Spoke Type Research Articles

Approach for Futuristic Health Care Planners

In this paper, we present a collaborative approach for the health care systems. The expert knowledge is embedded within DSS to provide intelligent decision support. The problem space contains multiple Hub and Spoke networks. Information about these networks is dynamically captured and represented in a Meta-data table. This master table enables collaboration between any two networks in the problem space, thus, enables load sharing among them. In order to show the collaboration between health care systems; number of doctors in the dispensary, present load/day and capacity are the key data to be collected for west, south, south west and south districts of Delhi before we apply this approach. The implementation is done at primary care level. The input to the model is health care data and output is a decision based on the collaborative approach model. Primary health care centers in a geographical area are transformed into Hub & Spoke type networks. Collaboration between such networks means transfer of patient load from one network to another at primary care level depending upon free capacity available in the given network which can be determined from Meta-data table.

Point-Jacobian 반복 MAP 추정을 이용한 고해상도 영상복원

In the satellite remote sensing, the operational environment of the satellite sensor causes image degradation during the image acquisition. The degradation results in noise and blurring which badly affect identification and extraction of useful information in image data. This study proposes a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation using Point-Jacobian iteration to restore a degraded image. The proposed method assumes a Gaussian additive noise and Markov random field of spatial continuity. The proposed method employs a neighbor window of spoke type which is composed of 8 line windows at the 8 directions, and a boundary adjacency measure of Mahalanobis square distance between center and neighbor pixels. For the evaluation of the proposed method, a pixel-wise classification was used for simulation data using various patterns similar to the structure exhibited in high resolution imagery and an unsupervised segmentation for the remotely-sensed image data of 1 mspatial resolution observed over the north area of Anyang in Korean peninsula. The experimental results imply that it can improve analytical accuracy in the application of remote sensing high resolution imagery.

Design and Comparison of Two Fault-Tolerant Interior-Permanent-Magnet Motors

The aim of this paper is to design and investigate two fault-tolerant interior-permanent-magnet motors for high reliability operation. The first one is the spoke type, while the second one has V-shape magnets embedded in the rotor. The structures and features of both motors are presented and the optimal designs are performed. The electromagnetic performances, such as dq-axis inductances, torque, flux weakening, and partial demagnetization, are investigated and compared. In order to calculate the dq-axis inductances accurately and segregate the torque components, the frozen-permeability method is adopted. Additionally, a method to obtain the maximum flux-weakening speed is introduced. Moreover, the partial demagnetization performances of both motors are evaluated under no-load, on-load, overload, and short-circuit conditions. Also, the fault-tolerant capacities of both motors are compared. Finally, both motors are built for exemplification. The analysis is confirmed by experimental results.

Coupling characteristics and control of dual mechanical port machine with spoke type permanent magnet arrangement

Dual mechanical port machine(DMPM), as a novel electromechanical energy conversion device, has attracted widespread attention. DMPM with spoke type permanent magnet arrangements(STPM-DMPM), which is one of several types of DMPM, has been of interest recently. The unique coupling characteristics of STPM-DMPM are beneficial to improving system performance, but these same characteristics increase the difficulties of control. Now there has been little research about the control of STPM-DMPM, and this has hindered its practical application. Based on a mathematical model of STPM-DMPM, the coupling characteristics and the merits and demerits of such devices are analyzed as applied to a hybrid system. The control strategies for improving the disadvantages and for utilizing the advantage of coupling are researched. In order to weaken the interaction effect of torque outputs in the inner motor and the outer motor that results from coupling in STPM-DMPM, a decoupling control method based on equivalent current control is proposed, and independent torque control for the inner motor and outer motor is achieved. In order to solve address the problem of adequately utilization of coupling, minimizing the overall copper loss of the inner motor and the outer motor of STPM-DMPM is taken as the optimization objective for optimal control, and the purpose of utilizing the coupling adequately and reasonably is achieved. The verification tests of the proposed decoupling control and optimal control strategies are carried out on a prototype STPM-DMPM, and the experimental results show that the interaction effect of torque outputs in the inner motor and the outer motor can be markedly weakened through use of the control method. The overall copper loss of the inner motor and the outer motor can be markedly reduced through use of the optimal control method, while the power output remains unchanged. A breakthrough in the control problem of STPM-DMPM is accomplished by combining the control methods. Good performance in the control of STPM-DMPM will enhance its practicality, particularly as applied to hybrid systems.

