Reflection Type Research Articles

The optimal energy-efficient design of user-specific RIS-aided uplink communication system

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) has the potential to be an important technology for the sixth-generation (6G) communications in future. Especially, RIS can improve communication performance by extending coverage or improving the conditions for signal propagation. Most of the current work mainly focused on the reflective type RIS. In contrast, the recent emergence of user-specific reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (US-RIS) is a transmissive type. Unlike reflective RIS, which is typically deployed near the base station, US-RIS is deployed on the user side and is capable of adjusting the phase of the user’s signal. In this paper, our research focuses on energy-efficient in the context of quality of service requirements. For this purpose, we formulate a joint optimization problem. As the optimization problem is non-convex, we separate and treat these variables in several sub-problems. The sub-problems are solved separately for the variables by alternating updates, either using closed-form solutions or using the semidefinite relaxation (SDR) method. In addition, it is clear from the simulation results that US-RIS is able to improve the energy efficiency of the communication system. Furthermore, the increased number of US-RIS elements can also improve the energy efficiency of the communication system.

The Employment of EFL English Teachers’ Reflective Teaching: Types and Tools for Assessing Oneself

Reflecting on the teaching and learning process has been carried out as an important way of assessing oneself to improve teachers’ competence and professionalism. During blended learning in EFL classroom context, the results of the reflective teaching should be informative for teachers to know their teaching quality as well as to understand the students’ need and expectation in their learning. Thus, various reflective teaching strategies have been employed to enhance teachers’ reflective practice. This descriptive study is aimed to analyze the reflective teaching types and the strategies employed by the EFL English teachers in reflecting on their teaching. 17 secondary experienced English teachers were involved as the participants. Questionnaire and unstructured interview guide were administered to gather the data and the results were analyzed descriptively. The findings show that the English teachers tended to do reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action. They implemented various reflective teaching strategies such as students’ feedback, workshop or seminar, video recording, reflective journal writing, study-group, and class walk-through observation. Among those strategies, class walk-through observation done by the school supervisor was considered to be the least effective strategy. Portfolio, action-research, survey/questionnaire, and peer-observation were never conducted due to certain reasons. However, the discussion about the implementation of those reflective teaching strategies was limited in term of data collection in this study. Thus, several suggestions in relation to the limitation of the data findings are provided in this study.

Research on the characteristics of fluid escape near the seabed in Bohai Bay

AbstractSeabed fluid flow happens due to the complex interactionamong the accumulation, migration and escape of hydrocarbon and/or fluids. As shallow gas accumulations are anomalously developed in Bohai Bay, studying fluid flow features provides insights for understanding environment fluid in the Bohai Sea. Therefore, in our study, we aimed to make practical and effective use of single‐channel seismic reflection data to delineate and interpret subsurface fluid flow features by analysing the variance, sweetness, instantaneous frequency, and root mean square amplitude of seismic attributes. Four types of submarine fluid escape features, including pockmarks, mounds, fluid vents, dimmed or chaotic seafloor reflections, and two shallow fluid migration pathways (gas chimneys and faults) are distinguished on the single‐channel seismic reflection profiles. Gas chimneys are divided into strict columnar and irregular columnar chimneys, fluid migration along faults is critically dependent on the activity of faults. Enhanced reflections and bright spots may be good indicators of lateral fluid migration and accumulation of fluids in porous formations. We propose a shallow fluid flow model in the study area that illustrates the dynamic fluid migration process in terms of possible fluid sources, shallow migration pathways, and submarine fluid escape features.

Формирование профессиональной готовности студентов к организации совместной учебной деятельности младших школьников

<p>The article presents research data on the problem of developing the professionally important competence of primary school teachers to build interaction with students and students among themselves as a joint educational activity. The results of research by scientists from Russia, Kazakhstan, Poland, USA, etc. are analyzed. An overview of approaches to solving the problem of training teachers to organize joint educational activities, to the formation of students’ skills of educational cooperation is given. Special attention is paid to how students master the method of designing lessons. The example of one module shows how this process is organized. Attention is drawn to the importance of organizing the discussion of lessons, two types of reflection are distinguished. As effective methods of working with students, it is proposed to use mini-trainings, practical tasks or exercises. A three-level task is presented as a tool for diagnosing students’ readiness to organize joint educational activities of younger schoolchildren. It is noted that the special work of students on designing lessons using technological maps contributes to the formation of students’ readiness to organize joint activities of younger schoolchildren.</p>

Using reflection in nursing practice to enhance patient care.

