Types Of PV Modules Research Articles

Performance evaluation and feasibility analysis of 10 kWp PV system for residential buildings in Saudi Arabia

In recent years, Saudi Arabia has begun to introduce a small-scale solar PV system that will significantly impact three key aspects of Saudi Arabia: energy cost, environment, and technology development. This paper aims to evaluate the performance and feasibility of a 10 kWp Photovoltaic system for housing buildings in various locations around Saudi Arabia. The performance of a 10 kWp Photovoltaic plant is first analyzed using Solargis PV Planner software to compare four types of PV modules based on their performance ratio and energy yield. Then, an economic analysis for installing PV systems for residential buildings in eleven main cities in Saudi Arabia is performed using PVsyst software with two electricity tariff scenarios. The simulated results indicate that the a-Si PV technology has the highest energy yield and performance ratio, and all types of PV modules have performance ratios greater than 75%. Furthermore, the results show that Tabuk city is the best location for installing a PV system for residential buildings. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is 0.027 $/kWh, and 330.88 tons of carbon dioxide (tCO2) reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per year. The first scenario has a net present value of $23626.1, while the second scenario has a net present value of $9633.6.

Assessment of solar PV potential and performance of a household system in Durban North, Durban, South Africa

The potential of solar PV is location-dependent that needs to be assessed before installation. This study focuses on the assessment of a solar PV potential of a site on coordinates −29.853762°, 031.00634°, at Glenmore Crescent, Durban North, South Africa. In addition, it evaluates the performance of a 6-kWp installed capacity grid-connected rooftop solar PV system to supply electricity to a household. The results, obtained from PV design and simulation tools—PV*SOL, Solargis prospect, and pvPlanner, were used to analyze and establish the PV system’s economic and technical viability. The configuration of the system is as follows: load profile—a 2-person household with 2-children, energy consumption—3500 kWh, system size—6 kWp, installation type—roof mount, PV module type—c-Si—monocrystalline silicon, efficiency—18.9%, orientation of PV modules -Azimuth 0° and Tilt 30°, inverter 95.9% (Euro efficiency), and no transformer. The results show: meteorological parameters—global horizontal irradiation (GHI) 1659.3 kWh/m2, direct normal irradiation (DNI) 1610.6 kWh/m2, air temperature 20.6 °C; performance parameters—annual PV energy 8639 kWh, Specific annual yield 1403 kWh/kWp, performance ratio (PR) 74.9%, avoided CO2 emissions 5662 kg/year, and solar fraction 42.5%. Others are economic performance parameters—levelised cost of energy (LCOE) 0.1147 USD/kWh, internal rate of return (IRR) 17,671 USD/kWh, and return on investment (ROI) 11%. The results show that the proposed solar PV system under the current conditions is both economically and technically viable for household electrification in Durban North, South Africa.Graphical abstract

Energy/Economic Analysis and Optimization of On-Grid Photovoltaic System Using CPSO Algorithm

Today, the use of renewable energy is increasing day by day, and this development requires the optimization of these technologies in various dimensions. Solar systems have a higher acceptance due to their high availability and accessibility; the most common solar technology is photovoltaic cell. In this research, modeling was done to achieve the most economically optimal arrangement of photovoltaic panels, inverters, and module placement to generate more electrical energy by considering economic parameters, for which the CPSO algorithm was used. Four different combinations of module and inverter were studied in this research, among which the second combination, which included PV module type one and inverter type two, was the best case. One of the significant results of the present study is 191,430 kWh of electrical energy during the studied year by the solar cell connected to the grid, which requires $42,792,727 to produce.

