Types Of Social Systems Research Articles

Social systems according to specific systems theory

The Specific Systems Theory (STS) proposes a system definition that describes them precisely based on six postulates that establish the sufficient and necessary elements for some real entity to be a system. This contradicts and rejects the traditional definition of Bertalanffy (1968), which mentions that a system is a conglomerate of interacting components. Based on the definition of system that is the main foundation of STS, the various types of social systems, which have been scarcely studied, are analyzed in this study. The literature that exists in this regard is abundant in arguments about their behavior, but all the arguments generated have been developed based on various concepts that have no relation to their systemic properties. In this work, social systems are analyzed from the perspective of their systemic characteristics, their systemic nature and their systemic properties. The definition of system that supports STS makes it possible to clearly and easily understand how social systems work and explain their behavior as systems and not simply as societies, which is the inadequate approach that has been used to discuss them until now.

PRİVATE PROPERTY AND STRATA FORMATİON

The theoretical foundations of the social structure of the society and the historical forms of ownership were discussed in the article. The presence of many types of property is a necessary condition for its normal functioning in society. As a result of these types of property, the needs and activities of every person in society are fully satisfied. From ancient times to the present day, attitudes towards property issues have developed in different ways in different regimes. Even before the creation of society, people generally, used and took advantage of collective property. Over time, as a result of a number of events occurring in the world and in nature, collective property began to lose its relevance. After property inequality began to emerge, stratification among people began to form, which acted as a driving force for the creation of other forms of property. The collective form of property gradually changed and began to be replaced by individual and other forms of property. Modern production is conditioned by the transformation of economic, social and other spheres, which, in turn, creates the basis for the formation of new types of social systems and requires the reconsideration of property as the main category of private-legal relations. Since property is multi-subject, it not only expands and complicates the internal structure of property subjects, but also means the formation of new social classes according to the place they occupy (the functions they perform) in property relations.The modern structure of property relations is formed as a complex multi-level system: the close contact of individual and common beginnings, levels of ownership, the specificity of various sociаl fields creates the opportunity and demand for the formation of various forms of property, determines their dynamics and transformation in advance. Different classes and groups of owners, territorial associations, state, national groups and monopolies become the subjects of property relations.

Nilam Puttu Malarnta Nal’s Novel Theme Composition

Nilam puttu malarnta naḷ novel has won Sahitya Academy Award 2019. The 312-page long book is based on Sangam literary storytellers. The creator has created very beautiful characters in the form of Panar lifestyles, where the Panars, who were in poverty, tried to change their poverty by looking for each king and the Panars were without a fixed abode. Although the Panars were skilled in art, they lived as poor people with no material possessions. Hospitality, the primary characteristic of ancient Tamils, exists among the inhabitants of every land. Such hospitality has been recorded very neatly by this novel. That is, it is said that the people would show hospitality to the Panars on their way to see the kings. The four types of social systems and the ways in which they of its development and the reasons for the differences in social systems are excellent explained in Nilam puttu malarnta nal. Also, three poets namely Paranar, Kabila and Auvaiyar and small land kings namely Velpari, Nannan and Adiyaman are featured in this book. Auvaiyar greeting Atiyaman, Paranar advising Nannan, and Kabila befriending Velpari were created on the Nilam puttu malarnta naḷ novel.

Архетипні основи інституційно-інноваційних проєктів сталого розвитку територій в умовах постмодерну