The ability to reflect on, and learn from, practice experiences is essential for nurses when seeking to provide effective person-centred care. This article outlines the various types of reflection that nurses can use, such as reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action. It also details some of the main models of reflection and explains how nurses might develop their skills in reflection to enhance the quality of patient care. The article provides examples of cases and reflective activities to demonstrate how nurses can use reflection in their practice.

Research on Interface Design of Interactive Response System App with Different Learning Styles

This paper discusses the interaction between students (humans) and an interaction response system (IRS) app (machine) in the teaching context and explores the interface usability and interactive experience design through the experimental method. The experiment mainly explored the differences in the use of the IRS app by learners with different learning styles. A total of 72 subjects were recruited for the experiment, of which the four learning styles (diverger, assimilator, converger, and accommodator) and the two kinds of information architecture (deep/shallow) are discussed respectively. With operating time performance and use experience as dependent variables, the relationship between variables was explored. The results of this study are as follows: in the learning style factor, subjects of the reflection and observation type responded faster to vibration; in the information architecture factor, with the deep information architecture, it took longer for page switching as more pages needed to be switched, and thus the operation performance was poor. According to the results of the two-stage experiment, the following design suggestions are proposed. It is expected that the research results can contribute to the fields of interactive experience design and teaching technology.

Three types of bidirectional leader development in triggered lightning flashes

Eight cases of bidirectional leader (BL) development in artificially triggered lightning flashes are reported with synchronous high-speed camera images and electric field signals. Based on optical progressing characteristics, the eight cases can be divided into three types: a reflection type, a discontinuity type, and an inducement type. For the reflection type, the tail of a dart leader may begin to extend backward when the leader’s head reaches a branch point, or the top of the exploded triggering wire. For the discontinuity type, the initiation of a bidirectional leader below a decayed attempted leader may occur more than once preceding one return stroke. For the inducement type, the approach of another leader with the same polarity will turn a dart leader into a bidirectional leader. The reflection type and inducement type are first observed here. Two cases of the discontinuity type are observed, and both are multiple-bidirectional leaders observed for the first time. For the reflection type and inducement type, there are fluctuations in the electric field related to the BL development. The dissipation of the downward leader slows down the negative increase of the electric field. Once the BL development starts, the downward negative end of the BL moves towards the ground with the E-field negatively increasing. For the discontinuity type, the close electric field result shows no fluctuations. The BL development has a much longer duration than the other two BL types.

Reflecting on reflection among early childhood teachers: a study of reflection for, in, and on action intersecting with the technical, practical, and critical dimensions

ABSTRACT This study investigated how early childhood teachers might reflect on their teaching-learning process related to the unconventional instructional modalities necessitated by COVID-19 during the 2020–2021 school year. The participants consisted of 15 teachers (ages 24–45 years, M = 32 years) teaching children in preschool to third grade in New Jersey, USA. Data collection involved interviewing each teacher virtually via Zoom for 60–90 minutes (M = 75 minutes). This study analyzed only the data directly related to reflection, leading to 20 most salient ‘Reflective Instances’ (RIs) being identified and subsequently coded according to a 3 (types: reflection-for-action, reflection-in-action, and reflection-on-action) x 3 (dimensions: technical, practical, and critical) framework. The analysis revealed four main findings. First, while there was evidence of all three types of reflection, reflection-on-action was the most prominent. Reflection-on-action was also the only type exhibiting evidence of all three dimensions. Second, the RIs concentrated most predominantly on the practical dimension, which was also the only one occurring in all three types of reflection. Third, the intersection between reflection and dimension revealed that reflection-in-action along the practical dimension was the most salient. Fourth, the teachers’ sociodemographic characteristics did not appear to account for the variations in the patterns of the reflection types and dimensions.

