Types Of Social Behavior Research Articles

The resilience to human foraging of intertidal resources on the south Cape coast of South Africa and the implications for pre-historic foragers

The extent to which modern humans relied upon intertidal resources, and the impact that this food source had on their cognitive and social development, remains contentious. An outstanding question is whether such a resource could have provided a sufficiently reliable and essentially continuous supply of resources to support communities during the Middle Stone Age (MSA). The south Cape coast of South Africa contains abundant evidence dating back to 164 000 years ago (ka) to show that the intertidal zone of this area was highly productive and was intensively used by MSA humans. In this paper we present the results of an experimental approach to answering the question of whether resources could have been sufficiently resilient to support communities similar in size to those of the Middle Stone Age. For a period of 10 months, we monitored the depletion of shellfish in the two dominant types of marine habitat (aeolianite and Table Mountain Sandstone) that occur on the south Cape coast, following intensive harvesting by indigenous foragers every two weeks or every four weeks. We found no evidence of lasting depletion in either type of habitat at either foraging frequency. We also found that replenishment of the foraged areas soon occurred (within two weeks) by repopulation from deeper water rather than by a long-shore movement. The most important prey species in this process was the highly mobile gastropod mollusk Turbo sarmaticus, which made up 81.9% of calorific harvest. Overall, mobile species made up 92.2% of the calorific harvest. Another factor that contributed to the resilience of the system is the nature of the coastline of the south Cape. This is characterised by extended shallow bathymetries of hard substrata that provide “pantries” of mobile invertebrates for restocking depleted intertidal habitats. We argue that the presence of such a reliable, easily procured, and nutritionally beneficial source of food may have played an important role in the development of more complex types of social behaviour than previously existed.

The Role of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Social Behavior in Rodents.

The appropriate display of social behaviors is essential for the well-being, reproductive success and survival of an individual. Deficits in social behavior are associated with impaired N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated neurotransmission. In this review, we describe recent studies using genetically modified mice and pharmacological approaches which link the impaired functioning of the NMDA receptors, especially of the receptor subunits GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B, to abnormal social behavior. This abnormal social behavior is expressed as impaired social interaction and communication, deficits in social memory, deficits in sexual and maternal behavior, as well as abnormal or heightened aggression. We also describe the positive effects of pharmacological stimulation of the NMDA receptors on these social deficits. Indeed, pharmacological stimulation of the glycine-binding site either by direct stimulation or by elevating the synaptic glycine levels represents a promising strategy for the normalization of genetically-induced, pharmacologically-induced or innate deficits in social behavior. We emphasize on the importance of future studies investigating the role of subunit-selective NMDA receptor ligands on different types of social behavior to provide a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, which might support the development of selective tools for the optimized treatment of disorders associated with social deficits.

Social anxiety increases visible anxiety signs during social encounters but does not impair performance

BackgroundPreliminary evidence suggests that impairment of social performance in socially anxious individuals may be specific to selective aspects of performance and be more pronounced in females. This evidence is based primarily on contrasting results from studies using all-male or all-female samples or that differ in type of social behaviour assessed. However, methodological differences (e.g. statistical power, participant population) across these studies means it is difficult to determine whether behavioural or gender-specific effects are genuine or artefactual. The current study examined whether the link between social anxiety and social behaviour was dependent upon gender and the behavioural dimension assessed within the same study under methodologically homogenous conditions.MethodsNinety-three university students (45 males, 48 females) with a mean age of 25.6 years and varying in their level of social anxiety underwent an interaction and a speech task. The speech task involved giving a brief impromptu presentation in front of a small group of three people, while the interaction task involved “getting to know” an opposite-sex confederate. Independent raters assessed social performance on 5 key dimensions from Fydrich’s Social Performance Rating Scale.ResultsRegression analysis revealed a significant moderate association of social anxiety with behavioral discomfort (e.g., fidgeting, trembling) for interaction and speech tasks, but no association with other performance dimensions (e.g., verbal fluency, quality of verbal expression). No sex differences were found.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the impairing effects of social anxiety within the non-clinical range may exacerbate overt behavioral agitation during high demand social challenges but have little impact on other observable aspects of performance quality.

The Role of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Social Behavior in Rodents.