A reinvigorated strategy for the analysis of optimal parameters for modeling of Solar Photovoltaic modules under variable conditions

In today’s world, Solar Photovoltaic energy sources have accredited robustness and reliability in the context of generation, transmission, and distribution of power for the end-users and utility customers. The accurate parameters analysis of Solar PV modules is necessary for the proper assessment, simulation, and optimization of power from Solar PV systems. The main goal of this paper is to apply a suitable approach to identify unspecified parameters of the PV module and at the same time to minimize (%) relative error and computation time to get better-optimized parameters for modeling of PV module. This paper presents a hybrid of a mathematical and iterative approach to analyze the appropriate parameters of the Solar PV model. Here, Root finding algorithms have been applied to extract the optimal unknown parameters of the PV modules by MATLAB programming. These algorithms are demonstrated on three distinct types of PV modules (Thin film, Monocrystalline, and Multicrystalline type) at standard test conditions and nominal operating conditions. These algorithms provide high precision and consume minimal time with ease of implementation. Extraction of parameters and simulation of the model is performed for validation based on datasheets of distinct types of PV modules using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software. The extracted precise parameters give rise to output characteristics of PV modules under variable environmental and electrical conditions. Relative error analysis has been evaluated to distinguish between different techniques applied for parameter extraction of PV modules. The relative error (%) of the proposed techniques for parameters extraction of PV modules varies from −0.5% to ＋0.5%, which shows the supercilious characteristic of the proposed techniques. Future exploration headings concerning the optimization of power from the Solar PV system are suggested.

AN OPTIMUM FINANCING SCHEME FOR BASELOAD THIN-FILM AND MONOCRYSTALLINE PV PLANTS IN INDONESIA

This paper investigates the most optimum financing scheme for medium-scale grid-connected PV plant investments in Indonesia. Eleven (11) financing schemes, composed through the combination of Viability Gap Fund (VGF), international grant, tax incentives, and low loan interest, are studied. The electricity tariff resulted from each financing scheme is analyzed and compared to the applicable feed-in tariff to find the optimum financing scheme. Moreover, this paper also includes two types of PV modules, such as thin-film and monocrystalline. The result shows that the funding combination consists of 50% of capital expenditure (CAPEX) from VGF provided by the Government of Indonesia (GoI), 30% of CAPEX provided by the international grant, and 5% of loan interest results in the optimum financing scheme. The resulting electricity tariffs from this financing scheme are 571.04 IDR/kWh and 761.76 IDR/kWh for thin-film and monocrystalline PV plants, respectively, which is below the lowest existing feed-in tariff (985 IDR/kWh).Keywords: Thin-film PV, Monocrystalline PV, feed-in tariff, economic feasibility, financing schemeJEL Classifications: P41, P43, P49DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11387

Recent Meta-Heuristic Algorithms with a Novel Premature Covergence Method for Determining the Parameters of PV Cells and Modules

Currently, the incorporation of solar panels in many applications is a booming trend, which necessitates accurate simulations and analysis of their performance under different operating conditions for further decision making. In this paper, various optimization algorithms are addressed comprehensively through a comparative study and further discussions for extracting the unknown parameters. Efficient use of the iterations within the optimization process may help meta-heuristic algorithms in accelerating convergence plus attaining better accuracy for the final outcome. In this paper, a method, namely, the premature convergence method (PCM), is proposed to boost the convergence of meta-heuristic algorithms with significant improvement in their accuracies. PCM is based on updating the current position around the best-so-far solution with two-step sizes: the first is based on the distance between two individuals selected randomly from the population to encourage the exploration capability, and the second is based on the distance between the current position and the best-so-far solution to promote exploitation. In addition, PCM uses a weight variable, known also as a controlling factor, as a trade-off between the two-step sizes. The proposed method is integrated with three well-known meta-heuristic algorithms to observe its efficacy for estimating efficiently and effectively the unknown parameters of the single diode model (SDM). In addition, an RTC France Si solar cell, and three PV modules, namely, Photowatt-PWP201, Ultra 85-P, and STM6-40/36, are investigated with the improved algorithms and selected standard approaches to compare their performances in estimating the unknown parameters for those different types of PV cells and modules. The experimental results point out the efficacy of the PCM in accelerating the convergence speed with improved final outcomes.