Wavefront Sensing by a Common-Path Interferometer for Wavefront Correction in Phase and Amplitude by a Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator Aiming the Exoplanet Direct Imaging

We implemented the common-path achromatic interfero-coronagraph both for the wavefront sensing and the on-axis image component suppression, aiming for the stellar coronagraphy. A common-path achromatic interfero-coronagraph has its optical scheme based on a nulling rotational-shear interferometer. The angle of rotational shear can be chosen at a small angular extent of about 10 deg. Such a small angular shear maintains the coronagraphic contrast degradation known as the stellar leakage effect, caused by a finite stellar size. We study the phase and amplitude wavefront control by a liquid crystal spatial light modulator of reflection type which is used as the pixilated active adaptive optics unit. Therefore, adaptive optics perform a wavefront-correcting input toward a stellar interfero-coronagraph aiming at the direct exoplanet imaging. Presented here are both the numeric evaluations and the lab experiment stand to prove the declared functionality output.

Топологическая рефлексия медиареальности: от образа к тексту

The article is devoted to the study of media reality. The thesis is postulated that media reality has a special spatial logic of its development. Media reality, according to the views of modern analysts, is located in the space between the text and the image. One of the productive methods of its study is topological reflection. This type of reflection includes the problem of positioning the researcher himself in the text and language. It is concluded that the «iconic turn» of modern mass culture requires its own textual analysis by means of philosophy.

Metasurface assisted wideband multifunctional polarizer

A wideband reflective type metasurface with both functionality cross and circular polarization conversions at different frequencies is presented in this paper. The meta-atom of the designed metasurface consists of six L-shaped metallic patches. A patching arrangement for the meta-atom yielded both polarization conversion ratio (PCR) > 0.9 over the 10.3–15.26 GHz band and axial ratio (AR) < 3 dB over the 8.97–9.75 GHz and 17.51–23.93 GHz bands. More than 30% fractional bandwidth is achieved for both functions. The physical mechanism of linear and circular polarization conversion has been analyzed by the spatial profile of electric and magnetic fields. The prototype of the designed metasurface consisting of 25×25 meta-atoms is fabricated and experimental results are in reasonable agreement with the simulated results. The designed metasurface when integrated with antennas can be extensively applied for diverse microwave applications for polarization manipulation devices.

A meta-theoretical framework for organizing and integrating theory and research on motivation for health-related behavior.

The concept of motivation is broad and multi-faceted. In health psychology, motivation has been conceptualized as cravings, urges, or desires for unhealthy behaviors, such as consumption of alcohol, cigarettes, or calorie-dense foods; or as behavioral intentions or proximal goals for healthy behaviors, such as smoking cessation, physical activity, or condom use. Because of the differences in terminology and associated theoretical underpinnings, it is difficult to characterize the state of the science or integrate research findings on motivation for health-related behavior. The present paper introduces a meta-theoretical Automatic-Reflective Motivation Framework (ARM-F) with the goals of organizing and integrating theory and research on motivation for health-related behaviors. At the first and broadest level, the ARM-F defines general motivation as a wanting or desire to do something. At the second level, it distinguishes between automatic and reflective motivation types, consistent with emerging perspectives in health psychology, historical and contemporary philosophical views on desire, and dual-processing perspectives in psychology. At the third level, the ARM-F preserves the nuanced terminologies and conceptualizations within the automatic (e.g., craving, urge, desire) and reflective (e.g., behavioral intention) motivation categories. The ARM-F has potential utility for organizing and integrating theory and research on motivation for health-related behavior, with implications for future research.

First validation of Earth Reflector Type Index (p) parameter from DSCOVR EPIC VESDR data product using Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network observing sites in Australia

The spectral invariants theory predicts that amount of radiation scattered by a canopy in a given wavelength is a simple function of the leaf albedo and a spectrally invariant parameter p. This study provides the first assessment of p parameter obtained from the Earth Reflector Type Index (ERTI) provided in Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) Vegetation Earth System Data Record (VESDR) product. Our results suggest that ERTI parameter can possibly deliver information about photon recollision probability, albeit with a risk of lower accuracy, even for conditions that differ from the original assumptions in the spectral invariants theory (non-reflecting soil, dense canopies). We verified the expected link between ERTI p parameter in the EPIC VESDR product, foliage clumping, and canopy cover with empirical data. Importantly, this was done with study sites in Australia that included types of forests that are still relatively unexplored with spectral invariants theory. Our findings contribute to understanding product uncertainty and spatial representativeness of the in situ measurements from the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN) SuperSites in Australia.