The appropriate display of social behavior is critical for the well-being and survival of an individual. In many psychiatric disorders, including social anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorders, depression and schizophrenia social behavior is severely impaired. Selective targeting of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) has emerged as a novel treatment strategy for these disorders. In this review, we describe some of the behavioral paradigms used to assess different types of social behavior, such as social interaction, social memory, aggressive behavior and sexual behavior. We then focus on the effects of pharmacological modulation of mGluR1-8 on these types of social behavior. Indeed, accumulating evidence indicates beneficial effects of selective ligands of specific mGluRs in ameliorating innate or pharmacologically-induced deficits in social interaction and social memory as well as in reducing aggression in rodents. We emphasize the importance of future studies investigating the role of selective mGluR ligands on different types of social behavior to provide a better understanding of the neural mechanisms involved which, in turn, might promote the development of selective mGluR-targeted tools for the improved treatment of psychiatric disorders associated with social deficits.

Why are empathic children more liked by peers? The mediating roles of prosocial and aggressive behaviors

The present study examined a two mediator model with both prosocial and aggressive behaviors as mediators in the association between child empathy and peer acceptance. A sample of 537 sixth to eighth graders reported items on the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; as the index of empathy). Children's aggressive, prosocial behaviors, and peer acceptance were measured using peer-nominated questionnaires. Results showed that child empathy was positively associated with children's prosocial behavior and peer acceptance, but negatively associated with child aggression. Children's prosocial behavior was positively associated with peer acceptance, whereas their aggressive behavior was negatively associated with peer acceptance. To contribute to the extant literature, we found that children's prosocial and aggressive behaviors could completely mediate the linkage between child empathy and peer acceptance. Moreover, these two types of social behavior play equally important mediating roles. These results suggested that empathic children were more liked in peer group not only due to their more prosocial behavior, but simultaneously due to their lower aggression. In other words, both high prosociality and low aggression were important requisites for peer acceptance.

An Ethnographic and Archaeological Approach to Ritual Practices of Resistance

Resistance practices could be considered one the most enduring types of social behavior in past societies. Through two case-studies, one ethnographic and the other archaeological, these practices are analyzed to assess how, in two very different social environments, resistance is a key feature for a better understanding of social dynamics. Both cases share three main aspects: (1) the resistance was materialized in the social construction of communal places that created a landscape endowed with memory linking societies to their ancestors, (2) transformations characterized by a growing social complexity accentuating resistance through recurrent and elaborate practices in ritual places, and (3) resistance cannot be seen as a static phenomenon.

Behavior Selection of Stakeholders toward Megaproject Social Responsibility: Perspective from Social Action Theory

The importance of social responsibility strategy for the sustainable development of megaprojects has been widely concerned, while types and motivations of social responsibility behavior have also been analyzed and examined in the corporate management literature. However, the typical social responsibility behaviors in megaprojects and the various motivations and factors that influence stakeholders’ selection of social responsibility behavior have not been fully considered and confirmed. In this study, camouflage behavior and collaborative behavior are taken as representative social responsibility behaviors. Based on the social action theory, the impact of relevant influencing factors is empirically examined and stakeholder’s selection of these two behaviors toward megaproject social responsibility (MSR) is explored. Results from the sample data of 127 management staff with megaproject experience from the participating parties revealed that synergistic behavior is driven mainly by relationship quality (RQ), whereas hypocritical behavior is affected by RQ, institutional pressure, and external appeals. In addition, the mutual feedback mechanism significantly improves the RQ of participating parties, which indirectly affects both behaviors. These findings bear implications in realizing the management of social responsibility behavior in megaprojects and guiding the participating parties to coordinate and implement social responsibility.