The decentralization and post-war recovery processes raise the issue of sustainable territorial development to a qualitatively new level, based on innovation and the search for appropriate resources. The study aims to analyse the features of building institutional and innovative projects within the new concept of territorial development resources based on the archetypal approach and develop practical recommendations for their implementation on the example of sub-ethnic groups of the Sumy region. The study based on world experience substantiates that the process of innovative development of territories should not focus solely on economic issues and technological change but should consider socio-cultural aspects that can be viewed as an essential component of the potential. Considering territorial archetypes when initiating changes and resolving issues of territorial development will allow the development of effective measures through the rational use of resource potential. It is determined that the question of considering socio-cultural historical and modern approaches to to studying settlements, cities, and landscapes (regional and local aspects), analysis of their formation, change and development in developing strategies. The importance of the regional component is illustrated by the experience of the EU, where local authorities are gaining more and more ground in finding the most practical and concrete opportunities for territories. It is determined that public administration undergoes significant changes under the influence of postmodernism, a new philosophy of building organizational structures, government, and management. It considers the uncertainty and ambiguity of new types of social systems and is seen as open to the future. The authors consider the application of postmodern theories to be fruitful in studying the impact of the socio-cultural environment on socio-economic processes and adaptation of innovations. This factor’s impact on economic entities’ behaviour has traditionally been regarded as exogenous. Given the use of postmodern methodology must be studied when trying to return people and actual processes to a place occupied by abstract variables and modelled dependencies. The influence of postmodernism at the territorial level is determined based on the evolution of innovation communities. This approach is consistent with the current EU regional policy, which aims to enhance regions’ development by improving competitiveness efficiency. It is proposed to consider the possibility of using institutional and innovative projects for sustainable development of territories, considering the archetypal resource component and the concept of innovation communities. Institutional and innovative projects are considered so-called «security-related products» of territorial development, which may include innovative projects and programs that involve a wide range of resources, including socio-cultural, focused on achieving sustainable development goals. It is substantiated that the use of tools for institutional and innovative projects should be considered in the context of the smart specialization of regions, making it possible to consider the socio-cultural component practically. Examples of the use of archetypes for the construction of innovation and institutional projects in the instance of two sub-ethnic groups of the Sumy region are considered. The main archetypes of goryuns and sevryuks are generalized, and paper provides the related institutional and innovation projects they will promote.

The Warta River with humanistic coefficient. Culture-forming functions of alcohol consumption in the riverside areas in Poznan

Summary The aim of the article is to apply the concept of the humanistic coefficient of Florian Znaniecki to the analysis of a specific legal and social situation that enabled the legal consumption of alcohol in the Warta areas in Poznan. They have gained a high spatial value, and this is not due to intentional investments or architectural changes, but thanks to the presence of people who create various types of social systems. Znaniecki’s humanistic coefficient turns out to be not only an important theoretical concept, but also a useful, still valid tool in empirical analysis. It brings a large dose of practical knowledge for different types of decision makers (re)organizing urban areas. The spatial value does not have to be directly proportional to the size of financial outlays.

Sustainability in classical institutional economics: A systems theory view

In a recent contribution to this journal, Peter Bradley (2021) explores the ways in which new institutional economics and classical institutional economics approach the notion of sustainability. Drawing on insights from both schools of economic thought, Bradley (2021) synthesizes a conceptual framework for understanding sustainable production and consumption. Building on this framework, the present paper undertakes a Luhmannian systems-theoretic analysis of the ways in which a notion of sustainability is implicated within the normative foundations of classical institutional economics which comprise the paradigms of instrumental and reasonable value. A Luhmannian reconstruction of these paradigms reveals that both of them share a vision of sustainability problems which arise out of the precarious nature of environmental embeddedness of many types of social systems. In line with the instrumental value paradigm, corporations and other types of social systems are supposed to utilize the community stock of reliable scientific and technological knowledge. At the same time, this paradigm is shown to contain the moral conditions of the disclosure and voluntary acceptance of any side-effects of the systems’ operations. The reasonable value paradigm imposes the additional requirement that the working rules constituting the relevant social system must be perceived by the affected stakeholders as fair and legitimate. This argument illuminates the ongoing debates on the conceptualization of corporate sustainability within classical institutional economics while highlighting the potential contributions of this school of thought to informing the scholarship on sustainable production and consumption.

