Type Of Silo Research Articles

Static analysis of semi‐underground double‐storey squat silo

AbstractThe semi‐underground double‐storey squat silo (SUDSSS) is a new type of silo with the advantages of preserving grain quality. In this paper, a numerical model of SUDSSS was constructed using solid elements. The proposed numerical model was validated by test results of an experimental underground silo, and the results demonstrated that: (1) Before and after backfilling, the radial and circumferential stress of the underground storey reached their maximum at 2/3 from the bottom and 2/3 from the ground surface, respectively; (2) As the height of grain storage increases, the silo wall stress in the overground storey increases. From the top of the underground storey up to 1/4 height of the overground storey, the stress of silo wall increases. (3) For the underground storey, the maximum stress occurs at 1/3 of the way from the apex of bottom cone.Practical applicationsThe semi‐underground double‐storey squat silo is a new grain storage device proposed by this paper, which consists of two layers. The lower layer is located in the ground and can utilize the shallow ground temperature to realize the green and low‐temperature storage of grain, the upper layer is conducive to the turnover of grain, which can ensure the quality of grain storage. The new silo has the advantages of saving land, energy saving and carbon reduction. Based on the silo, this paper investigates the stress–strain properties of the silo before and after soil backfilling during the construction stage, and obtains the change pattern of the static mechanical properties of the silo. This paper analyses the mechanical properties of semi‐underground double‐storey squat silo under different storage conditions at the grain storage stage, and studies the change patterns of the mechanical properties of the silo body under different storage heights.

Effects of small-scale silo types and additives on silage fermentation and bacterial community of high moisture alfalfa on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Alfalfa is cultivated throughout the world, but its preservation remains challenging to small farms in cold climates. This study aimed to investigate the effects of small-scale silo types and additives on the silage quality of high moisture alfalfa on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Alfalfa with moisture of about 80% was ensiled in small farm bucket silos (FBS) or wrapped bale silos (WBS) at ambient temperature (5–15 °C) for 180 days. At ensiling, forage was treated without any additive (CK) or with a chemical additive (SB; a mixture of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and sodium nitrite) or a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant (PBB; a mixture of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium brevis and Pediococcus pentosaceus). Among the CK silages, higher (P < 0.05) acetic acid levels, bacterial diversity indices and relative abundance of L. plantarum were found in WBS vs FBS. Overall, silage treated with SB had the highest crude protein (CP) content, the lowest amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents and dry matter (DM) loss. Compared with CK, treatments with SB and PBB increased (P < 0.05) lactic acid content and decreased (P < 0.05) final pH value and butyric acid content of silage. In addition, treatment with PBB reduced (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Lactilactobacillus sakei and increased (P < 0.05) the similarity of silage samples from different silos. There was negligible difference in fermentation quality of silage occurred between the types of silos. However, small WBS tended to increase the relative abundance of L. plantarum for more desirable silage fermentation. Application of additives at ensiling enhanced the preservation of silage nutrients with low DM loss. Based on the above results, small WBS were recommended for producing high-quality alfalfa silage on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Evaluation of the type of silo associated or not with additives on the nutritional value, aerobic stability, and microbiology of pearl millet silage.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the silo type with the use or not of additives on chemical composition, in vitro gas production, fermentative losses, aerobic stability, fermentative profile, and microbial population of the pearl millet silage. We used a randomized block design in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme, with two types of silos (plastic bags and PVC silos) and three additives ([CON] without additive; 50 g of ground corn [GC], and Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici, with five replicates per treatment. We evaluated the chemical analyses, in vitro gas production, losses, aerobic stability, pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, and microbial population of the silages. The use of GC in the ensiling process improved the chemical composition of the silages. The additives and the type of silo did not affect (p > 0.05) the gas production kinetics, ammoniacal nitrogen, and population of lactic acid bacteria and fungi. Thus, the use of ground corn improved the nutritional value of the pearl millet silage. In turn, the inoculant provided better aerobic stability for the pearl millet silage. The plastic bag silos without vacuum were not efficient in the ensiling process like the PVC silos, which resulted in low-quality silage.