From a dictionary to an atlas: segmental mapping of the linguistic picture of the world

'At the heart of any language lies a vision. It embraces the world around us in myriads of complex ways. It is the lifeblood of every people's identity. It is so essential and indispensable that few assets of humankind can rival it for value or timelessness. It is known as the linguistic picture of the world, and it is notorious for being among the knottiest study subjects of language science. No coherent methodology has been proposed to date as to how it should be consistently structured to result in a systemic and navigable map of its core words and concepts. This constitutes a conspicuous gap in contemporary linguistics, which the present article addresses from the perspective of cognitive lexicology and lexicography while engaging the linguistic picture of the world on a segment-by-segment basis. In keeping with the aforesaid approach, one segment at a time is selected, and the discourse that reflects it is analysed with a view to identifying transcendental notions contained therein. The latter are construed as a type of cognitive concepts which epitomise the core ideas inherent in a particular type of spoken or written discourse. Being verbalised by means of relevant verbal fields, these transcendental notions permeate the cognitive and textual fabric of the selected segment of a linguistic picture of the world. By way of demonstrating the feasibility of this approach, a new type of dictionary has been compiled by the author, which captures and reveals in a semantically structured way the verbal side of the transcendental notion "countering" in the socio-political discourse of English-language media. Along with other transcendental notions, such as "facilitation", "communication", "attitude", etc., it is viewed as part of a range of the cognitive pillars which are essential to a limited segment of a linguistic picture of the world, but are by no means reserved to it, stretching far beyond and reaching throughout the vision of the world enshrined in the English language. The present article asserts and demonstrates by example that by creating the described type of dictionaries a basis can be laid for engaging the broader linguistic picture of the world in a whole new way, as their structure enables the drawing of clear semantic boundaries between and within the verbal fields of major concepts. These, in turn, can be used for creating maps, or rather atlases, initially of the smaller segments of linguistic pictures of the world, which may over time, and with enough methodological evolution, transform into larger-scale projects covering different languages, which arguably contains a hitherto unexplored potential for comparing them at a new systemic level, that of the structure and internal semantic delimitation of linguistic pictures of the world.

An investigation of the influence of the wheel spoke type on the convective cooling of the brake disc using the computational fluid dynamics method

Three-dimensional models of detailed wheel assemblies which have different spoke types are established. The effects of the number of spokes and the twist angle of the spokes on the air-flow field and the convective heat transfer of an automobile brake disc are investigated using the computational fluid dynamics method. To validate the numerical approach employed in this paper, two reference experiments were simulated and the calculation results agree with the experimental data well. It can be concluded from this study that the spoke type has a significant influence on the wheel flow field and the convective heat dissipation of the disc. When the twist angle of the spokes is kept at 0°, the convective cooling performance of the disc of a five-spoke wheel is better than that of the baseline and modified designs. When there is a constant number of spokes equal to six, the convective heat dissipation capacity of the disc improves as the twist angle of the spokes increases. An optimized spoke configuration is proposed and it has the best convective cooling performance of all the cases simulated in the present work.

Proximity Losses in the Windings of High Speed Brushless Permanent Magnet AC Motors With Single Tooth Windings and Parallel Paths

Proximity and additional eddy-current losses can be difficult to calculate and if there are parallel paths then there can sometimes be increased losses which can be unexpected. The paper addresses these winding losses in a brushless permanent magnet machine with 18 slots, 16 poles and a spoke type rare earth magnet rotor. The winding has coils that are one pitch. Different simulation scenarios are investigated to illustrate the even when the windings are in slots they can still experience increased ac copper losses when rotating at high speed. High speed machines often have few series turns because of the high rate of change of flux linkage so they can have many parallel turns or strands in hand. Simulations are carried out at 12 000 r/min then some simulations are run at 4000 r/min for completeness. The simulations are run in a 2-D finite-element analysis environment.

