Type Of Social Organization Research Articles

Social Randomization as a Principle of Governance and Social Organization in Space Colonies

ABSTRACT As the prospects for space colonization are realized in the future, understanding and implementing sociopolitical organizational aspects of such colonies are important. The unique characteristics of space colonies require new types of social organization to ensure their long-term sustainability and development. Herein, the lottery principle is explored, which is the deliberate use of randomness for making decisions, as part of sociopolitical organization. More specifically, how social randomization addresses the challenges and problems of space colonies is discussed and assessed. This includes factors of governance, division of labor, and allocation of scarce goods and opportunities.

The influence of reflexive modernity on the change of human capital

Relevance is due to the need to revise approaches to the theoretical understanding of the concept of "human capital" in modern society, since it is considered as a resource for the development of society, solving many current social problems, as well as confronting new risks. The concept of "reflexivity" as a social phenomenon also needs conceptual development. It is also necessary to identify the relationships between these phenomena.The purpose is to consider how the content of the phenomenon of human capital is transformed in the conditions of the formation of the socio-cultural structure of the information society, including the growing reflexivity of social interaction.Objectives: to identify the key features of understanding the phenomenon of reflexivity (reflection) in philosophy, psychology, sociology; the specifics of this phenomenon in the context of the formation of the information society, as well as the impact of this process on the content component of human capital in modern society.Methodology. The author relies on the achievements of related sciences in the field of the study of reflexivity. The analysis of the problem is based on the ideas and principles of systemic, synergetic, activity-based approaches, as well as the provisions of the theories of emergent effects and human capital.Results. The article substantiates the idea that the transition to a new type of social organization, accompanied by the appearance of new characteristics in the social system, led to the development and strengthening of the importance of reflexivity of society. At the same time, the requirements for the individual are changing and the content of human capital is being revised. This process is conditioned by the need to increase awareness, objectivity of ideas about the system of social relations in conditions of expanding individual freedom, its role in social processes, increasing the volume of information produced by society and the subjects involved in this process.Conclusions. Reflexivity as a characteristic of the social system appears at the later stages of the development of society. The basis of its formation was the evolution of psychological processes in humans and a qualitative change in the organization of society. On the one hand, there is an expansion of the potential of the individual and society, on the other ‒ the risks they have to face. Objectively the content of human capital is expanding, and social demands on it are growing. The ability to reflect seems to be an integral part of it. It involves the mastery of a person's ways of thinking and intellectual techniques for perceiving processes and events in society, which was previously the lot of the elite; internalization, rather than declaring universal values.

Factors Influencing Changes in Social Activity under COVID-19 in Polish Rural Areas

The COVID-19 pandemic, due to unprecedented countermeasures aimed at limiting social contact, affected many spheres of life, including the forms and scope of social activity. This paper aims to identify the importance of the size and economic type of village, as well as the existence of rural organizations before the pandemic to identify the changes in different forms of social activity among rural area residents during the first and second year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. This research was based on phone interviews (CATI) carried out in December 2022 with village administrators. It was concluded that the village size, economic profile, and the activities of various types of social organizations had very limited influence on changes in social contact during the pandemic. The economic type of the village, both low and high levels of agrarisation, showed a significant relationship with change of only one form of social activity: joint work on a farm. The activities of organizations popular in rural areas such as Volunteer Firefighters’ Brigades or Rural Housewives’ Clubs played an important role in the changes (decrease) in meetings at home and after mass in church.