Fractional order Darwinian particle swarm optimization for parameters identification of solar PV cells and modules

Improved Fractional Order Darwinian Particle Swarm Optimization (FODPSO) has been proposed to identify the parameters of solar PV cells and modules. For this purpose, the traditional PSO algorithm has been adapted and an improved one using the fractional order calculus has been especially designed as well. The proposed FODPSO together with the PSO has been applied in both the single and double diode models to describe the specified PV units for purpose of comparison. To examine the advantages of the proposed FODPSO over conventional PSO, two approaches have been performed; the first approach is implementing the FODPSO and PSO algorithms using input data obtained from previous international publications for different types of PV cells/modules, then comparing the FODPSO algorithm's results to the results of PSO and the other previous optimization techniques that were using the same input data and identical PV cells/modules. The second validation approach is achieved by performing real measurements in outdoor conditions for another two types of PV modules (mono and poly crystalline Silicon) and inserting these measurements' readings as input data to the PSO and FODPSO algorithms. A comparative study has also been done for both algorithms' results. Enhanced results have been achieved using the FODPSO technique.It is worth mentioning that during the development of this work, other efforts have been made with different techniques that may result in similar or even better results, yet this paper is still introducing for the first time the FODPSO technique (as a modified technique of the PSO) as applied on the PV modeling problem, in addition the paper presents the benefits of the proposed FODPSO over the conventional PSO and presents a comparison that shows the superiority of the FODPSO over the conventional PSO.

Aging effects on modelling and operation of a photovoltaic system with hydrogen storage

In this work, the aging effects on modelling and operation of a photovoltaic system with hydrogen storage in terms of energy production decrease and demand for additional hydrogen during 10 years of the system operation was analysed for the entire energy system for the first time. The analyses were performed with the support of experimental data for the renewable energy system composed of photovoltaic modules, fuel cell, electrolysers, hydrogen storage and hydrogen backup.It has been found that the total degradation of the analysed system can be described by the proposed parameter – unit additional hydrogen consumption ratio. The results reveal a 33.2–36.2% increase of the unit fuel requirement from an external source after 10 years in reference to the initial condition. Degradation of the components can, on the other hand, be well described with the unit hydrogen consumption ratio by fuel cell for electricity or the unit electricity consumption ratio by electrolyser for hydrogen production, which has been found to vary for the electrolyser in the range of 4.6–4.9% and for the fuel cell stack in the range of 13.4–15.1% during the 10 years of the system operation. The analyses indicate that this value depends on the load profile and PV module types and the system performance decline is non-linear.

Concise overview of BIPV systems and its future scope

Buildings are considered as a major consumer of electricity. It is said because 40% of the total energy produced is utilized by the buildings. Harnessing the solar energy by means of photovoltaics is seen as sensible option to meet out the buildings demand entirely or partially. Recent trends has seen BIPV systems as a viable option that not only enhances the aesthetics of the building but at the same time meets out the buildings energy demand. Apart from the aesthetics and electricity production, BIPV, which acts as an integral component of the buildings, reduces solar heat gain at the same time allowing daylight to enter into the building. This paper discusses the different cell technologies used in solar BIPV systems, different types of PV modules used for building integration, orientation and tilt angle optimization of panels, performance analysis with different case studies, cooling methods adopted in this technology and the main barriers that slows down the development of this system. Payback periods is also studied and discussed in this paper.