Spectrum and Light Shift of the Coherent Population Trapping Resonance in Cells with Antirelaxation Wall Coating in Specular and Diffuse Reflection Models

We consider the motion of atoms in a cell free of a buffer gas with an antirelaxation wall coating on the spectrum and shift of the coherent population trapping resonance. We compare two types of reflection of atoms, viz., elastic (specular) and diffuse reflection, when the velocity of an atom after its reflection is determined by the wall temperature, as well by the quality of the antirelaxation wall coating. It is shown that for both types of reflection, a nonmonotonic dependence of the coherent population trapping resonance shift on the cell size is observed. In the case of diffuse reflection, the shift can change sign, and a complex two-hump structure of the coherent population trapping resonance is observed in a certain range of cell lengths. The dependence of the detected effects on the laser radiation spectral width is analyzed.

Analysis of the types of reflection of cross-curricular learning topics in 2015 revised elementary school music textbooks

학교 교육에 대한 국가‧사회의 다양한 요구는 국가 수준의 교육과정을 추구하는 우리나라에서 범교과 학습 주제를 통해 반영된다. 차기 교육과정인 2022 개정 교육과정에서도 10개의 범교과 학습 주제를 각 교과의 내용에 맞게 반영하기를 요구하고 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 음악 교과의 관점에서 초등학교 음악 교과서에 반영된 범교과 학습 주제의 현황과 유형을 분석함으로써 시사점을 도출하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 첫째, 범교과 학습의 개념을 정립하고 우리나라 교육과정에서 범교과 학습 주제가 어떻게 제시되어 있는지 살폈다. 둘째, 초등학교 음악 교과서에 반영된 범교과 학습 주제별 현황을 분석하였다. 셋째, 초등학교 음악 교과서의 범교과 학습 주제의 반영 유형을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 초등학교 음악 교과서의 범교과 학습 주제 반영 현황에서 인성 교육이 가장 많은 비중을 차지하였으며, 경제‧금융 교육은 전혀 반영되어 있지 않았다. 범교과 학습 주제의 반영 유형은 크게 제재곡 반영 유형과 학습활동 반영 유형으로 나눌 수 있었는데, 음악 교과서가 포함하는 다양한 악곡과 학습활동이 다양한 범교과 학습 주제와 조화를 이루어 제시되어 있었다. 향후 음악 교육에서의 범교과 학습 주제의 구현을 위하여서는 범교과 학습 주제의 개념과 범위, 음악 교과 교육의 방향에 적합한 정보가 제공되어야 한다는 점, 주제별로 적합한 제재곡 발굴과 학습활동 개발 등의 후속 연구가 이루어져야 함을 제안하였다.In Korea, which pursues a national-level curriculum, various demands of the country and society for school education are reflected through cross-curricular learning topics. The next curriculum, the 2022 revised curriculum, also requires that 10 cross-curricular learning topics be reflected according to the contents of each subject. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to derive implications by analyzing the current status and types of cross-curricular learning topics reflected in elementary school music textbooks from the perspective of music subjects. To this end, first, the concept of cross-curricular learning was established and how the cross-curricular learning topics were presented in the national curriculum. Second, the current status of each subject of cross-curricular learning reflected in elementary school music textbooks was analyzed. Third, the types of reflection of cross-curricular learning topics in elementary school music textbooks were analyzed. As a result of the study, personality education was the most reflected among the topics of cross-curricular learning in elementary school music textbooks, and economic and financial education was not reflected at all. The types of reflection of cross-curricular learning topics could be largely divided into the type of reflection of sanctioned songs and the type of reflection of learning activities. Through this, various music and learning activities included in music textbooks were presented in harmony with various cross-curricular learning topics. In order to implement cross-curricular learning topics in music education in the future, the concept and scope of cross-curricular learning topics should be presented, information suitable for the direction of music education, and follow-up studies such as finding suitable songs for each topic and developing learning activities should be conducted.