Rediscovering human capital in the conditions of reflexive modernity

Relevance. The relevance is due to the need to revise approaches to the theoretical understanding of the concepts of «human capital» and «reflexivity» as social phenomena, the need to identify the relationship between these phenomena.The purpose is to show the possibilities of expanding the understanding of the phenomenon of human capital based on the analysis of existing theoretical approaches of various sciences to the concept of «reflexivity».Objectives: to study the peculiarities of understanding the phenomenon of reflection in philosophy, psychology, sociology and to highlight the meaningful characteristics of reflexivity as a component of human capital in modern society.Methodology. The author relies in the study on the possibilities of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the phenomenon of reflection. The sociological analysis is based on the ideas and principles of systemic, synergetic, sociocultural approaches. The starting point for the analysis of the phenomenon of human capital was the concept of V. S. Golubev.Results. The article substantiates the idea that the transition to a new type of social organization, accompanied by the appearance of new characteristics in the social system, led to the development and strengthening of the importance of reflexivity of society. At the same time, the requirements for the individual are changing and the content of human capital is being revised. This process is conditioned by the need to increase awareness, objectivity of ideas about the system of social relations in conditions of expanding individual freedom, its role in social processes, increasing the volume of information produced by society and the subjects involved in this process.Conclusions. Reflexivity as a characteristic of a social system has appeared relatively recently. The basis of its formation was the evolution of human psychological processes and a qualitative change in the living conditions of society. There is an expansion of the potential of the individual and society, and, on the other hand, the risks that she has to face. The ability to reflect is considered as part of the intellectual and spiritual capital of the individual. It presupposes the activity of the individual in the perception of social processes and events, which was previously the lot of the elite, the development of sophisticated intellectual mechanisms for working with information, analyzing their own and others' experiences.

Economic paradigms, public ethics, socio-economic institutions: dynamics and relationships

The article studies the relationship between ethics and economics in the context of current system’s functioning of the most important social institutions. The purpose of the study is to theoretically analyze the relation between the economic and ethical structure of society and to develop recommendations for the practical application of the results ща designing a strategy for the country's socio-economic development. The research is based on the principles of the systems approach, space-time analysis and the methodology of systemic socio-economic theory. The structure of economic paradigms is compared to the structure of ethical paradigms. The conclusion is made about their mutual conditionality and influence on the type of social structure. The dual nature of the relationship between economics and ethics is substantiated. This duality is manifested in the separation of the subject of economics and ethics in systemic terms: if the economic subjects are the processes aimed at mastering the forces of nature, then the subjects of ethics are the processes aimed at improving the system of intra-societal relations. Economics in society is comprehensive, while ethics has the property of widespread penetration into the consciousness of economic subjects. The economic and ethical spheres all together determine the structure and functions of socio-economic space-time. Strengthening the institution of reputation contributes to the dissemination and consolidation of traditional values and raising the ethical level of society. It is necessary to represent it in the strategy of the country's socio-economic development along with target guidelines for economic dynamics, as well as the desired state of the spiritual sphere of the population and generally accepted principles of ethical behavior. The possibilities of applying ethical principles in solving the problems of location and development of productive forces in the country are explored.

Optimizing flood disaster management: unraveling the role of social organizations in China’s GBA through social network analysis

This study delves into the efficiency and structure of the social organization network involved in flood disaster management in China’s Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). Leveraging the global knowledge graph, we analyzed social media data and news reports to identify the pivotal roles and interactions of various social organization types in flood disaster governance. The empirical findings underscore the central role of national public social organizations, evidenced by their high frequency of news coverage and mentions. Meanwhile, International Social Organizations and Local Public Social Organizations exhibit growing influence and participation. As China shifts toward a comprehensive disaster reduction strategy, the study observes increased diversity and decentralization among these organizations, with non-governmental organizations and volunteer groups playing vital roles in resource mobilization, information dissemination, and disaster coordination. Network analysis unveils evolving interaction patterns and co-occurrence frequencies among social organizations, reflecting the evolving roles of different organization types in disaster relief. This research aims to provide actionable insights to enhance the effectiveness of social organizations in disaster management, contributing to the establishment of a more resilient and efficient disaster management framework in the GBA.

