Salmonella Types Research Articles

Preliminary report of a new system for typing Salmonella typhimurium in the United States.

A new system is described for the bacteriophage typing of Salmonella typhimurium cultures isolated in the United States. The system is based upon one phage adapted to different S. typhimurium strains.

Outbreak of Food-poisoning Caused by Salmonella Virchow in Spit-roasted Chicken

Salmonella virchow food-poisoning acquired from eating chicken caused illness in at least 50 people who attended a tennis club function in Liverpool, and in many other people in the Merseyside area. In some cases the illness was severe, with positive blood cultures, and 35 people were admitted to hospital.The source of infection was a retail shop which received deep-frozen chickens already contaminated with S. virchow from a packing-station in Cheshire. These chickens were spit-roasted after inadequate thawing and subsequently handled under unhygienic conditions. The result was a massive build-up of salmonella contamination in the shop and in the chicken portions sold.S. virchow was isolated from over 160 patients and contacts in the Merseyside area during the outbreak and many continued to excrete the organism in the faeces after four months. Antibiotic treatment was not recomended because there was no evidence that it shortened the duration of excretion.A high rate of contamination of chickens from a packing-station by a salmonella type capable of causing serious disease in man is clearly a public health problem which cannot be ignored.The use of rotary spits for roasting chickens requires thorough investigation and appraisal, because as operated at present they evidently constitute a public health hazard.

A bacteiological assessment of meat, offal and other possible sources of human enteric infections in a Bantu township.

Summary1. From the Municipal abattoir, specimens of liver, spleen, lymph node, surface meat, bile and faeces from a sheep and a bovine, were examined fortnightly for 14 months for the presence of possible pathogenic bacteria. The results suggest that slaughtering procedures are satisfactory.2. Offal, consisting mainly of tripe and intestine, is eaten in large quantities by the Bantu population and is both nutritious and economical. The high incidence of salmonella isolations in the tripe (48%) and intestines (29%), and faecalE. coliandCl. welchii, show that this commodity is distributed in an inadequately cleansed condition.3. FaecalE. coliwas isolated from 86% of samples of sour milk collected from street pedlars.4. Dog faeces collected from the township pavements yielded 21% salmonellas, and faeces from fowls sold live by shopkeepers 14%.5. From the offal specimens,S. typhimurium(23%) andS. london(18%) were the salmonella types most frequently isolated.S. dublinwas isolated on only one occasion.6. Throughout the survey no shigellas were isolated.7. The significance of theCl. welchii, coagulase positiveStaphylococcus aureusandB. cereusisolations from the various specimens tested is not known.8. It is emphasized that although there is a definite need for improved treatment of the offal before distribution to the consumer, the resulting increase in cost must not be such as to deprive the population of this important source of protein.We wish to thank the Director of this Institute, Professor J. H. S. Gear, for permission to publish this paper, Dr P. J. Meara, Director of the City of Johannesburg Abattoir and Livestock Market Department for facilities granted, and Mr C. J. Franklin for collecting all the abattoir specimens. Our thanks are also due to Dr A. Smith, Medical Officer of Health, and Dr I. H. F. Spencer of the Johannesburg City Health Department for help and advice; to Mr A. J. MacG. Bryce for collecting all the specimens from the Soweto township; to Mrs Leonie Jonk for typing the salmonella organisms and Mr R. G. Robinson for investigating the micro-organisms' sensitivity to antibiotics.