Prosocial effects of an oxytocin metabolite, but not synthetic oxytocin receptor agonists, in a mouse model of autism

Currently, there are no established pharmaceutical strategies that effectively treat social deficits in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Oxytocin, a neurohormone that plays a role in multiple types of social behaviors, has been proposed as a possible therapeutic against social impairment and other symptoms in ASD. However, from the standpoint of pharmacotherapy, oxytocin has several liabilities as a standard clinical treatment, including rapid metabolism, low brain penetrance, and activity at the vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) receptors. The present studies describe findings from a preclinical screening program to evaluate oxytocin receptor (OXTR) agonists and oxytocin metabolites for potential clinical use as more optimal treatments. We first investigated two synthetic oxytocin analogs, TC-OT-39 and carbetocin, using in vitro cell-based assays for pharmacological characterization and behavioral tests in the BALB/cByJ mouse model of ASD-like social deficits. Although both TC-OT-39 and carbetocin selectively activate the OXTR, neither synthetic agonist had prosocial efficacy in the BALB/cByJ model. We next evaluated two oxytocin metabolites: OT(4–9) and OT(5–9). While OT(5–9) failed to affect social deficits, the metabolite OT(4–9) led to significant social preference in the BALB/cByJ model, in a dose-dependent manner. The increased sociability was observed at both 24 h and 12 days following the end of a subchronic regimen with OT(4–9) (2.0 mg/kg). Overall, these results suggest that the prosocial effects of oxytocin could be mediated by downstream activity of oxytocin metabolites, raising the possibility of new pathways to target for drug discovery relevant to ASD.

Topology of the Structural Social Brain Network in Typical Adults.

Although a large body of research has identified discrete neuroanatomical regions involved in social cognition and behavior (the "social brain"), the existing findings are based largely on studies of specific brain structures defined within the context of particular tasks or for specific types of social behavior. The objective of the current work was to view these regions as nodes of a larger collective network and to quantitatively characterize both the topology of that network and the relative criticality of its many nodes. Large-scale data mining was performed to generate seed regions of the social brain. High-quality diffusion MRI data of typical adults were used to map anatomical networks of the social brain. Network topology and nodal centrality were analyzed using graph theory. The structural social brain network demonstrates a high degree of global functional integration with strong local segregation. Bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal cortices and amygdala play the most central roles in the network. Strong probabilistic evidence supports modular divisions of the social brain into subnetworks bearing good resemblance to functionally classified clusters. The present network-driven approach quantifies the structural topology of the social brain as a whole. This work can serve as a critical benchmark against which to compare (1) developmental change in social brain topology over time (from infancy through adolescence and beyond) and (2) atypical network topologies that may be a sign or symptom of disorder (as in conditions such as autism, Williams syndrome, schizophrenia, and others).

BEHAVIOR REACTIONS CHARACTERISTIC OF THE INDIVIDUALS WITH EGOISTIC AND ALTRUISTIC TYPE OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

Different types of social behavior are characterized by different behavioral reactions. Characteristics of selfish and altruistic social behavior are not clearly confirmed by the data of psychophysiological studies. Therefore, the purpose of the work is to identify the peculiarities of behavioral reactions of individuals with more expressed egoistic and altruistic social behavior, which are based on data of electroencephalographic research. 120 (aged 21±4 years) individuals took part in the study. As a result of complex psychological testing (based on Leary’s test) all subjects were divided into two groups - altruistic and egoistic. Registration of electrical activity was carried out in a model of collective interaction using the Stag Hunt Game and a specially developed model of social behavior Mini-Basketball. The number of elections for egoistic and altruistic stimulus and the reaction time to them were observed in the study. The stimulus "Rabbit" and "Throw" were considered as egoistic; “Stag" and "Pass" - as altruistic in accordance with the test methods. As a result, the frequency of choosing the type of stimuli corresponds to the social orientation of the individuals. The reaction time increases with the choice of the type of stimulus, which does not coincide with the type of social orientation of the subject.

Evolution of Schooling Behavior in Fish

Evolution of schooling behavior in fish is discussed. For the first time, schooling was formed in early Teleostei ca 200–220 Ma years BP. There are no strict data on the presence of this form of social behavior in older Craniata. It is supposed that the evolutionary path of schooling followed from asociality to protoschools and then to true equipotential schools. The schooling behavior might disappear and appear again repeatedly and independently in different groups of teleosteans. Formation of schooling depended on Teleostei’s mode of life, first of all, on distribution to the pelagial, and it did not strictly depend on the evolutionary age or phylogenetic relationships of taxonomic groups or particular species. Schooling might be transformed into other types of social behavior. The scheme of evolution of the schooling behavior is suggested.

Social play among black and gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) immatures during intergroup encounters.