Філософські виміри культурної політики

Against the background of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, the question of an effective cultural policy that would support national identity, contribute to the purification of consciousness from propaganda myths and preserve the heritage of Ukrainian culture is becoming more acute. Since cultural policy is related to both aesthetic-artistic and cultural-anthropological dimensions of social life, in order to identify the effective influence of cultural policy on dominant social practices, it is necessary to find out the universal principles of its functioning. The purpose of this article is to identify the relevant philosophical and methodological basis of cultural policy for modern Ukrainian realities. Based on the fundamental ideas of Richard Rorty’s pragmatic philosophy and his analysis of cultural policies, the generally accepted nature of the inferential approach to social reality on the part of individual social groups was ascertained. The variability of cultural policy depending on the type of social organization community/society is demonstrated. In small social groups of the authoritarian type, social epistemological authority is mediated by the individual preferences of the leader of this group, so the tools of cultural policy are weak (patriarchal family, religious or political sect). An authoritarian or totalitarian mass society shows a high propensity for linguistic practices of propaganda, which can be seen as an extreme distorted form of cultural politics. In democratic societies, cultural policy is able to harmonize social life, improving its practices and building a value-symbolic world that constitutes culture in a broad sense. The social institute of education has all the tools, including digital ones, to shape the necessary social practices and educate a critical thinker who is able to generate conceptual knowledge, i.e. see relationships and be aware. Openness in decision-making, interaction of expert groups, public discussions are necessary elements for an effective cultural policy, which should be different from “cultural management”. Creative cultural industries play an important role in modern popular culture societies, and these industries significantly strengthen the economic component of social life. Public projects and initiatives effectively help to preserve Ukrainian culture, influence the level of awareness of Ukrainians and the economic well-being of our country.

Primate social organization evolved from a flexible pair-living ancestor.

Explaining the evolution of primate social organization has been fundamental to understand human sociality and social evolution more broadly. It has often been suggested that the ancestor of all primates was solitary and that other forms of social organization evolved later, with transitions being driven by various life history traits and ecological factors. However, recent research showed that many understudied primate species previously assumed to be solitary actually live in pairs, and intraspecific variation in social organization is common. We built a detailed database from primary field studies quantifying the number of social units expressing different social organizations in each population. We used Bayesian phylogenetic models to infer the probability of each social organization, conditional on several socioecological and life history predictors. Here, we show that when intraspecific variation is accounted for, the ancestral social organization of primates was inferred to be variable, with the most common social organization being pair-living but with approximately 10 to 20% of social units of the ancestral population deviating from this pattern by being solitary living. Body size and activity patterns had large effects on transitions between types of social organizations. As in other mammalian clades, pair-living is closely linked to small body size and likely more common in ancestral species. Our results challenge the assumption that ancestral primates were solitary and that pair-living evolved afterward emphasizing the importance of focusing on field data and accounting for intraspecific variation, providing a flexible statistical framework for doing so.

Globalization of the education space in EU countries and Great Britain through radical information reform

The article reveals the main principles of globalization of the educational space in the EU countries and Great Britain through radical information reformation. The action plan, which includes the six dimensions disclosed in the article, is of great importance from 2020 to 2025 for the formation of the European Education Area (European Education Area), in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic and for the development of innovativeness. Measures developed by the European Commission to achieve the specified dimensions are proposed (increasing and monitoring the quality of education; paying attention to gender sensitivity and inclusiveness in education; modernizing digital transformations in education, increasing the competence and motivation of specialists involved in the educational field). The importance and necessity for the education of distance learning programs based on educational models that are known all over the world (in the example of Great Britain) is shown. In the field of information, constant changes and improvements are taking place, leading to the emergence of a qualitatively new type of social system. The information society is the main and necessary in the educational space, therefore the article shows the basic prerequisites of technological, spatial, economic, cultural, and political approaches to the improvement of the information society.

The Totemic Features in the Islamic Sufi Societies

This study explores the Totemic manifestations in the Islamic Sufi societies. Those manifestations involve a set of belief ideas that is found independently in religions, or a type of social organization of a number of human groups. On the other hand, Sufism is a religious-social phenomenon known of being characterized by the nature of the place in which it is originated or reach. Thus, one can investigate the totemic manifestations in the Sufi societies whether at the religious or social structural level. The approach: the researcher adopted the inductive approach through reviewing the foreign and Arab books and studies about Sufism and Totemism that are related to them in terms of concepts, and practices on the religious and social levels. In addition, the study relies on the comparative approach for comparing Totemism with Sufism so as to identify similarities. Finally, the researcher adopted the analytical approach to analyse and clarify those concepts, practices and similarities of both which leads to identify the totemic features in the Islamic Sufis societies. This research has reached a set of conclusions; the most important of which are: there are totemic characteristics – in varying degrees- in the Islamic Sufis societies. On the religious level; Totemism manifests in the aspects related to the holiness of totem and everything related to it, in addition to the protection of all individuals that fall under its logo, which resemble in its appearance and content sheikh al Method or the Walli in some Sufi orders, and the common manifestations in ritualistic practices represented in musical dancing worship practices that leads to ecstasy and Karamat (blessings). On the social level, Totemism characteristics manifest in Sufi groups. They are represented in the hierarchical societal organizational structure of Sufism, that makes the sheikh or Alwali (the totem) serve as the core element and the societal symbol of the Sufi method.