Design and Analysis of a Spoke Type Motor With Segmented Pushing Permanent Magnet for Concentrating Air-Gap Flux Density

This paper proposes a new design of a SPOKE-type permanent magnet brushless direct current (BLDC) motor by using pushing magnet. A numerical analysis is developed to calculate the maximum value of air-gap flux density. First, the analytical model of the SPOKE-type motor was established, and Laplace equations of magnetic scalar potential and a series of boundary conditions were given. Then, the analytical expressions of magnet field strength and magnet flux density were obtained in the air gap produced by ferrite permanent magnets. The developed analytical model was obtained by solving the magnetic scalar potential. Finally, the air-gap field distribution and back-electromotive force of spoke type machine was analyzed. The analysis works for internal rotor motor topologies, and either radial or parallel magnetized permanent magnets. This paper validates results of the analytical model by finite-element analysis as well as with the experimental analysis for SPOKE-type BLDC motors.

Development of a Large Diameter Motor for Turret Application

This paper proposes an outer rotor and spoke type longitudinal flux direct-drive machine with advantages such as high precision, robustness, reliability, no backlash and a simple structure for large diameter turret applications. This paper deals with the optimum design using Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) with the many design variables of the developed motor. The effective design variables are selected by screening using an analysis of means (AMOM). This paper presents an optimum design for maximum torque and efficiency with the constraints of torque ripple ratio and maximum current using response surface methodology (RSM). The simulation results are compared with the experiment, and are within a 5% deviation of each other in the second prototype. All design performances of the second prototype are verified successfully. The predicted optimum design performances are consistent with the simulation results with a maximum error of 0.283%.

Investigating a Direct-Drive PM Type Synchronous Machine for Turret Application Using Optimization

This paper proposes an outer rotor and spoke type longitudinal flux direct-drive machine with advantages such as high precision, robustness, reliability, no backlash and a simple structure for large diameter turret applications. This paper deals with the optimum design using Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) with the many design variables of the developed motor. The effective design variables are selected by screening using an analysis of means (AMOM). This paper presents an optimum design for maximum torque and efficiency with the constraints of torque ripple ratio and maximum current using response surface methodology (RSM). The simulation results are compared with the experiment, and are within a 3% deviation of each other in the first prototype. All design performances of the second prototype are verified successfully. The predicted optimum design performances are consistent with the simulation results with a maximum error of 0.283%.

조향휠의 유형에 따른 구조안정성평가

This paper studies with structural and vibration analysis to evaluate the structural safety according to the types of steering wheels. This study models are two, three and four spoke types. As the number of spokes increases, the maximum equivalent stress becomes smaller but the maximum total deformation becomes a little higher. The natural frequency at three models are shown from 180 to 230Hz as the maximum deformation. The frequency responses as maximum amplitude displacement are happened at 200Hz, 500Hz and 500Hz respectively. In this study, the steering wheel with three spoke type is shown to become suitable at durability and production.

Optimum design of an outer rotor and spoke type direct-drive machine for turret applications with large diameter

This paper deals with the optimum design focused on an LHS (Latin hypercube sampling) experiment with the many design variables of a developed motor and comparison of the optimum algorithm. The effective design variables are selected by screening and analysis of means (ANOM). In this paper, the optimum design is achieved by using the comparison response surface methodology (RSM) with the genetic algorithm (GA) method as the multiobjective optimum design. The torque ripple ratio is satisfied with a design goal within 3%. Therefore, multiobjective optimum design is considered between average torque and efficiency. The simulation results are compared with the experiment and show a deviation below 5%.

3.5m Head Sheave Finite Element Analysis

Using Pro/E powerful entity modeling functions and ANSYS finite element analysis of the powerful function, both integration, to spoke type large head sheave work state are analyzed, and establish the mechanical model of the finite element. Through the finite element calculation, carry the strength analysis and research to head sheave in the different conditions. The calculation results show that head sheave works in alternating stress, it is concluded that head sheave of deformation and stress distribution laws. To design and develop spoke type large head sheave provides the basis.

Analytical Prediction of Cogging Torque for Spoke Type Permanent Magnet Machines

A generalized analytical field solution by conformal transformation is presented for calculation of no-load magnetic field distribution in the slot-less and slotted air gap of spoke-type permanent magnet (PM) machines. These analytical field solutions are used to predict the cogging torque of spoke-type PM motors. The computed cogging torque using the proposed method is compared with the results from 2D finite element analysis (FEA) in three application examples.