We studied intergroup social play (IGSP) among immatures in wild black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northeastern Argentina. IGSP events are one form of affiliative interaction that can occur during intergroup encounters. The main goal of this study was to analyze IGSP in A. caraya immatures and assess how intrinsic (e.g., age and sex) and extrinsic (e.g., seasonality) factors can influence the development of this type of social behavior. We followed 12 groups between 2008 and 2015 and recorded 182 encounters and 61 events of IGSP. Considering the composition of play partners, most IGSP events occurred among juveniles of both sexes (33%), followed by juveniles that were only-male (31%), and finally between mixed-sex juveniles and infants (20%) interactions. Additionally, most IGSP events occurred mainly in summer (56%), followed by spring (29%), with fewer events occurring in autumn (15%) and no IGSP events recorded in winter. Our results suggest that IGSP constitutes a beneficial activity in wild A. caraya that promotes behavioral flexibility, where immatures acquire social skills, such as tolerance, by interacting with unknown individuals. Moreover, the higher participation of young males in IGSP is consistent with the fact that adult black and gold howler males tend to be more actively involved in group encounters than females, supporting the hypothesis that social play provides benefits in the development of motor and social skills. Finally, seasonality in the frequencies of IGSP might be related to availability of foods with high and easily mobilized energy content in summer and spring.

Associations between glucocorticoids and sociality across a continuum of vertebrate social behavior.

The causes and consequences of individual differences in animal behavior and stress physiology are increasingly studied in wild animals, yet the possibility that stress physiology underlies individual variation in social behavior has received less attention. In this review, we bring together these study areas and focus on understanding how the activity of the vertebrate neuroendocrine stress axis (HPA‐axis) may underlie individual differences in social behavior in wild animals. We first describe a continuum of vertebrate social behaviors spanning from initial social tendencies (proactive behavior) to social behavior occurring in reproductive contexts (parental care, sexual pair‐bonding) and lastly to social behavior occurring in nonreproductive contexts (nonsexual bonding, group‐level cooperation). We then perform a qualitative review of existing literature to address the correlative and causal association between measures of HPA‐axis activity (glucocorticoid levels or GCs) and each of these types of social behavior. As expected, elevated HPA‐axis activity can inhibit social behavior associated with initial social tendencies (approaching conspecifics) and reproduction. However, elevated HPA‐axis activity may also enhance more elaborate social behavior outside of reproductive contexts, such as alloparental care behavior. In addition, the effect of GCs on social behavior can depend upon the sociality of the stressor (cause of increase in GCs) and the severity of stress (extent of increase in GCs). Our review shows that the while the associations between stress responses and sociality are diverse, the role of HPA‐axis activity behind social behavior may shift toward more facilitating and less inhibiting in more social species, providing insight into how stress physiology and social systems may co‐evolve.

Electric activity of the human brain in individuals with different egoism-altruism level

The formation of a human personality and the peculiarities of its social behavior are influenced by both biological characteristics and psychophysiological data. Therefore, in order to determine the prevailing socio-type of personality, it is necessary to take into account all aspects and features that may affect individual-psychological characteristics. In addition, neuromarkers that indicate altruistic and selfish social behavior will show the effective use of neurotrainings for their correction and explain the mechanisms of social adaptation.The aim of the research: to find differences in brain activity of individuals with different social type by registration of their electric activity.Methods: psychological testing method, event-related synchronization/desynchronization method.Results: Individuals with selfish type of social behavior chose selfish stimulus more often than individuals with altruistic type of social behavior. Individuals with selfish type of social behavior show higher indexes of spectrum power in alfa- and betha-range. Desynchronization reaction is typical for individuals with altruistic social behavior; synchronization reaction is typical for selfish-directed individuals. Synchronization in central and parietal areas in selfish-directed individuals is mostly shown as a reaction to altruistic stimulus; altruistic-directed individuals showed synchronization reaction to the altruistic stimulus in these areas.Conclusions: EEG data in alpha-range suggest that mechanisms of attention are involved for longer time period in the individuals with altruistic social behavior type. The reaction to the opposite type of stimulus is characterized by the same behavioral effects, however, has different electroencephalographic characteristics. The results show the different nature of the subjective reaction to stimuli, which is opposite to the sociotype of the individuals. However, a more detailed analysis indicates a different neurophysiological and subjective component of these reactions