Social psychology of the organization

This article reveals the relevance of the issue of the social organization formation. The difficulties that occur in defining the concept, structure, and classification and ensuring the diagnosis and development of various types of social organization are analyzed. The reliability of the organizational (corporate) security system is associated with overcoming these difficulties. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the most important task is to create a general theory of various types of social organization. At the same time, the socio-psychological theory of various types of organization is an integral part of their general theory and practice of development. They complement each other. Without this, it is impossible to speak about the effective practice of ensuring the development of a social organization.

PROBLEMS OF USING THE MODERN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CUSTOMS SPACE OF UKRAINE

Introduction. The functioning of modern societies, states, state institutions and citizens in general cannot be imagined without information technologies, the level of development of which, determining the effectiveness of management decisions in the economy, politics, social organization, etc., determines the identification and construction of a new model society, which is terminologically and conceptually defined as "information" . The transitional processes from the industrial to the informational type of social organization are characterized by different levels of use of information technologies, the state of development of the information provision of the state, the level of its democracy, etc. Ukraine's intention to enter the European space was marked by reformation processes with the active construction of information and communication technologies and procedures aimed at improving the implementation of customs formalities, increasing the level of efficiency of information, technical, personnel support for their implementation in order to build established customs legal relations not only in the customs space of the state, but also beyond it. The purpose of the article is to investigate the problems of the use of information and communication technologies used in the activities of the customs authorities of Ukraine, to outline the priorities and obstacles to increasing the level of information support of the customs institutions of Ukraine, the directions of digital transformation of the customs space of the state. Results. As a result of the study of the pragmatics of the use of information and communication technologies in the activities of the customs institutions of Ukraine, the chronology of their formation was systematized, the genesis of the informatization of the customs space of Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization of the economy was analyzed, the features of the use of modern information systems of the customs authorities of Ukraine were outlined, and the advantages of joining the Convention on the Common Transit Procedure were detailed. It was established that despite the influence of external and internal factors that are extremely aggressive in nature, such as Russia's military aggression, the consequences of the loss of part of the territories, production potential, the decline of business and foreign economic activity, the irreversible consequences of the post-pandemic recovery, the customs space of Ukraine still has a place for the expansion of the use of digital and information and communication technologies, which has a fundamental influence on the optimization of administrative, social, economic and social processes of the state's development.

Role of social organization engagement in high-risk groups intervention against HIV/AIDS: a case study from 176 cities of China

BackgroundA high-risk prevention strategy is an effective way to fight against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The China AIDS Fund for Non-Governmental Organizations (CAFNGO) was established in 2015 to help social organizations intervene to protect high-risk populations in 176 cities. This study aimed to evaluate the role of social organizations in high-risk population interventions against HIV/AIDS.MethodsThis study was based on the CAFNGO program from 2016 to 2020. The collected data included the number and types of social organizations participating in high-risk group interventions and the amount of funds obtained by these organizations each year. We explored the factors influencing the number of newly diagnosed AIDS cases using a spatial econometric model. Furthermore, we evaluated the effectiveness of intervention activities by comparing the percentages of the individuals who initially tested positive, and the individuals who took the confirmatory test, as well as those who retested positive and underwent the treatment.ResultsOverall, from 2016 to 2020, the number of social organizations involved in interventions to protect HIV/AIDS high-risk populations increased from 441 to 532, and the invested fund increased from $3.98 to $10.58 million. The number of newly diagnosed cases decreased from 9128 to 8546 during the same period. Although the number of cities with overall spatial correlations decreased, the spatial agglomeration effect persisted in the large cities. City-wise, the number of social organizations (direct effect 19.13), the permanent resident population (direct effect 0.12), GDP per capita (direct effect 17.58; indirect effect − 15.38), and passenger turnover volume (direct effect 5.50; indirect effect − 8.64) were the major factors influencing new positive cases confirmed through the testing interventions performed by the social organizations. The initial positive test rates among high-risk populations were below 5.5%, the retesting rates among those who initially tested positive were above 60%, and the treatment rates among diagnosed cases were above 70%.ConclusionsThe spatial effect of social organizations participating in interventions targeting high-risk populations funded by CAFNGO is statistically significant. Nevertheless, despite the achievements of these social organizations in tracking new cases and encouraging treatment, a series of measures should be taken to further optimize the use of CAFNGO. Working data should be updated from social organizations to CAFNGO more frequently by establishing a data monitoring system to help better track newly diagnosed AIDS cases. Multichannel financing should be expanded as well.

METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES OF SOCIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS MANAGEMENT

The article considers socio-labor relations as a complex of economic, social, political, legal, socio-cultural, psychological and administrative methods and norms aimed at the effective inclusion and adequate reproduction of the workforce in the labor process on a market basis. Management of social and labor relations is a complex of relations between employees and employers, formed on the basis of market demand, supply and price of labor. It is noted that managerial activity is one of the oldest manifestations of social relations and social interaction of people. It is directly related to inequality in all its manifestations, which requires certain organizational actions, the implementation of conscious decisions, certain volitional efforts. And this leads to the emergence of an appropriate field for management-subordination relations, that is, the basic relations of managerial activity. It is substantiated that the decisive role in the management of social and labor relations belongs to the state, which guarantees citizens a free choice of types of labor activity, promotes employment and employment of workers in accordance with their education and qualifications, abilities and vocations, as well as the real needs and requirements of employers for the quality of employees and the state of the market labor "Management-subordination" relationships can be manifested in any form: voluntary or forced, desired or forced, internal or external, development of managerial decisions and their implementation in practical activities.
 It is emphasized that there are ongoing disputes among specialists regarding the relationship between the categories of "management", "leadership" and "management". Sometimes they are used as synonyms. The article determines that the current state of the theory and practice of management requires the development of new methodological approaches regarding various aspects of management, social mechanisms for making and implementing management decisions, features of management in various types of social organizations, criteria for the effectiveness of management activities, etc. Specialists pay attention to the diversity and variety of existing management approaches: "pulsating management", "innovative management", "transformative management", "self-management", "anti-crisis management", etc.

Einfache Jäger- und Sammlergesellschaften

This article explores the characteristic features of simple hunter-gatherer societies. It is less interested in the empirical diversity of such foraging groups and their respective peculiarities than in their shared structural characteristics. First and foremost, it focuses on how these societies refrained from systematic stockpiling and on the general equality among their members. The contribution starts by discussing the evolution of simple hunter-gatherer societies but concentrates on reconstructing the entanglement and structural integration of their strategies for subsistence, their social structure, and worldview. It does not aim at presenting new empirical findings, but at developing a structural or rather sociologically elementary description of this type of social organization.

Flexibility in the social structure of male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Budongo Forest, Uganda.

Individuals of social species experience competitive costs and social benefits of group living. Substantial flexibility in humans' social structure and the combination of different types of social structure with fission–fusion dynamics allow us to live in extremely large groups—overcoming some of the costs of group living while capitalizing on the benefits. Non-human species also show a range of social strategies to deal with this trade-off. Chimpanzees are an archetypical fission–fusion species, using dynamic changes in day-to-day association to moderate the costs of within-group competition. Using 4 years of association data from two neighbouring communities of East African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), we describe an unexplored level of flexibility in chimpanzee social structure. We show that males from the larger Waibira community (N = 24–31) exhibited additional structural levels of semi-stable core–periphery society, while males from the smaller Sonso community (N = 10–13) did not. This novel core–periphery pattern adds to previous results describing alternative modular social structure in other large communities of chimpanzees. Our data support the hypothesis that chimpanzees can incorporate a range of strategies in addition to fission–fusion to overcome costs of social living, and that their social structures may be closer to that of modern humans than previously described.