Societies within peace systems avoid war and build positive intergroup relationships

A comparative anthropological perspective reveals not only that some human societies do not engage in war, but also that peaceful social systems exist. Peace systems are defined as clusters of neighbouring societies that do not make war with each other. The mere existence of peace systems is important because it demonstrates that creating peaceful intergroup relationships is possible whether the social units are tribal societies, nations, or actors within a regional system. Peace systems have received scant scientific attention despite holding potentially useful knowledge and principles about how to successfully cooperate to keep the peace. Thus, the mechanisms through which peace systems maintain peaceful relationships are largely unknown. It is also unknown to what degree peace systems may differ from other types of social systems. This study shows that certain factors hypothesised to contribute to intergroup peace are more developed within peace systems than elsewhere. A sample consisting of peace systems scored significantly higher than a comparison group regarding overarching common identity; positive social interconnectedness; interdependence; non-warring values and norms; non-warring myths, rituals, and symbols; and peace leadership. Additionally, a machine learning analysis found non-warring norms, rituals, and values to have the greatest relative importance for a peace system outcome. These results have policy implications for how to promote and sustain peace, cohesion, and cooperation among neighbouring societies in various social contexts, including among nations. For example, the purposeful promotion of peace system features may facilitate the international cooperation necessary to address interwoven global challenges such as global pandemics, oceanic pollution, loss of biodiversity, nuclear proliferation, and climate change.

Рефлексивность в управлении социальными системами (философско-методологический анализ)

The paper substantiates, in the context of the development of ideas about scientific rationality (classical, non-classical, post-non-classical), an increase in the role and variety of types of reflexive activity (reflexivity) in management. Philosophical and methodological analysis using three types of scientific rationality identified the basic approaches in control (activity, subject-activity, subject-oriented), basic paradigms (“subjectobject”, “sub- jectsubject”, “subjectmeta-subject”), cybernetics of the first, second and third order. This made it possible to identify the dominant types of reflexive activity corresponding to them. The convergence of basic approaches is within the framework of post-non-classical scientific rationality based on the cybernetics of self-developing poly-subject (reflexive-active) environments. The trend of transition from control to self-regulation and self-development of reflexive activity in self-developing reflexive-active environments has been substantiated. Ontologies and principles of organizing a self-developing reflexive-active environment predetermine the mechanisms of self-regulation and self-development. The analysis contains the specifics of reflexivity in the control of various types of social systems (economics, politics, education, the military sphere, information wars and confrontation, etc.). The article substantiates the priority of Russian science in the study of reflexivity in the control of social systems, which is largely due to the specifics of Russian philosophical and methodological research.

Future Design: Bequeathing Sustainable Natural Environments and Sustainable Societies to Future Generations

“Future Design,” a new movement among Japanese researchers and stakeholders, asks the following question: What types of social systems are necessary if we are to leave future generations sustainable environments and societies? Looking at the human activity impact on the global environment and society, I ask: Why is this society we live in generating a series of future failures that will cost future generations so much? I then argue that the source of such a society could be liberalism and that the market and democracy derived from it will not help avoid these future failures. To achieve this, one must design social systems that activate a human trait called futurability, where people experience an increase in happiness because of deciding and acting toward foregoing current benefits to enrich future generations. One method to study these is by employing “imaginary future generations”. Here, I present an overview of the theoretical background of this method, the results of relevant laboratory and field experiments, and the nature of relevant practical applications implemented in cooperation with several local governments.

Groups, organizations, families and movements: The sociology of social systems between interaction and society

AbstractIn enhancing a proposal by Luhmann, this contribution shows that it is possible to locate different types of systems between ‘face‐to‐face‐interaction’ and ‘society’: groups, organizations, families and protest movements. The common ground of these is that they use membership to attribute persons to the system or not. However, they differ fundamentally in regard to how they understand membership. In contrast to Luhmann's differentiation between interaction, organization and society, it is not only possible to imagine different types of interlocking systems but also coequal combinations of and transitions between the different types of social systems.

A framework for conceptualizing dimensions of social organization in mammals.

