JK and ICBP.JK from 09/01/21 to 09/09/22. Based on the backtesting test, the violation ratio value for Adj-ES in every violation probability is less than 1 is less than 1. Then, for VaR at 1% violation probability, the violation ratio value is > 1.

Підвищення ефективності перевезень на технологічних маршрутах транспортно-виробничої системи перевезення металургійних шлаків

In this article, the method of selecting the number and carrying capacity of rolling stock on the technological routes of the transport and production system of recycling technological waste of a metallurgical enterprise has been improved. The main features of the organization of the transportation of metallurgical slag at domestic enterprises are given, among which it is advisable to highlight the following: a limited number of types of rolling stock on the routes, a short distance of cargo transportation (compared to the transportation of other types of cargo), continuous technological processes, which lead to a 24-hour working mode with minimal interruptions for lunch and staff changes, fairly stable daily volume of transportation, etc. The selection of the number and carrying capacity of rolling stock as one of the main means of managing transport and production systems is substantiated. It is proposed to choose as a criterion for the effectiveness of the system's functioning - the minimum time for the transport to be idle while waiting for the performance of cargo operations. For this, the traditional formulas for calculating the required number of rolling stock on the transport route were transformed. Taking into account the above-mentioned features of the functioning of the transport and production system, the expressions for determining the necessary number of rolling stock were obtained, taking into account the criterion - the minimum time for the transport to be idle while waiting for the performance of cargo operations. This made it possible to carry out calculations with the simultaneous use of vehicles of different load capacities. The results of the calculations made it possible to determine the most rational option for using rolling stock of a certain carrying capacity. In order to assess the possible impact of unevenness, traffic schedules of vehicles on the transportation route were constructed. A statistical analysis of the duration of the load was carried out, which made it possible to determine that a decrease in the duration of idle time is observed in 40% of vehicle turnovers, of which only 3% of cases can lead to violations of the rhythmicity of the schedule. Thus, establishing a rational length of downtime of dump trucks while waiting for unloading is an important element of the organization of the transportation process.

Trade Reforms, Capital Investments and the Feminization of Colombian Manufacturing Industries: 1981-2000

We exploit a natural experiment provided by the trade liberalization that occurred in Colombia at the beginning of the 1990s to see its possible effects on the gender composition of the workforce across manufacturing industries. To control for the effects of changes in capital technology, our econometric panel data strategy controls for three different types of capital stock per worker (namely, machinery, office equipment and transport equipment) and compares estimates drawn from a variety of instruments. We also control for changes in market competition within different manufacturing industries with the implementation of a concentration index variable in order to measure the degree of market power. Our findings point out that the Colombian manufacturing industries that became more exposed to trade flows increased their share of female employment in a more pronounced way with respect to those that remained less exposed. This effect, however, appears to be stronger in the case of highly skilled workers. As predicted by microeconomic theory, we observe lower female shares of jobs in manufacturing industries with higher levels of industry concentration. Our results are also consistent with the literature that predicts an increasing feminization of employment as a result of a the massification of emerging computer technologies since the end of the 1980s.