The Penetration Patterns of Salmonella typhimurium through the Outer Structures of Chicken Eggs

Salmonellosis is one of the most frequently encountered eggborne bacterial diseases infecting poultry and is an expanding economic problem of concern to both commercial hatcherymen and poultry producers. Infection of young chicks and poults may, under field conditions, result in high mortality as well as poor finishing quality of dressed birds. The hatchability of eggs infected with salmonellae may be drastically lowered (19). Food products containing raw eggs as well as poultry meats have been cited as sources of the organisms causing salmonellosis in man (13,27,37). Worldwide, Salmonella typhimurium is the predominant serotype in both man and domestic animals, including poultry. Fecal carriers of single or multiple salmonella types are common in apparently healthy immature and adult poultry flocks (43). The close confinement of large numbers of adult birds results in easy transmission of the infection, establ'ishing a fluctuating carrier status in infected flocks. Poultry feeds are known to constitute one source of the organisms (5,9) and there exist many other natural sources including all species of wild and domestic animals. Contamination and penetration of the shell of fresh and incubating hatching eggs constitutes a link of primary importance in the transmission cycle of these infections to young birds. In fact, the major source of salmonella infection of egg contents is shell contamination resulting from fecal contact (16). Hinshaw and McNeil (22) found that 81 % of S. typhimurium carrier turkeys yielded the organisms from the intestines. Salmonella organisms are shed into the feed and water, contaminating litter and nests, and are frequently deposited in a moist

Ampicillin in the Treatment of Salmonella Carriers

CARRIERS of salmonellae are a major source of endemic and epidemic spread of Salmonella infections in this country. Although the number of S typhosa carriers is probably decreasing with the decrease in new cases of typhoid fever, the number of carriers of other types of salmonellae is apparently on the increase. Before the advent of antibiotics, cholecystectomy was the only successful means of eradicating the carrier state.1 This left a wide field open for the antibiotics, and many attempts have been made to eradicate the carrier state with them. Before attempting to judge their effectiveness, one must first define the carrier state. A number of studies have shown that most adult patients with infections caused by S typhosa 2 and other salmonellae 3-5 lose these microorganisms during the first three months after the acute illness. After this period only a few carriers become noncarriers, and after one year the carrier

A NEW ENRICHMENT MEDIUM FOR SALMONELLAE.

A new enrichment medium for the isolation of salmonella types from faeces is described.The inhibitory substances for coliform organisms and enterococci in this medium are magnesium chloride and sodium hydrogen selenite.The new medium was found in routine diagnostic work to be superior to the Mueller–Kauffmann medium in the isolation ofSalmonella typhiand only a little inferior in the isolation of other salmonella types.When used in addition to the standard media the new medium increases the number of positive results.I am indebted to Dr Jadranka Zajc-Satler for the identification of the salmonella types isolated and to Mrs I. Mamilovič, Miss P. Ferbežar, and Mrs D. Zavodnik for technical assistance.

Salmonellae and shigellae in a group of periurban South African Bantu school children.

1. Faeces from apparently healthy Bantu school children of a periurban district of Johannesburg were examined eight times at regular intervals over a period of 1 year.2. Of 75 children, 29·3 % experienced at least one salmonella infection and 2·7 % one shigella infection. It is suggested that over a year nearly all children will have one, and many of them several, infections with these pathogens. The infections occurred at a low rate throughout the year.3. In most cases the infections were asymptomatic. A few of the children showed evidence of being salmonella carriers of long standing.4. Eighteen different salmonella types were recovered. Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi B and S. paratyphi C were absent. The organisms were highly resistant to penicillin, erythromycin and novobiocin and a few strains were also resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline.5. The drinking water was of poor quality and may well be implicated in the transmission of the infections.Our thanks are due to the Director of this Institute, Dr J. H. S. Gear, for permission to publish this paper; to Mr R. G. Robinson for assessing the microorganisms'sensitivity to antibiotics; and to the South African Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, for a grant enabling us to meet the transport expenses.

Comparison of the Felix and Callow system of phage typing of Salmonella paratyphi B with the natural system used in the Netherlands. Results of members of the first subcommittee on paratyphi B of I.C.E.P.T.

Comparison of the Felix and Callow system of phage typing of Salmonella paratyphi B with the natural system used in the Netherlands. Results of members of the first subcommittee on paratyphi B of I.C.E.P.T.