Mammalian societies represent many different types of social systems. While some aspects of social systems have been extensively studied, there is little consensus on how to conceptualize social organization across species. Here, we present a framework describing eight dimensions of social organization to capture its diversity across mammalian societies. The framework uses simple information that is clearly separated from the three other aspects of social systems: social structure, care system, and mating system. By applying our framework across 208 species of all mammalian taxa, we find a rich multidimensional landscape of social organization. Correlation analysis reveals that the dimensions have relatively high independence, suggesting that social systems are able to evolve different aspects of social behavior without being tied to particular traits. Applying a clustering algorithm allows us to identify the relative importance of key dimensions on patterns of social organization. Finally, mapping mating system onto these clusters shows that social organization represents a distinct aspect of social systems. In the future, this framework will aid reporting on important aspects of natural history in species and facilitate comparative analyses, which ultimately will provide the ability to generate new insights into the primary drivers of social patterns and evolution of sociality.

Integrating instrumental and normative stakeholder theories: a systems theory approach

PurposeThe stakeholder theory encompasses instrumental and normative varieties whose mutual relationship remains unclear and exhibits a classic tension between rational self-interest and moral motivation. The purpose of this paper is to develop a strategy for navigating this tension.Design/methodology/approachNiklas Luhmann’s social systems theory is concerned with the limited ability of social systems to codify, and be receptive to, the complexity of the environment. Drawing on this theory, the paper juxtaposes the codification problems of two types of social systems: the for-profit firm and the economic function system.FindingsThis juxtaposition allows to identify four firm behavior patterns, two of which can be aligned with instrumental and normative stakeholder theories. If the codification capacity of the economic function system is assumed to be sufficient, the codification problems of the for-profit firm are shown to specify the range of applicability of the instrumental stakeholder theory. Dropping the above assumption is shown to specify the range of applicability of the normative stakeholder theory.Originality/valueThe argument offers a fresh way of understanding the institutional economics foundations of the stakeholder theory. Given that the systems-theoretic idea of codification reflects the functioning of the real-world institutions, the argument shows that both instrumental and normative stakeholder theories reflect the institutional texture of the modern society in distinct but equally legitimate ways.

Exploitation in contemporary societies: An exploratory comparative analysis

This paper undertakes an exploratory comparative analysis of exploitation among contemporary capitalist Western, and comparable, societies such as OECD countries. It aims to contribute to a better understanding of the patterns and factors of economic exploitation among these societies. It reconsiders the concept of labor exploitation in earlier economics and sociology by providing an overview of relevant contemporary conceptions and analyses of labor and similar exploitation. It outlines a theoretical framework such as the AGIL model for analyzing exploitation, it formulates hypotheses proposing that exploitation will vary with certain types of social systems. It presents comparative data on the variables used to estimate the degree of exploitation for OECD countries, This paper reports descriptive and regression findings on rates of exploitation for these countries. The findings generally support the hypotheses that exploitation widely and systematically varies across types of contemporary social systems, notably that exploitation is considerably lower in liberal society as a whole, and welfare capitalism in particular, than in other societies.

The militarization of security. A systems theory perspective

ABSTRACTThis conceptual article develops a theoretical argument for how the militarization of security can be understood from a systems theory perspective, which allows a conceptual link between the two main perspectives on militarization within securitization studies to be made. Whereas in securitization studies the so called Copenhagen School and the more sociological approach of the Paris School are generally seen as two analytical lenses on securitization and militarization, I suggest reconceptualizing them as two perspectives on empirically distinct processes of militarization. These processes occur in two different types of social systems, namely the political system on the one hand and security organizations on the other. This helps to distinguish between political and non-political forms of militarization. Although the article is concentrated on developing a theoretical perspective on the complexities of political and non-political militarization of security, it aims to encourage further exploration of how those forms of militarization are empirically interlinked.