Modified Whale Optimization Algorithm for Solar Cell and PV Module Parameter Identification

The whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is a powerful swarm intelligence method which has been widely used in various fields such as parameter identification of solar cells and PV modules. In order to better balance the exploration and exploitation of WOA, we propose a novel modified WOA (MWOA) in which both the mutation strategy based on Levy flight and a local search mechanism of pattern search are introduced. On the one hand, Levy flight can make the algorithm get rid of the local optimum and avoid stagnation; thus, it is able to prevent the algorithm from losing diversity and to increase the global search capability. On the other hand, pattern search, a direct search method, has not only high convergence rate but also good stability, which can boost the local optimization ability of the WOA. Therefore, the combination of these two mechanisms can greatly improve the capability of WOA to obtain the best solution. In addition, MWOA may be employed to estimate parameters in single diode model (SDM), double diode model (DDM), and PV modules and to identify unknown parameters of two different types of PV modules under diverse light irradiance and temperature conditions. The analytical results demonstrate the validity and the practicality of MWOA for estimating parameters of solar cells and PV modules.

Comparison of different simplistic prediction models for forecasting PV power output: Assessment with experimental measurements

This paper tested the energy outputs of different types of PV modules and evaluated the accuracies of different simplistic PV module power prediction models. A test rig was developed in Hong Kong to assess the PV power outputs of ten PV modules. The solar radiation, ambient temperature and power generation are recorded. The evaluated models include simple efficiency model, temperature correction model and one-diode model. The results show that the mono-Si PV module is the highest in terms of the annual energy outputs per unit area, and a-Si PV modules is the lowest. The simple efficiency model overestimates the power output of all types of PV modules for more than 10% except for a CdTe PV module. The one-diode model demonstrated the highest accuracy for mono-Si and poly-Si PV modules. The accuracies of the evaluated models are low for thin-film PV technologies. Although the mean bias error of the one-diode model is larger than 10% for the thin-film PV modules (expect for one CdTe PV module), the one-diode model has the highest accuracy among the three models. Further studies should be conducted to investigate the energy performance of thin-film PV modules and then improve their prediction accuracy.

Optimal Design and Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Off-Grid Renewable Power System Considering Different Component Scheduling, PV Modules, and Solar Tracking Systems

The concept of introducing hybrid off-grid systems has made electricity accessible to areas that are far or have no access to grid network. This paper evaluates the techno-economic and environmental characteristics of a hybrid renewable energy system considering three different scheduling approaches, four different solar tracking systems, two different PV modules and eight scheduling scenarios to supply sustainable electricity to a rural community in Sierra Leone. Each scenario consists of a solar tracking system, a specific type of PV module and a scheduling approach. The aim is to find the most efficient and cost-effective scenario that meets the electrical demands of the village. Results revealed that the ‘Two axis tracking system’ generated the highest PV power, 28.8% additional power compared to the ‘No tracking system’ confirming the superiority of using a tracking system though it comes with initial cost repercussions. Also, systems that employed the use of Canadiasolar Dymond CS6K-285M-FG PV module tend to be more efficient and cost-effective than those that employed Sharp ND-250QCS PV module even with the same solar tracking technology and scheduling approach. From the best scheduling approach (third scheduling), Scenario 7 (SC#7) gives the lowest net present cost (NPC) of $ \$ $ 1.53M with $ \$ $ 0.173/kWh cost of energy (COE) and CO2 emission of 8.54 kg/yr making it the optimum scenario. A daily operation of the optimum scenario on both a sunny and rainy day confirms that the system is capable of supplying the required electricity for both rainy and dry seasons. Sensitivity analyses explain the high reliance of the system cost on the erratic inflation rate, discount rate and PV derating factor. Maintaining a healthy and sustainable environment depends on the minimum load ratio of both the biogas and diesel generators.

Novel Features Extraction for Fault Detection Using Thermography Characteristics and IV Measurements of CIGS Thin-Film Module

Regarding the fault diagnosis of Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) PV modules, previously published articles focused on employing statistical analysis of thermography images. This approach failed in many cases to distinguish among fault types. This article presents a novel methodology to diagnose and predict faults of thin-film CIGS PV modules using infrared thermography analysis combined with measurements of I-V characteristics. The proposed methodology encompasses a comprehensive site work to capture images that cover many fault types of the PV module under study. The novelty of the technique depends on utilizing processing and analysis of the captured images using new proposed mathematical parameters to extract different faults’ features. Using I-V measurements combined with thermography analysis, the differences between different types of faults are detected. Then, a general classification matrix of CIGS fault detection and diagnosis, using features based on mathematical parameters and IV measurements has been established. Results show that the analysis of the temperature distribution is proved to be insufficient to identify specific modes of different faults. In addition, the proposed procedure for fault detection and classification, which depends on the pattern of faults, can be used for any type of PV module. This results in more reliance on the proposed technique to increase the confidence level of fault detection.