Shape Dependent Conformable Holographic Metasurfaces

AbstractIn this paper, the design, fabrication, and experimental demonstration of conformable holographic metasurfaces are reported. Herein, it is shown that the produced holographic image changes as the metasurface is applied to targets with different shapes. The demonstration is based on a reflective type metasurface, where the reflected polarization is perpendicular to that of the incident light. In addition, how the parameters of the metasurface determine the quality of the images produced and the ability to produce independent images are discussed critically.

A Green Binary Solvent Method to Control Organic Semiconductor Crystallization

AbstractWhile solution‐processed small‐molecular organic semiconductors have been reported with significant research progress, their random crystal orientations and abundant defects at grain boundaries remain as a major obstacle to achieving high performance in organic electronic devices. In this paper, we demonstrate a binary solvent method that comprises a green solvent to manipulate the crystal alignment, morphology and charge transport of organic semiconductors. 6,13‐bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS pentacene) was studied as an example to showcase the enlargement of grain width and millimeter‐scale alignment of organic crystals based on the toluene/n‐amyl acetate binary solvents. At an optimized volume ratio of 3 : 1, the toluene/n‐amyl acetate binary solvent gave rise to a 4‐fold reduction in misorientation angle and approximately 40 % increase in the grain width. UV‐visible spectroscopy confirmed strong H‐aggregations with more favorable intrachain interaction and charge transport in TIPS pentacene. X‐ray diffraction showed enhanced peak intensities in (00 l) type of reflections and improved film crystallinity. Finally, thin film transistors were demonstrated to test the charge transport in the TIPS pentacene organic crystals. This work demonstrates the binary green solvent method can effectively regulate the organic semiconductor crystallization and alignment even in the absence of external alignment techniques such as solution shearing, and thereby sheds light on advancing facile organic electronic applications.

Электромагнитно-индуцированная прозрачность в ячейках конечных размеров с антирелаксационным покрытием стенок

In this paper, we propose an approach that makes it possible to obtain an analytical expression of the spectral dependence of the resonance of electromagnetically induced transparency detected by bichromatic radiation in a cell of finite size in the longitudinal direction of the laser beam. Specular and diffuse reflections of atoms from walls are considered. It was found that a significant difference between these types of reflections takes place only for cells of small longitudinal dimensions compared to the splitting wavelength of the ground state of atoms. A physical explanation is proposed for the difference between the Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering channels of probe radiation in terms of dressed states.

Influence of collisions on the effect of electromagnetic-induced transparency in cells of finite sizes with anti-relaxation coating of walls

Based on the semiclassical theory of the interaction of two-frequency laser radiation with a resonant atomic medium, an analytical expression is obtained that describes the form of resonances of electromagnetically induced transparency detected in a cell with a finite direction in the longitudinal laser beam direction with an anti-relaxation coating of walls, taking into account the motion of atoms and collisions with walls. The following types of reflection from walls are considered: diffuse, specular, and specular-incoherent. It is found that in a number of cases the diffuse type of reflection exhibits the properties of a mirror-incoherent one. It is also shown that the nondegeneracy of the excited state in a number of cases significantly changes the shape of the transparency resonance. Keywords: Electromagnetically induced transparency, Gas cell, anti-relaxation coating, diffuse reflection, specular reflection, specular-incoherent reflection.

Влияние столкновений на характер эффекта электромагнитно-индуцированной прозрачности в ячейках конечных размером с антирелаксационным покрытием стенок

Based on the semiclassical theory of the interaction of two-frequency laser radiation with a resonant atomic medium, an analytical expression is obtained that describes the form of resonances of electromagnetically induced transparency detected in a cell with a finite direction in the longitudinal laser beam direction with an anti-relaxation coating of walls, taking into account the motion of atoms and collisions with walls. The following types of reflection from walls are considered: diffuse, specular, and specular-incoherent. It is found that in a number of cases the diffuse type of reflection exhibits the properties of a mirror-incoherent one. It is also shown that the nondegeneracy of the excited state in a number of cases significantly changes the shape of the transparency resonance.