Bite force in the strictly subterranean rodent family of African mole‐rats (Bathyergidae): The role of digging mode, social organization and ecology

AbstractBite force is an ecologically relevant performance trait that has been measured to better understand the adaptations to diet and habitat use. Moreover, bite force is relevant in understanding reproductive success, as well as inter‐ and intraspecific competition.African mole‐rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia) are a unique clade of mammals that use different digging strategies, show different types of social organization and occur in ecologically diverse savanna habitats in sub‐Saharan Africa. Whereas previous studies have suggested these animals have exceptionally high bite forces, the ecological and other proximate and ultimate drivers of variation in bite force in the group remain unstudied.In the present study we measured in vivo bite force of 394 adult specimens from 10 African mole‐rat species including all genera within the family.Our results show that in African mole‐rats digging mode is a major driver of variation in bite force, with chisel‐tooth diggers being stronger biters than scratch diggers. Moreover, species living in habitats characterized by low and irregular precipitation patterns and in soils with a high content of coarse particles have a higher bite force than species occupying habitats with a regular rainfall pattern and fine soil types.This suggests that bite force in bathyergids has evolved in concert with rainfall and soil characteristics of different savanna habitats, which have contributed to the successful radiation of these subterranean mammals across sub‐Saharan Africa.Read the freePlain Language Summaryfor this article on the Journal blog.

Bared-teeth displays in bonobos (Pan paniscus): An assessment of the power asymmetry hypothesis.

Facial expressions are key to navigating social group life. The Power Asymmetry Hypothesis of Motivational Emancipation predicts that the type of social organization shapes the meaning of communicative displays in relation to an individual's dominance rank. The bared-teeth (BT) display represents one of the most widely observed communicative signals across primate species. Studies in macaques indicate that the BT display in despotic species is often performed unidirectionally, from low- to high-ranking individuals (signaling submission), whereas the BT display in egalitarian species is usually produced irrespective of dominance (mainly signaling affiliation and appeasement). Despite its widespread presence, research connecting BT displays to the power asymmetry hypothesis outside the Macaca genus remains scarce. To extend this knowledge, we investigated the production of BT in relation to social dominance in dyadic interactions (N = 11,377 events) of 11 captive bonobos (Pan paniscus). Although adult bonobos were more despotic than previously suggested in the literature, BT displays were produced irrespective of dominance rank. Moreover, while adults produced the BT exclusively during socio-sexual interactions, especially during periods of social tension, immature bonobos produced the BT in a wider number of contexts. As such, the results indicate that the communicative meaning of the BT display is consistent with signaling appeasement, especially in periods of social tension. Moreover, the BT display does not seem to signal social status, supporting the prediction for species with a high degree of social tolerance. These results advance our understanding of the origins of communicative signals and their relation to species' social systems.

Governance Networks, Bureaucracy, and Democracy

AbstractAre bureaucratic and network forms of organization compatible with democracy? Two observations made in the literature inspire this question: Liberal democracies around the world have been challenged by populist authoritarian movements and leaders, and multicentric forms of governance (i.e., governance networks) are utilized increasingly in public policymaking and service delivery in many of these democracies. Based on these observations, we propose that a conceptual investigation of the possible links between three ideal types of democracy (i.e., liberal, deliberative/discursive, and practice-based democracy) and two ideal types of social organization (bureaucracy and governance networks) can help us to better understand the challenges in public policy making and administration in the early 21st century. In doing so, we adopt Max Weber’s conceptual analytical method of using ideal typical abstractions and understanding their historical contexts. With our conceptual analysis, we demonstrate that governance networks may be problematic for liberal and deliberative forms of democracy and are most compatible with practice-based democracy. We propose that a configurational approach should be used in conceptualizing the relations between the ideal types of democracy and social organization.

Study on the Xiangxian Council in Chinese Rural Governance in the Post-poverty Era

At present, Chinese society is in the stage of a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. By 2020, all the existing impoverished counties and people in China will exit the ranks of poverty. As China enters the Post-poverty era, the issue of rural governance will become the key to a sustainable poverty alleviation in rural areas. As a new type of social organization, Xiangxian councils play an important role in rural governance. This research studied the existing problems of the Xiangxian Council in rural governance to promote Xiangxian’s participation and practice in rural governance.