Ecent Advancement on Solar Photovoltaic Energy Generation System Special Reference to Shading Condition- A Review

Design of a Solar PVEnergy Generation to harness the optimum solar energy has been a big challenge among the researcher. It is quite essential to review the latest all the availabletechnique, their advantages and disadvantages, prior to designinga new Solar PV Energy Generation system. In present paper a detail discussion is presented on various maximum power points tracking algorithms employed on Photovoltaic Energy generation system under shading condition. We have covered the various algorithms, PV modelling techniques, PV array configuration, monitoring system etc. up to till date. Impact of shading effect is reported massive on energy supply capacity. Hence, in this paper we have investigated and discussed the various type of PV module at different type of shading level. This paper provides a handy reference to undertake a mass research works on PV system in near future under shading condition

Comparative Analysis of Site-Specific Soiling Losses on PV Power Production

The rapid global expansion of utility-scale solar power parks has led to an increased effort to overcome the challenges related to accumulated soiling on PV panels. So far, little attention has been paid to the differing impacts of various dust types. This article focuses on the decreased transmission of sunlight through the PV cover glass with an increased level of dust layer density. The loss in the PV power production due to soiling is heavily dependent on site-specific climatological and anthropological parameters, such as topography, weather, human activity, and PV module type. Three natural dust samples from solar power plants in Egypt and Jordan were analyzed for structural, chemical, and optical attributes, including transmission measurements. Cement was added to the analysis and compared with the natural dust samples. We show that different reductions in transmission between the different dust types are mostly ascribed to a dissimilar particle size distribution and albedo, where the former is the most crucial determinant. Under equal weather conditions and similar dust layer density on the PV cover glass plates, a lower particle size distribution would result in a more dramatic drop of transmission. Additionally, the darker appearance of the grains increases the absorption of sunlight causing a further loss of light due to soiling. The results show that between the “best” and the “worst” natural panel dust studied in this article, a difference in transmission of 5 % was identified. At equal weather conditions, this directly translates into a similar loss in electricity production.

Parametric Study of Photovoltaic Thermal Solar Collector Using An Improved Parallel Flow

Photovoltaic Thermal Solar Collector (PVT) is a hybrid technology used to produce electricity and heat simultaneously. Current enhancements in PVT are to increase the electrical and thermal efficiencies. Many PVT factors such as type of absorber, thermal conductivity, type of PV module and operating conditions are important parameters that can control the PVT performance. In this paper, an analytical model, using energy balance equations, is studied for PVT with an improved parallel flow absorber. The performance is calculated for a typical sunny weather in Malaysia. It was found that the maximum electrical and thermal efficiencies are 12.9 % and 62.6 %, respectively. The maximum outlet water temperature is 59 oC.

