The article presents a theoretical, philosophical solution to a sharply debatable issue, discussed in Russian social and human sciences, about the nature of Russian statehood and about promising ways of further reforming the institutions of Russian government and management. Therefore, attention is drawn to the recent recognition of the long historical existence of two types of social organization of society, one of which is inherent in Western civilization, the other one is inherent in non-Western civilizations. The author considers the ways of theoretical combination of sociological developments about two types of societal organization of society with what has been done recently in modern cultural studies for the description and modeling of the cultural code of a local civilization. In the article, the introduction to the core of the socio-philosophical knowledge of the concepts of two types of society is based on the philosophical and historical analysis from the standpoint of world-system analysis of the development of human society. The article shows why for five centuries, world history did not and could not change the cultural code, the cultural matrix in non-Western civilizations, including in Russia, despite all the efforts of the West. It is also emphasized that such a situation cannot be explained by an appeal only to the low culture and ignorance of the Russian people, it is connected with the action of historical factors. The author, answering this question, analyzes facts of Russian and world history and reveals the latent logic of Russian history.