CLAUDE LÉVI-STRAUSS ON THE PROBLEM OF “SYNCHRONIC” TIME

Human society exists in two temporal measurements. Astronomical time is uniform, homogenous, quantitative and continuous. Social time cannot be described in the same way for there are days for special functions, periods of time with specific features due to the activities, meanings and associations with them, and critical dates breaking the continuity of time. Social time has a qualitative character, a nonuniform flow - it can slow down, speed up and even stop, and it cannot be arbitrarily divided into parts. The concept of social time suggests that time is a human creation, social life produces different temporal structures of social phenomena together with the tools and units to measure time. Despite the duration and thematic richness, the debates on social time unfairly ignore C. Levi-Strauss’s theory of synchronic time. The article considers its prerequisites, criticism and main ideas, in particular, the famous typology of “hot” and “cold” societies distinguished by the criterion of time as manifested differently in different types of social systems and having different meanings. Societies with the same perception of historical time as our society today, i.e. considering time as a huge folder where historical events are systematized not to be forgotten, are called hot (and emphasize one’s historicity). Cold societies’ basic cognitive systems try to be static and indifferent to changes, i.e. strive to ignore historicity and externalize it as alien to them. The author emphasizes that when speaking of cold societies as not taking time and historicity into account Levi-Strauss does not want to rewrite the laws of logic or physics and just attempts to see the world through the eyes of another culture.

Using Ecological Frameworks to Advance a Field of Research, Practice, and Policy on Aging-in-Place Initiatives

Initiatives to promote aging in place have emerged rapidly in the United States across various health care settings (e.g., acute care hospitals, skilled nursing facilities) and broader community settings (e.g., public social service agencies). Moreover, recent federal policies include a growing number of provisions for local efforts to promote aging in place. Despite emerging bodies of research that have described singular initiatives in their own right, there has been very little scholarship that forges conceptual linkages across this increasingly vast domain of research, practice, and policy. Integrative theory development is critical to ensure that aging-in-place initiatives do not become fragmented from each other. This article uses insights from ecological frameworks-specifically Urie Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory and M. Powell Lawton's general ecological model of aging-to conceptualize a range of programs as aging-in-place initiatives and for describing their similarities and differences, particularly in terms of the features through which they intend to promote aging in place. Theoretically derived dimensions along which to characterize aging-in-place initiatives include environment-focused aspects (e.g., the types of social systems and structures that the initiatives target for change) and person-focused aspects (e.g., the extent to which the initiatives target particular subgroups of older adults). The article concludes with a discussion on how these theoretically derived dimensions can be used to advance and integrate research, practice, and policy to systematically develop and expand aging-in-place initiatives.

Basic Knowledge for Market Principle: Approaches to the Price Coordination Mechanism by Using Optimization Theory and Algorithm

On the basis of market fundamentalism, new types of social systems with the market mechanism such as electricity trading markets and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission trading markets have been developed. However, there are few textbooks in science and technology which present the explanation that Lagrange multipliers can be interpreted as market prices. This tutorial paper explains that (1) the steepest descent method for dual problems in optimization, and (2) Gauss-Seidel method for solving the stationary conditions of Lagrange problems with market principles, can formulate the mechanism of market pricing, which works even in the information-oriented modern society. The authors expect readers to acquire basic knowledge on optimization theory and algorithms related to economics and to utilize them for designing the mechanism of more complicated markets.

INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN THE SPATIAL AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE AFRICAN STRIPED MOUSE

Social flexibility, that is, the expression of different types of social systems within one species, has been reported in several mammalian taxa, including rodents. However, sociality in rodents has been studied mostly in captivity and the results are often regarded as laboratory artifacts. We present field data for 2 populations of the striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio), a diurnal muroid rodent from southern Africa. The 2 populations inhabit different environments and demonstrate differences in social organization. R. pumilio in the arid succulent karoo lives in social groups, comprising multiple adults of both sexes that share 1 nest and the same territory. Striped mice in the moist grasslands of South Africa are solitary. Females inhabit exclusive territories and territories of males overlap those of several females; association between the sexes appears to be restricted to mating. Home ranges of females in the grasslands were 6 times larger and home ranges of males were 10 times larger than their counterparts in the succulent karoo. Onset of reproductive activity occurred earlier and at a significantly lighter body weight in grasslands. In the succulent karoo, sexually mature offspring remain in their natal group without reproducing. We suggest that group living in the succulent karoo is in response to habitat saturation and the benefits of philopatry, whereas living alone in the grasslands may be a response to limiting resources, such as food.