A parabola-shaped free-fall arch in silos with centric and eccentric outlets

In this paper we report experimental results on the geometric characteristics of free-fall arch (FFA) inside two types of silos with outlets at different locations. A parabola-shaped FFA structure is discovered in the exit hole located close to the vertical wall of the silo. By comparing the height and width of FFA and the vector velocity of particles on the arch in the two types of silos, the direct reason for the larger mass discharge rate in the eccentric silo is revealed. In addition, we found that the vertical velocity of particles on FFA is positively correlated with the mass discharge rate. This highlights a surprising and unrecognized fact that the traditional calculation of mass discharge rate cannot ignore the velocity of particles on FFA, especially when the mass discharge rate is high. Measurement results of free-fall arch in silos. • A parabola-shaped FFA is observed in eccentric silo. • The maximum height of FFA in eccentric silo is higher. • The height and width of FFA in eccentric silo were positively correlated with MDR. • The vertical velocity of beads on arch increases with the increase of outlet size.

Reconsidering silos

While organisational silos are often viewed as an obstacle to overcome, this paper argues that they are a necessary feature of the workplace environment and should instead be approached in a manner that maximises their potential. This case study describes an approach used by three specialised areas at an academic library — cataloguing and metadata services, digital collections and digital preservation — to retrospectively manage the technical debt incurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the sudden shift to remote work, library workers developed an action plan to continue an in-process migration with minimal disruption; however, this necessary action significantly exacerbated an already complex file storage system. Although retrospective management of technical debt can be complicated by the management needs of multiple stakeholders, staff members in several areas of specialisation approached the project by identifying needs related to the subcategories of a digital object entity — the intellectual entity, representation entity, file entity and bitstream entity — and developed high-level solutions to meet these needs. This approach exposed three types of silos (context, schemas and processes) and related communication challenges, which can complicate cross-team collaboration. Yet by reconsidering organisational silos as interconnected units of specialisation, staff members successfully applied specialised knowledge, advocated for their management needs and collaborated to resolve the technical debt.

Features of structures and calculation of steel spiral-fold silos

The advantages of metal silos in comparison with reinforced concrete are given. Types of silos depending on a wall design are considered. The construction of steel spiral-fold silos and the method of forming a cylindrical body are considered. The general design of a spiral-fold silo is illustrated. Features of the folding lock, its geometry and location are described. The specifics of the construction of spiral-fold silo, which affects their stress-strain state, are analyzed. Listed two calculation schemes of silо depending on the complexity of input information for the computer. The standard documents which regulates the design of steel silo tanks on the territory of Ukraine are analyzed. The main loads and influences which are accepted at calculation of silos are listed. The basic formula of check of the general durability of a wall of a silo is resulted, the components of the formula are decrypted. The algorithm for calculating the spiral-folded silage is given.

Machine learning in agriculture: from silos to marketplaces.

The increasing global population combined with climate change present a major challenge for agriculture. Most crops have been bred to perform in specific environments, and with the time required to produce new varieties, it is unlikely that breeders will be able to adapt varieties to the changing climate (Abberton et al., 2016). There is an urgent need to develop new approaches to accelerate the production of high performing resilient crop varieties. Crop breeding has seen many changes in recent decades, from the application of molecular markers, through to genetically modified, and more recently, genome edited crops (Scheben et al., 2017). However, these approaches are often limited by our lack of understanding of the genomic basis for complex traits, even with the deluge of data being generated by new genome sequencing and phenomics technologies. New approaches are required to translate this explosion of data into improved crop varieties.

Using molecular microbial ecology to define differential responses to the inoculation of barley silage

Previously, we investigated the impact of a mixed Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus casei inoculant on fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage over two years in 2009 and 2010. In 2009, a classical response to inoculation was obtained with an increase in acetic acid concentration of silage ensiled in both mini- and bag silos. In 2010, this classical response was not observed in mini-silos but was observed in bag silos. The objective of this study was to determine if molecular microbial ecology could explain the differential responses to the inoculation of barley silage between the two years. The Illumina MiSeq sequencing results showed that inoculation increased Lactobacillus and lowered Pediococcus, Weissella, and Leuconostoc in both types of silos in 2009. However, a similar trend was not observed in mini-silos, but was instead observed in bag silos in 2010. Inoculation did not alter the core fungal community in either silo type in either year. Cladosporium, Leptosphaeria, and Cryptococcus were abundant in fresh forage, but were superseded by Pichia and Kazachstania after ensiling. Our results suggest that changes in silage chemistry corresponded to differences observed in microbial ecology. Inoculation may have less impact when using more mature crops with shorter ensiling times.