URBAN STUDIES: UNIVERSAL INTERDISCIPLINARY STRATEGIES

The article deals with the specifics of the urban studies teaching in an interdisciplinary field. The authors present two teaching strategies that are universal in their interdisciplinary coverage: the method of mental maps and the concept of the revitalisation of urban locations in terms of theoretical comprehension and practical implementation. Students receive a task typical for a case method: to map the city on the basis of their experiences and preferences and comment on the results. The authors have found out that this process shows not only the urban visual representation, but reflects the existential level of each participant, his/her mental, spiritual, and bodily potential. The authors determine such leading intentions in mastering the city as consumerism (43%), soulfulness (21%), aestheticism (15%), co-creation (13%) and existential closeness (8%). Each type of social behaviour has a wide range of determinants that can be a subject to analysis of a number of disciplines in the sphere of humanities. The stage of perception and practice of the process of revitalisation represents a logical transition from analytical studies to social interaction, which is able to unite participants of urban studies in co-creation in real time. With this in mind, authors claim that some students develop their outlook and communication in the framework of the “creative class” in the “creative city”. Since the method of mental maps and revitalisation exceed the traditional content of these approaches, the article proposes to introduce the term SENSITIVE MAP, reflecting the development of the city on the basis of the “sense of the city” and the meaning of the city residents’ life values.

YOUTH IN THE DISCOURSE OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES: REGIONAL ASPECT

Developments of the recent decades have radically changed the conditions of life of all social strata and groups of the Russian society. Under these conditions, the sustainable development of the society and the economy is largely dependent on the course of alternation of human generations – the process leading to the emergence of new actors in the socio-cultural environment, those who optimally perceive the modern values and painlessly become their bearers, transforming the world in accordance with them and playing the role of mediators in the formation of a new series of value determinants. The authors refer to the experience of a youth cohort study. They summarize the information on the scientific schools existing in this area of scientific thought in the Western countries as well as the findings of Soviet and Russian research projects. The study focuses on the research experience of the Vologda Research Center of RAS. Based on this experience, the article defines the circle of problems of the youth cohort in the field of health, employment after graduating from colleges / universities, social and political activity. The research findings are based on the data of a cycle of empirical studies carried out since 1997. The authors assume that young people are the social group whose characteristics directly determine the future development of the country, and that due to the unsettled social stereotypes, it is the group of people, whose quality features can adjusted according to the desired type of social behavior. The study puts forth the hypothesis, according to which the growth of investment in youth policy, systematic work on the formation of the necessary qualities of youth, bringing up its civil and political participation, involvement in productive activities would significantly improve the quality of its human potential and enhance the economic and social returns to the society. The article focuses on the following features in the youth environment: 1) heredity of techniques that are often tied to the realization of mercantile (consumer) interests and ignoring civic activity; 2) discrepancy of life and educational trajectories with professional choice; 3) positive dynamics of the quality of labor potential of young people with a stable decrease in the quality of their intellectual potential; 3) the instrumentalization of relations to a number of important spheres of life (health, education, labor). The authors also discuss some of the potential opportunities to expand the methodological apparatus of the regional studies of youth.

The limited prosocial effects of meditation: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Many individuals believe that meditation has the capacity to not only alleviate mental-illness but to improve prosociality. This article systematically reviewed and meta-analysed the effects of meditation interventions on prosociality in randomized controlled trials of healthy adults. Five types of social behaviours were identified: compassion, empathy, aggression, connectedness and prejudice. Although we found a moderate increase in prosociality following meditation, further analysis indicated that this effect was qualified by two factors: type of prosociality and methodological quality. Meditation interventions had an effect on compassion and empathy, but not on aggression, connectedness or prejudice. We further found that compassion levels only increased under two conditions: when the teacher in the meditation intervention was a co-author in the published study; and when the study employed a passive (waiting list) control group but not an active one. Contrary to popular beliefs that meditation will lead to prosocial changes, the results of this meta-analysis showed that the effects of meditation on prosociality were qualified by the type of prosociality and methodological quality of the study. We conclude by highlighting a number of biases and theoretical problems that need addressing to improve quality of research in this area.