A NEW SALMONELLA TYPE

Acta Pathologica Microbiologica ScandinavicaVolume 46, Issue 1 p. 72-72 A NEW SALMONELLA TYPE Salmonella goeteborg (9,12: c: 1,5) K. Alin, K. Alin THE STATE BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, STOCKHOLM AND THE BATERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY SAHLGRESN'S HOSPITAL GOTHENBURGSearch for more papers by this authorV. Heilborn, V. Heilborn THE STATE BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, STOCKHOLM AND THE BATERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY SAHLGRESN'S HOSPITAL GOTHENBURGSearch for more papers by this authorN.-O. Heinertz, N.-O. Heinertz THE STATE BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, STOCKHOLM AND THE BATERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY SAHLGRESN'S HOSPITAL GOTHENBURGSearch for more papers by this author K. Alin, K. Alin THE STATE BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, STOCKHOLM AND THE BATERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY SAHLGRESN'S HOSPITAL GOTHENBURGSearch for more papers by this authorV. Heilborn, V. Heilborn THE STATE BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, STOCKHOLM AND THE BATERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY SAHLGRESN'S HOSPITAL GOTHENBURGSearch for more papers by this authorN.-O. Heinertz, N.-O. Heinertz THE STATE BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, STOCKHOLM AND THE BATERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY SAHLGRESN'S HOSPITAL GOTHENBURGSearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1959 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1959.tb00317.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume46, Issue1September 1959Pages 72-72 RelatedInformation

Salmonellosis in Northern Ireland, with special reference to pigs and Salmonella contaminated pig meal.

1. Salmonella incidents in Northern Ireland from 1951–58 are compared with the published findings in England and Wales.2. Caecal swabs from 489 pigs killed in two bacon factories showed a salmonella isolation rate of 2%.3. Salmonella organisms were isolated from twenty-three out of 100 samples of caecal faeces and from only six of 100 caecal swabs taken from the same animals. Three per cent of meat samples from these pigs and 70% of sausage samples from this meat contained Salmonellae.4. Rectal swabs from 162 pigs on five farms producing infected pigs showed Salmonellae in 9% of those examined.5. Twenty-four per cent of pig-meal samples taken on these farms contained Salmonellae, and the same salmonella types were found in the meal at the mill and in fish meal and bone meal before mixing.6. It is probable that some salmonella types pass from feedingstuffs through pigs to human food and cause human infections.We should like to express our thanks to Dr Joan Taylor of the Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Colindale, for typing many of the Salmonellae; to Mr J. Stuart of the Veterinary Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Ireland, for help in sampling at an abattoir and on the farms; to the staff of the Northern Ireland Hospitals Authority, Central Laboratory, for technical assistance; to Mr J. Patton and Dr D. Luke for much help and advice at many stages of this inquiry; to Miss A. McCann for the secretarial work; to the Northern Ireland Hospitals Authority for a grant towards the expenses in 1958; and to our colleagues in the Local Authorities, General Practice, on the farms and in the factories who were always most helpful and co-operative.

Clinical manifestations of salmonellosis in man; an evaluation of 7779 human infections identified at the New York Salmonella Center.

THE correlation of the numerous salmonella types with the clinical data on the infections that they cause is as important to the clinician as it is to the epidemiologist. The knowledge that certain types produce a particular clinical syndrome (typhoidal, septicemic, focal, gastroenteric or carrier condition) more frequently than other types will help the clinician in his diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. The correlation of certain salmonella types with particular outbreaks will aid the epidemiologist in breaking chains of transmission and in preventing further spread. There is a wealth of literature on the clinical aspects of infections with Salmonella typhi and . . .

Salmonellosis in Massachusetts; a sixteen-year experience.