Calidad del ensilaje de avena forrajera (Avena sativaL.) conservado en tres diferentes tipos de silos artesanales

This research work was carried out in the “Uywa Illa” cattle ranch of the Huancollo Community of the Tiahuanacu Municipality,with the objective of evaluating the conservation in three types of silos (trench, heap and bag) on the quality ofoat silage (Avena sativa L.) at 90 days of conservation. The response variables were: organoleptic characteristics, chemicalcomposition, and nutrient conservation efficiency. The organoleptic analysis indicates 96% good quality silage fortrench, bag and 85% silos in heap type silo, while 4% was considered poor quality silage in trench, bag and 15% silos forheap type silo. For analysis of chemical composition data and nutrient conservation efficiency, the completely randomizeddesign was used. The analysis of variance (ANVA) for the content of crude protein, calcium, phosphorus, metabolizableenergy and lactic acid, was not significant, the conservation efficiency of crude protein and metabolizable energy theANVA was not significant.

The Status and Experiences of LILW Disposal Facility Construction

This paper presents the status and experiences of Low and Intermediate-level radioactive Waste(LILW) disposal facility in Korea. The LILW disposal facility of 800,000 drums (200 L/drum) is being constructed in the site of KORAD's LILW Disposal Center(206 m2, Gyeongju-si). The first stage of the LILW facility construction was completed in June 2014, and approved for use by Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC) in December 2014. The first stage of the LILW facility is a type of underground silo with disposal capacity of 35,200 m3 (100,000 drums). The second stage of the LILW facility is under construction to be completed by December 2020. Site construction is currently underway. The second stage of the LILW facility is a type of near-surface disposal with disposal capacity of 32,875 m3 (125,000 drums)

Laboratory silo type and inoculation effects on nutritional composition, fermentation, and bacterial and fungal communities of oat silage

The objectives were to evaluate (1) the use of 2 types of experimental silos (S) to characterize whole-crop oat (Avena sativa L.) silage with or without addition of an inoculant (I), and (2) the effect of inoculation on the microbial community structure of oats ensiled using only plastic bucket silos (BKT). From each of 6 sections in a field, oats were harvested, treated (INO) or not (CON) with inoculant, packed into 19-L BKT or vacuum bags (BG), and ensiled for 217 d. The inoculant added contained Lactobacillus buchneri and Pediococcus pentosaceus (4 × 105 and 1 × 105 cfu/g of fresh oats, respectively). The experimental design was a complete randomized design replicated 6 times. Treatment design was the factorial combination of 2 S × 2 I. Some differences existed between BG versus BKT at silo opening (217 d), including a decreased CP (7.73 vs. 7.04 ± 0.247% of DM) and ethanol (1.93 vs. 1.55 ± 0.155) and increased lactic acid (4.28 vs. 3.65 ± 0.241), respectively. Also, WSC and mold counts were reduced in BG versus BKT for CON (1.78 vs. 2.70 ± 0.162% of DM and 0.8 vs. 2.82 ± 0.409 log cfu/fresh g) but not for INO (∼1.53 and 1.55), respectively. Application of INO increased DM recovery (96.1 vs. 92.9 ± 0.63%), aerobic stability (565 vs. 133 ± 29.2 h), acetic acid (2.38 vs. 1.22 ± 0.116% of DM), and reduced NDF (65.0 vs. 67.0 ± 0.57), ADF (36.7 vs. 38.1 ± 0.60), ethanol (0.63 vs. 2.85 ± 0.155), and yeast counts (1.10 vs. 4.13 ± 0.484 log cfu/fresh g) in INO versus CON, respectively. At d 0, no differences were found for S and I on the nutritional composition and background microbial counts. Leuconostocaceae (82.9 ± 4.27%) and Enterobacteriaceae (15.2 ± 3.52) were the predominant bacterial families and unidentified sequences were predominant for fungi. A higher relative abundance of the Davidiellaceae fungal family (34.3 vs. 19.6 ± 4.47) was observed in INO versus CON. At opening (217 d), INO had a lower relative abundance of Leuconostocaceae (42.3 vs. 95.8 ± 4.64) and higher Lactobacillaceae (57.4 vs. 3.9 ± 4.65) versus CON. Despite several differences were found between BKT and BG, both techniques can be comparable for characterizing effects of INO on the most basic measures used in silage evaluation. The use of inoculant improved oat silage quality partially by a shift in the bacterial community composition during ensiling, which mainly consisted of an increased relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae and reduction of Leuconostocaceae relative to CON.