The Efficiency Analysis on Cutting Power of EPB Shield Cutter

There are two basic types of EPB shield cutter: panel type and spoke type. The efficiency and process of the driving work will be directly related to the chose of the cutter type. Torque model of the shield cutter can be established by analyzing the load under working conditions. Methods to analyze the efficiency of two different types of cutters under working conditions can be explored, through analysis with specific examples of projects in this paper. Thus, theoretical basis can be provided for analyzing and studying the efficiency of shield cutter.

Traverse Ability of Flexible Spoke Wheel for the Wiring Task Mobile Robot

A wiring task such as laying LAN cable under the roof by worker is a dangerous and an inefficient work. To improve the safety and the efficiency of the work, authors have proposed a remote controlled mobile robot for the wiring task with flexible spoke type wheels. The work space under the roof has obstacles including metal fixtures, suspending bolts and some electronic appliances. Thus the traverse ability of the mobile robot for the obstacles is very important. The spoke wheel of the mobile robot has advantage on the traverse ability comparing with normal wheels. The traverse ability of the spoke wheel depends on the number of the spokes and flexibility of the wheel. The paper discusses the traverse ability for the design of flexible spoke wheel of the remote controlled wiring mobile robot under the roof.

Optimal rotor design for reducing the partial demagnetization effect and cogging torque in spoke type PM motor

This paper proposes an optimized rotor pole shape that can effectively reduce the partial demagnetization effect and cogging torque. First, for reducing the peak amplitude of the external field that directly affects the partial demagnetization on the permanent magnets in spoke-type permanent magnet motor, we conduct a variation of core shape and insertion of a barrier. Second, with the rotor shape obtained by the first processes for reducing the partial demagnetization effect, another part of the rotor pole is varied to make better sinusoidal distributed air gap flux density to reduce the cogging torque. In the process of designing the rotor pole shape, a steepest descent method and a response surface method are applied for improving convergence. By using the finite element method, we show that the optimized rotor pole shape drastically reduces the effect of the partial demagnetization and cogging torque.

2P1-E02 柔軟スポーク車輪による天井裏配線作業ロボット

A wiring task such as laying LAN cable under the roof is a dangerous and inefficient work. To improve the safety and the efficiency of the work, authors have proposed a remote controlled mobile robot for the wiring task with flexible spoke type wheels. The work space under the roof has obstacles including metal fixtures, suspending bolts electronic appliances. Thus the traverse ability of the mobile robot for the obstacles is very important. The traverse ability of the robot depends on the number of the spokes and flexibility of the material for the wheel. The paper discusses the traverse ability for design of flexible spoke wheel of the remote controlled wiring mobile robot under the roof.

Solution approaches for the capacitated single allocation hub location problem using ant colony optimisation

Hub and spoke type networks are often designed to solve problems that require the transfer of large quantities of commodities. This can be an extremely difficult problem to solve for constructive approaches such as ant colony optimisation due to the multiple optimisation components and the fact that the quadratic nature of the objective function makes it difficult to determine the effect of adding a particular solution component. Additionally, the amount of traffic that can be routed through each hub is constrained and the number of hubs is not known a-priori. Four variations of the ant colony optimisation meta-heuristic that explore different construction modelling choices are developed. The effects of solution component assignment order and the form of local search heuristics are also investigated. The results reveal that each of the approaches can return optimal solution costs in a reasonable amount of computational time. This may be largely attributed to the combination of integer linear preprocessing, powerful multiple neighbourhood local search heuristic and the good starting solutions provided by the ant colonies.

Economic Analysis of Free Trade Agreements: Spaghetti Bowl Effect and a Paradox of Hub and Spoke Network

This paper shows a new exposition of the Trade Diversion Effect when Free Trade Agreements are created. Hub and spoke type of trade networks cause systemic overproduction, and member countries exit from the markets, whereas perfectly connected networks create sustainable markets in any number of markets. Since there are two basic patterns for creating FTAs, bilateral and multilateral, a network pattern is derived from these negotiation patterns. The hub country may be aggressive in pursuing Free Trade Agreements with various countries, but accumulation of bilateral negotiations may cause Trade Diversion Effect in the regional economies.