The effect of wind on the temperature distribution of photovoltaic modules

This paper discusses the thermal aspect of two different types of PV modules. The PV modules are categorised into two major groups: Frameless and Framed modules, and designing structure. Apart from the framed structure, thermal behaviour and its implicit effect on the system is also the key factor of the analysis. Two similar classes of modules are relatively examined and thereafter, are compared with differently manufactured (structure-wise) modules. Here, the framed modules, Solarex (pc-Si) and the RWE Schott Solar (pc-Si) are optically similar; whereas the Solar watt (c-Si) and the Duna Solar (a-Si) are frameless modules. A parallel dichotomy is established on the basis of the quality of the modules being used by the energy industry and the thermal response of the modules at the given conditions. The assessment of the PV modules is based upon the angular orientation of wind, thermal diffusivity of surface, thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient, inertial effect of surface, drag force, skin friction, and the thermal behaviour at vicinity of PV surface. The energy equation of the thermal boundary layer over the flat plate is used for thermal profiling of the different PV surfaces. From the experimental measurement, the ambience temperature, surface temperature and wind speed have been determined. The qualitative investigation of geometrically as well as structurally different solar modules is performed with the help of ODE45 application. The flow of air is laminar for all the modules and the drag force varies from 1.45 × 10−5 N to 2.10 × 10−5 N. Friction loss due to wind flow is found to be least for the Solar watt, while the wind orientation of 10° North of East keeps the temperature deviation of the surface from its ambience low for all the modules. The effect of the thermal boundary layer is relatively significant for the Solar watt and the RWE Schott solar modules. Hydrodynamic boundary layer formation has been demarcated from thermal boundary using Blasius and Pohlhausen’s solutions for momentum and energy equations of fluid past a flat surface.

Modeling and quantifying dust accumulation impact on PV module performance

Natural dust accumulation or soiling on the surfaces of PV modules in large-scale PV power plants has a significant effect on the overall performance of these power plants, especially those located in arid areas such Jordan. In this manuscript, the soiling induced effects are quantified and modeled. Experimental setups for three common types of PV modules are utilized to acquire the data used for the models. Projection of the performance and economic impacts on large scale PV plants is carried out to emphasize the necessity to consider the soiling effects during the planning phase. Optimization of PV cleaning schedules for the best return-on-investment, in addition to the importance of determining typical soiling rates for forecasting models in PV power plants under planning is presented as well.

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA SURYA TERHUBUNG DENGAN JARINGAN LISTRIK PLN PADA KANTOR DI BINTARO - JAKARTA SELATAN

This paper discusses the design and construction of a solar powered generation system (PVs) in a 3-storey office building in the Bintaro area. The paper discusses the costs to build PVs, as well as an analysis of the value of investments using RETScreen Expert software. The calculation to get the PVs capacity is based on the area of ​​the roof and the electricity load of the office. This PV system will be integrated with the PLN electricity network in serving electricity loads in offices on each floor. The type of PV module has 305Wp capacity per module. The investment value is simulated with the assumption that battery units are replacemed every 3 years, repayment of the loan for 10 years with an advance of 50%, an interest rate of 5.75% and inflation of 3.28%. From the simulation we also obtained a comparison of investments between replacing the battery units once every 3 years with every 10 years, which became the basis for the decision of the PLTS owner to determine the scheme to be choiced.

Comparative study of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) integrated thermoelectric cooler (TEC) fluid collectors

In this research, photovoltaic thermal integrated thermoelectric cooler (PVT-TEC) collector has been analyzed, considering three different types of PV modules, namely opaque, semitransparent and Aluminium base. The analysis is based on two models namely, thermal model and artificial neural network (ANN) model. The advantage of ANN model is that it does not require several parameters and complex calculations, unlike thermal model. The performance of opaque PVT-TEC collector [Case 1] has been studied by considering air [Case 1a] and water [Case 1b] as working fluids. The overall electrical efficiency and thermal efficiency of [Case 1b] is greater than [Case 1a] by 1.9–2.8% and 20.8–21.8%, respectively. Also, the impact of base cover material of PV module has been discussed by evaluating and comparing the performances of [Case 1b] opaque PVT-TEC water collector, [Case 2] semitransparent PVT-TEC water collector and [Case 3] Aluminium base PVT-TEC water collector. The results demonstrate that the daily overall electrical energy gain, daily rate of thermal energy gain and daily overall exergy gain is the highest for [Case 3] Aluminium base PVT-TEC water collector. Further, the results calculated from thermal model have been compared with ANN model and a fair agreement has been achieved.