農村および地域農林業振興の課題と農村社会研究

The purposes of this study are as follows (1) to evaluate contributions for the development of agriculture and a community in a rural area by the rural sociological study in the period of 50 years after The World War II, and (2) to illustrate the perspective of the rural sociological study in the future. These subjects are discussed basically on resources' utilization, conservation and management in a rural area.One of the important characteristics with resources' utilization, conservation and management in a rural area is that non-market systems play important roles. Therefore, it is very important how we could make designs of social systems with combining market and non-market systems for efficient utilization and allocation on rural resources to achieve the development of agriculture and a community. In the domain of a non-market system, the community organizations in a rural area will take important parts.We evaluate the above mentioned contributions by the rural sociological study respectively at three periodical parts (the first period: 1950-1970, the second period 1970-1990, the third period: 1990-2000). The reason of introducing three periodical parts is the differences between main purposes for resources' utilization in each periodical part.The excellent results cleared up by the rural sociological study are as follows; (1) we can not rely only on the market system, but also (2) we should recognize important roles of the community organizations from the stand point of reduction of transaction costs for achieving efficient resources' utilization. On the other hand, the remained problem is that large part of the rural sociological study describe only the state of affairs in a rural area with lack of sufficient theoretical considerations.The rural sociological study should move to the next higher step being able to make designs for desirable social systems to achieve efficient resources' utilization, conservation and management. This should be done by comparison of each managing cost by different types of social systems.

Interaction Systems and Power Networks: A Reply to Mouzelis

In his attempt to design a Saussurian theory of the interaction order, Nicos Mouzelis (1992) objects to my suggestion as to how to conceptualize the specificity of interaction systems. In an earlier exchange with Anne Rawls (1987, 1988), I used Luhmann's (1982) notion of autopoiesis, the self-referential constitution of various types of social systems, in order to distinguish between interaction, organization, and society as irreducible and emergent forms of social organization (Fuchs 1988, 1989). The level of interaction commonly is identified as micro, as opposed to the macro levels of organization and society, though the micro-macro terminology is not very useful. I suggested that interaction systems are different from those of organization and society because they employ copresence and the duality of perception and communication as their boundary mechanism. As a principle of social selection, copresence imposes a number of important limits on what interaction systems can do: not everyone can talk at the same time; one can talk and listen only to those who are also copresent; it is not possible to establish subsystems that specialize in other communications; and the system is highly vulnerable to conflict and disagreement. Mouzelis argues that this theory ignores stratification and hierarchy. It does not acknowledge that some interactions have more powerful and farther-reaching consequences for larger groups of people than others. Mouzelis thinks that interactions between powerful actors, which he calls collective and mega-actors, should not be likened to interactions between citizens. His conclusion is that some interactions are macro and hence do not belong to the same class as micro interactions. Although this argument several flaws (e.g., the distinction between interaction and organization has nothing prima facie to do with power and size, and is not an ontological distinction), let me concentrate on what I perceive to be the most fundamental flaw: Interactions between powerful actors are still interactions. They experience the same constraints and limitations as ordinary interactions. For example, only those who are copresent can participate in the interaction; issues and problems must be dealt with sequentially; and there is no way to increase complexity through differentiation of the interaction itself. This is why mass democracy is a romantic anachronism: only those few who are copresent can decide, and those who are not present have other things to do and can only hope to be represented properly. This is also why it is notoriously difficult to follow one's syllabus in a seminar: what is possible organizationally (the level of the syllabus) might not be realizable in the actual interaction (the seminar sessions) because interaction systems are less complex than organizations. To take a final example, the state is not an interaction, although it contains interaction systems; thus the tension between what is possible organizationally and what can be realized in interactions explains many of the structural problems that administrations always encounter. Because organizations are not based on copresence, they have a higher degree of complexity and can do various