The right approach how to design the conditioning system of a sugar silo

In the light of the constantly growing requirements regarding efficiency, work safety and increasing capacities the design of silos and its conditioning systems demands for customer-specific and experience-based approach. After production fresh sugar has a residual water content which can lead to agglomerations during storage. This affects the product quality, discharge and transport from the silo and endangers staff who has to remove cakings manually. Therefore it is necessary to prepare and distribute the air constantly at optimal conditions. Time of conditioning, air quantity and humidity are the parameters to be determined simultaneously based on the type of silo, residual water content of stored sugar, size of sugar crystals, product feed-in rate and environmental conditions [1]. In the design the amount of water to be removed, air distribution in the sugar bed and temperature are considered. Depending on weather conditions the supplied air is mixed with fresh, dried, cooled or heated air to meet the needed conditions and to enable an energy-efficient operation of the plant.

SciCrunch: A Cooperative And Collaborative Data, Information, And Resource Discovery Portal For Scientific Communities

SciCrunch: A Cooperative And Collaborative Data, Information, And Resource Discovery Portal For Scientific Communities

Evaluation of sugarcane laboratory ensiling and analysis techniques

The objective was to evaluate the effects of laboratory-silo type and method of silage extract production, respectively, on sugarcane silage fermentation and recovery of fermentation products. Sugarcane was mechanically harvested and ensiled in three different types of laboratory silos (five replicates): 9.7 × 30 cm PVC tubes with tight lids, equipped or unequipped with Bunsen valves, and 20 L plastic buckets with tight lids and Bunsen valves. Three methods were used to produce silage extracts for pH, ethanol, acetic and lactic acids determination: extraction of silage juice by a hydraulic press and production of water extracts using a stomacher or a blender. Total dry matter loss (231 g/kg DM) was not affected by silo type. No interactions between silo type and method of silage extract production were observed for ethanol and organic acids contents in the silages. Interaction between silo type and method of silage extract preparation was detected for pH. Silo type affected ethanol content but did not affect lactic and acetic acids concentration in the silages. Dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and ash were not affected by silo type. The method used to produce silage extracts affected the recovery of all fermentation products analyzed in the silages. Recovery of ethanol and acetic acid was higher when silage extracts were produced using a blender. For lactic acid recovery, the hydraulic press method was superior to the other two methods. Silage fermentation pattern is not affected by silo type, but the method used to produce silage extracts and some characteristics of silos affect the recovery of volatile fermentation products.

Study on the practices of silage production and utilization on Brazilian dairy farms

Dairy farmers across Brazil were invited to participate in a study on silage production and utilization practices. Two hundred sixty farmers filled out a questionnaire, which was made available on a website. The questionnaire consisted of 14 questions, including information about the characteristics of the herd (n=3), the crop(s) used in the ensiling process, the use of additives, the harvest (n=3), the type of silo (n=1), aspects related to sealing (n=2), and management practices applied during feed-out (n=3). Farmers were also asked a final question about the main barriers they faced when producing and using silage. The main dairy-producing regions of Brazil had a strong influence on the number of participants. The profiles of farmers were heterogeneous and divided into 5 groups, which was considered a positive attribute of the study, allowing better analysis and assessment of current circumstances. Corn was the most widely grown crop for silage. Sorghum, tropical grasses, and sugarcane were the other species most cited. Additives were used by a small number of farmers (27.7%). Approximately 40% of farmers still depended on loaned equipment or outsourced services. The pull-type forage harvester was the main piece of equipment used on dairy farms (90.4%). Only 54.6% of respondents answered that they sharpen their harvester knives daily. Horizontal silos (bunker and stack) were the structures most commonly used to store silage. Most farmers sealed silos with double-sided plastic film (black-on-white) and with soil. However, almost one-fifth of all farmers still use black plastic. Manual removal of silage from the silos was practiced at most farms (i.e., the lack of equipment was also reflected in the stage of silage utilization). Disposal of spoiled silage before inclusion in the livestock feed was not a common practice on the farms. The main barriers encountered on the farms were lack of equipment, lack of manpower, and climatic variations. The results of this research may guide researchers, industries, extension workers, and governments to seek efficiency in milk production on farms using silage in the diet of livestock throughout the year or during part of the year in Brazil.

Nonlinear Analysis and Construction Method of a Silo Dome with Grain

Combined with the project which a grain silo need be transformed, a new type of silo is put forward. The silo system consists of supporting columns, the silo body and latticed shell roof structure. In view of the force is different between silo shell roof and conventional roof, and silo shell roof prones to buckling failure. The linear and nonlinear buckling analysis was carried out for latticed shell with a diameter of 20m, the results show that the buckling loads obtained by linear buckling analysis is greater than that obtained by nonlinear buckling analysis, and nonlinear analysis is more secure for structures. Through the comparison the rationality and stability of reticulated shell design are verified, finally construction measures of this system are given, and these can provide references for design and construction of similar engineering.