DURING the sixteen-year period from 1940 through 1955, the Diagnostic Laboratory of the Massachusetts Department of Public Health cultured for bacterial enteric pathogens 144,538 specimens consisting of stools, bloods, urines, pus, exudates and related material. The New York Salmonella Center at the Beth Israel Hospital typed 2625 cultures, or most of the salmonellas other than Salmonella typhi (not including repeat specimens) that have been isolated by the Diagnostic Laboratory during this period.By means of questionnaires answered by numerous health officers and their assistants, as well as physicians and nurses, the bare records of the salmonella types reported have been . . .

A NEW SALMONELLA TYPE (S. UPPSALA)

APMISVolume 40, Issue 1 p. 39-39 Article A NEW SALMONELLA TYPE (S. UPPSALA) V. Heilborn, V. HeilbornSearch for more papers by this authorG. Laurell, G. LaurellSearch for more papers by this author V. Heilborn, V. HeilbornSearch for more papers by this authorG. Laurell, G. LaurellSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1957 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.1957.tb00005.x FROM THE STATE BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, STOCKHOLM AND THE INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE AND BACTERIOLOGY, UPPSALA AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume40, Issue1January 1957Pages 39-39 RelatedInformation

Phage typing of Salmonella paratyphi B; an arrangement of phage types based on the study of lysogenicity.

1. A natural system of phage types ofSalm. paratyphi B has been described. 2. Each group comprises a number of different phage types arranged according to the presence in the strains of the three natural phages I, IV and VI. 3. The phage types belonging to each of the groups so far postulated have two characteristics in common: (a) all give identical lytic reactions (group reactions) to those typing phages that are specific adaptations of phage 1 ofFelix andCallow, and to bacteriophages found in mixed cultures; (b) all elaborate identical phages when grown in mixed cultures with strains belonging to one of the other phage types of a different group. 4. The subdivision of groups into types is based on the lytic reactions to phage preparations representing the natural phages I, IVa, IVb and VI (type reactions). The first three of these phages correspond, respectively, to the typing phages 3b, Taunton and Beccles of theFelix andCallow scheme. 5. The possibilities of extending the natural system and of its practical application are indicated. 6. The bearing of these findings on the problem of the nature of bacteriophage is discussed.

The isolation of Salmonella organisms from fresh fish sold in a Colombo fish market.

Of 629 fresh fish (sixty-five species) and forty-two samples of fish-washings obtained from a fish-market in Colombo, and investigated bacteriologically for the presence of Salmonella, thirty-nine fish (twenty-four species) and five samples of washings were found to be harbouring the organisms.Of fifteen salmonella types found, all except Salm. chittagong and Salm. oranienberg had been previously isolated from human and animal sources in Ceylon.The presence of Salmonella in the intestines of fresh fish examined suggested that the organisms had entered the live fish, whilst their isolation from the gills and fish-washings was evidence that the fish could have been contaminated post-mortem.The significance of these findings in relation to hazard to health is discussed.

The occurrence of Salmonella types in Australia. 11. Types found among 3,340 strains.

Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical ScienceVolume 34, Issue 5 p. 369-376 Original Article THE OCCURRENCE OF SALMONELLA TYPES IN AUSTRALIA 11. TYPES FOUND AMONG 3,340 STRAINS† Nancy Atkinson, Nancy Atkinson Department of Bacteriology, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this author Nancy Atkinson, Nancy Atkinson Department of Bacteriology, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 1956 https://doi.org/10.1038/icb.1956.45Citations: 4 † This work was assisted by a grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume34, Issue5October 1956Pages 369-376 Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Society for Immunology RelatedInformation

The occurrence of Salmonella types in Australia. X.

Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical ScienceVolume 31, Issue 5 p. 465-471 Original Article THE OCCURRENCE OF SALMONELLA TYPES IN AUSTRALIA†. 10. Nancy Atkinson, Nancy Atkinson Department of Bacteriology, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this authorMary C Carter, Mary C Carter Department of Bacteriology, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this authorJocelyn M Wollaston, Jocelyn M Wollaston Department of Bacteriology, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this authorMargaret Wall, Margaret Wall Department of Bacteriology, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this author Nancy Atkinson, Nancy Atkinson Department of Bacteriology, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this authorMary C Carter, Mary C Carter Department of Bacteriology, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this authorJocelyn M Wollaston, Jocelyn M Wollaston Department of Bacteriology, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this authorMargaret Wall, Margaret Wall Department of Bacteriology, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 October 1953 https://doi.org/10.1038/icb.1953.50Citations: 9 † This work was assisted by a grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume31, Issue5October 1953Pages 465-471 Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Society for Immunology RelatedInformation

A new salmonella type (S. usumbura) from the Belgian Congo.

Acta Pathologica Microbiologica ScandinavicaVolume 33, Issue 1 p. 112-112 A NEW SALMONELLA TYPE (S. USUMBURA) FROM THE BELGIAN CONGO F. Kauffmann, F. Kauffmann Staten Seruminstitute, copenhagen,(chief:J.øskov, M.D.) and the Laboratoire Medical Astrida,(chief:A.fain, M.D.)Search for more papers by this authorA. Fain, A. Fain Staten Seruminstitute, copenhagen,(chief:J.øskov, M.D.) and the Laboratoire Medical Astrida,(chief:A.fain, M.D.)Search for more papers by this author F. Kauffmann, F. Kauffmann Staten Seruminstitute, copenhagen,(chief:J.øskov, M.D.) and the Laboratoire Medical Astrida,(chief:A.fain, M.D.)Search for more papers by this authorA. Fain, A. Fain Staten Seruminstitute, copenhagen,(chief:J.øskov, M.D.) and the Laboratoire Medical Astrida,(chief:A.fain, M.D.)Search for more papers by this author First published: September 1953 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1953.tb04807.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume33, Issue1September 1953Pages 112-112 RelatedInformation

Epidemic Salmonella newport infection in a metropolitan area.

SALMONELLA infection in Massachusetts occurs both sporadically and in epidemic form.1 By and large, most clinical cases are brought to light as a result of cultural studies on patients with gastrointestinal or enteric symptoms. When organisms recovered from patients or carriers are classified according to the Kauffmann–White schema, a large variety of salmonella types is demonstrated.2 , 3 However, under ordinary circumstances certain types appear more frequently than others. In Massachusetts, for example, Salmonella typhimurium and S. newport together accounted for 57.5 per cent of all sporadic cases in a study covering seven years.1 S. typhimurium and S. newport, although somewhat . . .

STUDIES ON THE IMMUNITY OF EXPERIMENTAL TYPHOID

Effects of the immunization with killed vaccines against the infection of mice with a virulent strain of S. enteritidis have been studied, special attention being given to analysing the infection into two categories, the large inoculum infection and the small inoculum infection.Prolongation in the survival time of animals, which indicates the protection against the primary septicemia caused by the large inoculum, was clearly demonstrated by the active immunization with killed vaccines prepared from culture types of salmonella which possess O antigens common to the challenge strain. Effects of the passive immunization against the large inoculum infection was observed in a similar result as in the active one, but to a lesser degree even though the pooled serum of immunized mice were used as the immunizing agent.The active immunization with a large amount of killed vaccines against the small inoculum infection (the typhoid and the secondary septicemia) was found somewhat effective, but there was no correlation between the effectiveness and the presence of O antibodies in the serum of immunized mice or of O antigens in culture strains used as the vaccine. No production of O antibodies for the challenge strain was noted at an early stage of the infection in the serum of mice immunized with a heterologous vaccine.All of T. T. T. (Hosoya), chrome vaccine (Ando), water-in-oil vaccine (Freund), and alum-vaccine showed no better immunizing effect against the small or large inoculum infections than the heat-killed vaccine.The seemingly “non-specific” immunity observed in the small inoculum infection was noted, though to a far lower degree, even in the large inoculum infection.Possibilities of the elucidation about this problem, taking the results of the past investigations with live vaccines into consideration, or in the connection with the immunity in other host-parasite systems, are discussed.