A typical social attention behaviors and its underlying neural mechanism in individuals with autism spectrum disorder

The ability to coordinate attention to events or objects between interactive social partners, referred to as social attention, is of great significance for adaptive social behaviors and nonverbal communications in our daily life, helping us to infer other person’s inner state (e.g., intentions, goals) and learn about where important events (e.g., food, danger) occur in the environment. In recent years, many studies have demonstrated that social cues (e.g., eye gaze, head orientation and walking direction of biological motion) can trigger reflexive attentional orienting effects using adapted central cueing paradigm originally designed by Posner. However, not all of us are equally adept at directing attention to where others are focusing on, and this ability is strongly impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a highly genetic neurodevelopmental disorder marked by striking social deficits and repetitive behaviors. Here we systematically reviewed recent work on abnormal social attention behaviors and its underlying neural mechanisms in ASD. We first expatiated a typical social attention behaviors indexed by covert and overt attention in ASD. It has been documented that ASD individuals tend to show reduced reflexive orienting effect manifesting itself in both covert attention and overt eye movement compared to typically developing individuals (TD). Yet some controversies concerning the malfunction of social attention in ASD remain to be resolved, based on some evidence demonstrating comparable orienting effect between ASD and TD group. Then we summarized the development course of social attention in ASD. Crucially, atypical orienting to eye gaze is more likely to be observed in younger children but not older children or adults with ASD. It is reasonable to postulate that ASD individuals may acquire this ability through overlearning the association between social cues and targets in everyday life as they grow older. Furthermore, we discussed the neural basis of abnormal social attention behaviors in ASD. Using a combination of psychophysical paradigms and neuroimaging techniques, researchers have reported atypical neural activities in superior temporal gyrus and prefrontal cortex under the supraliminal condition as well as abnormal activation in amygdala under the subliminal condition in the brain of ASD. Moreover, the ASD group showed much less difference in activation of frontoparietal attention networks between social and nonsocial attention task than the TD group, implying disruptive social attention in ASD. Finally, several perspectives on further investigations were put forward given the controversies and insufficient evidence concerning the malfunction of social attention in ASD. Future studies should employ multiple types of social cues (e.g., eye gaze and walking direction of biological motion) in conjunction with more ecological paradigms to investigate conscious and non-conscious social attention behaviors from a developmental approach. More importantly, more neuroimaging studies are needed to explore the functional connections among several key cortical regions and subcortical regions underlying atypical social attention behaviors in ASD. Such efforts will help to facilitate the early diagnosis and intervention of ASD.

Parameter-robustness analysis for a biochemical oscillator model describing the social-behaviour transition phase of myxobacteria.

We develop a tool based on bifurcation analysis for parameter-robustness analysis for a class of oscillators and, in particular, examine a biochemical oscillator that describes the transition phase between social behaviours of myxobacteria. Myxobacteria are a particular group of soil bacteria that have two dogmatically different types of social behaviour: when food is abundant they live fairly isolated forming swarms, but when food is scarce, they aggregate into a multicellular organism. In the transition between the two types of behaviours, spatial wave patterns are produced, which is generally believed to be regulated by a certain biochemical clock that controls the direction of myxobacteria's motion. We provide a detailed analysis of such a clock and show that, for the proposed model, there exists some interval in parameter space where the behaviour is robust, i.e. the system behaves similarly for all parameter values. In more mathematical terms, we show the existence and convergence of trajectories to a limit cycle, and provide estimates of the parameter under which such a behaviour occurs. In addition, we show that the reported convergence result is robust, in the sense that any small change in the parameters leads to the same qualitative behaviour of the solution.

A belső-somogyi homokvidék égerlápjainak cönológiai vizsgálata (Carici elongatae-Alnetum glutinosae W. Koch 1926)

The studied alder swamps are situated in SW Hungary on aeolian sand. Its canopy is dominated by Alnus glutinosa. Statistics of flora elements, life forms, phytosociological characters and social behaviour types are given. The surveyed stands are characterised by following specialists: Carex elongata, Hottonia palustris, Thelypteris palustris, Dryopteris carthusiana, D. dilatata, D. cristata, Urtica kioviensis, Ludwigia palustris, Leucobryum glaucum, Sphagnum palustre.