SciCrunch: A cooperative and collaborative data and resource discovery platform for scientific communities

SciCrunch was designed to break down the traditional types of portal silos created by different communities and to enable re-use of annotations and curation efforts across different biomedical domains. The SciCrunch platform (SciCrunch.org) can enable a research community to easily develop their own community-specific resource portal to provide access to resources, such as databases, materials, and tools, relevant to their research area. Communities can select existing resources to include in their portal and also add new resources through the data ingestion pipeline. The SciCrunch platform uses a set of ontologies to enable data integration and semantic expansion of user queries to enhance search results across these disparate resources. Data within a portal can be accessed via the portal Web interface or programmatically via Web services. The SciCrunch platform provides data used in the Resource Identification Portal, the NIDDK Information Network, the Neuroscience Information Framework, the NCBO Resource Index, and the Monarch Initiative. Keywords— semantic web; neuroscience; diabetes; genotype; phenotype; resource identification

Farklı Standartlara Göre Silo Cidarı Üzerindeki Gerilme Değişimlerinin ANSYS ile İncelenmesi

In this study, the optimal dimensions of the silo were investigated for barrel-type cylinder, conical outlet, steel construction silo which used in Tombul hazelnut storage in the Giresun province conditions. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ve 20 mm wall thickness for 1635 tons storage capacity silo were examined in the study. For this purpose, pressure loads acting on the silo wall surface (vertical, horizontal, friction traction pressure load) using Eurocode 1 and Australian standards were calculated for different wall thicknesses at filling and discharge conditions. This calculated pressure loads by entering in ANSYS finite element software program, stresses which occurring in different directions on the surface of wall was determined. In the study, it was determined that 10, 11 and 12 mm wall thickness were not reliable in terms of stresses caused vertical pressure load in the filling conditions. The optimum silo dimensions will not lead to any structural problem are emerging as the silo which has 13 mm wall thickness when considering storage capacity and the maximum von Mises stresses. This silo with barrel-type cylinder and conical outlet shows the most appropriate features in terms of engineering in Tombul hazelnut storage. At the result of the analysis according to Australian standard (AS 3774) of proposed this type of silo was observed to be reliable (in terms of pressure loads acting on the surface of the silo wall).

Engineering investigation of hydrogen storage in the form of a clathrate hydrate: Conceptual designs of underground hydrate-storage silos

This paper describes the conceptual designs of a facility for storing, in the form of a clathrate hydrate, hydrogen produced in an industrial complex area. We recently reported the first engineering investigation of hydrate-based hydrogen storage, focusing on the conceptual design of hydrate production plants applicable for the large-scale stationary storage in urban or industrial complex areas (Nakayama et al., Energy Fuels 2010;24:2576−2588). This paper complements the previous study by presenting conceptual designs of underground hydrate-storage silos each to be coupled to a hydrate production plant. Several different types of underground silos each having a 35,000 m3 capacity were planned and designed on a construction-engineering basis, which included (a) a tunnel-type silo consisting of several levels radially arranged around an access shaft, (b) a tunnel-type silo consisting of several levels that branch off from a single access level connected to an access shaft, and (c) a vertically-oriented cylindrical tank-type silo. For each type of silo, we have specified the hydrate loading and unloading equipment as well as the cooling system, and have estimated the construction cost.

Estudo comparativo de diferentes tipos de silos sobre a composição bromatológica e perfil fermentativo da silagem de milho

A commercial bunker silo and three types of experimental silos were used for determination of chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of corn silage (27.3% DM and 8.4% CP) ensiled in two different densities (400 or 600kg of silage/m3): 1) commercial bunker silo sampled at 0, 50 and 100 cm from the top; 2) plastic silo with bulsen valve; 3) plastic bag; and 4) concrete pipe. Dry matter and CP concentration showed larger variation among different levels in the commercial silos and were intermediate in the experimental ones. This indicated that water and nutrients translocation were greater in the commercial than in the experimental silos. Experimental silos well represented the commercial ones concerning cell wall, starch, water-soluble carbohydrates and IVDDM. In commercial bunker silo, pH value was low in the middle extract and higher on the top. Silage obtained from the middle extract presented greater values of NH3-N and lactic acid concentrations, while silage obtained from deep extract had higher acetic acid concentrations. Fermentation (pH, concentration of ethanol, acetic, propionic, butyric, lactic and ammoniacal N) in the experimental silos was similar to the commercial silos. Variation in fermentation in different extracts of commercial silos was greater than in different types of experimental silos