Types Of Public-private Partnerships Research Articles

The public-private partnership in medical services market

The article considers the types of public-private partnership in the medical services market. Nowadays, health care is recognized all over the world as one of the most investment attractive platform for development of public-private partnership. The investments of private capital into medical services sector represent global trend conditioned by implementation of innovative treatment methods, technique support of medical clinics, improvement of quality of medical services, formation of new institutional structure in health care. The alterations like that make it necessary to attract financial resources, including at the expense of private investments entry. Thus, in modern economic conditions, issues of considering possibilities of public-private partnership projects in medical services market are actual in Russia.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Public Private Partnership

Since the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs), public-private partnerships have become even more prominent. In simple terms, the Agenda is a plan of action for prosperity that seeks to strengthen universal peace and freedom by eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions. Further, the Agenda requests all stakeholders to act collaboratively in partnership for sustainable development. UN agenda is a plan of action for ‘people, planet, and prosperity.' The 17 Goals cover all crucial policy areas to secure a sustainable future, including education, health, economic development, social protection, environmental protection, and natural resources governance. The 17 goals are operational in 169 targets which need to be reached by 2030 or earlier. The SDGs build on the Millennium Development Goals and aim to complete what these Millennium Development Goals did not achieve. The main difference between the Millennium Development Goals implemented from 2000 till 2015 and the Sustainable Development Goals launched in 2015 is that the former were mainly targeted to governments while the latter attempts to target many different stakeholders including the private sector. Therefore, a shift in approach between the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals is the recognition that policy objectives are best achieved by involving and integrating private actors in the policy process. It must be recognized that Various actors have used Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) for sustainable development as a mechanism of operation during the last three decades. It is viewed as a shift in the public management way of doing business. Even if there are many types of PPP as depicted in the below figure 1, the above move is explained by the shift from ‘public management’ to ‘public governance,' signaling that governments are no longer the only providers of public policy but increasingly engage private actors. (Rosenau, 1995:13)

Road service facilities for improving the ecological state using the PPP mechanism

The relevance of this work is associated with the creation of methodological foundations for the formation of effective organizational forms and ways to improve the quality of road maintenance, the development of conditions that prevent different types of environmental pollution, compliance with environmental protection and environmental safety throughout the length of road transport routes. The study solves the following tasks: analysis of the development of systems and complexes that prevent environmental pollution, the development of road service facilities with the infrastructure for the environmental mode of transport, substantiation of the organizational form and scheme of interaction between the state and private business in the Russian Federation for the implementation of road service facilities, comparison of Russian and international experience in the development of these facilities. The organizational form of construction of road service facilities using the public-private partnership (PPP) mechanism in the Russian Federation is a priority from an economic point of view and effective for the development of facilities that contribute to the improvement and compliance with environmental safety requirements. The most effective type of construction in this industry is modular construction. Combining PPP and modular type of construction is the most priority method of cooperation for private entrepreneurs. The minimum construction time and the availability of the roadside service will accordingly improve the conditions for movement of road users and, thus, the ecological state.

Классификация видов государственно-частного партнерства, используемых в здравоохранении

Классификация видов государственно-частного партнерства, используемых в здравоохранении

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННО-ЧАСТНОЕ ПАРТНЕРСТВО: МИРОВОЙ ОПЫТ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ В РОССИИ

The article examines the nature and world experience of public-private partnership (PPP). The advantages of PPP for the state and for private business, types of contacts and the most popular spheres of application of public-private partnership are considered. The essence of concession is considered as one of the most widespread types of public-private partnership, as well as features of concession contracts. Prospects of application of concession relations in Russia are analyzed. The article analyzes the conditions of occurrence and the main stages of development of partnerships between the state and the private sector. The features of functioning of public-private partnership (PPP) in developed and developing countries are investigated. The world experience of PPP projects implementation is summarized and practical recommendations on the establishment and development of the public-private partnership institute in Russia are presented.

Research Collaborations and Quality in Research: Foes or Friends?

Collaboration is the cornerstone of nowadays research. Successful collaborative research and high research quality go hand in hand. Collaborative research needs to build on common and upfront expectations for the quality of its outputs. This is necessary to enable a trustful research environment where all are committed to contribute and can share the rewards. A governance and leadership are critical for this to happen as well as a policy for openness and for effective data sharing. Collaborative research is often large-scale research: to be successful it needs good research practice as an enabler. Collaborative projects are ideal vehicles to promote high research quality, among other by enabling the delivery of results of high external validity and the development and implementation of standards. Robustness of results increases when confirmed by combining different methods and tools and even more when results are obtained while sharing and learning different approaches and languages of science. When doing collaborative research, there is the best opportunity to combine the different experience and expertise of all partners by design to create a more efficient and effective environment conductive for high-quality research. Using as example the public-private partnership type of projects created by the Innovative Medicines Initiative, the chapter covers the key aspects of the complex relationship between collaborative research and quality of research providing insights on the critical factors for delivering both a successful collaboration in research and robust high-quality research outputs.

Public-private partnerships as systemic agricultural innovation policy instruments – Assessing their contribution to innovation system function dynamics

This paper addresses the question how public-private partnerships function as systemic innovation policy instruments within agricultural innovation systems. Public-private partnerships are a popular government tool to promote innovations. However, the wide ranging nature of PPPs make it difficult to assess their effects beyond the direct impacts they generate for the partners. This paper broadens the discussion on the evaluation of PPPs beyond the organisational and financial benefits of the actors involved, and assesses their contribution to the functioning of the innovation system itself. In this paper, we utilise an innovation system perspective that focusses on how PPPs influence the dynamic interplay of innovation system functions and how these functions form a set of feedback loops that constitute an ‘innovation motor’. We compare the innovation history of four cases that differ in their strategic policy goals, either working on agricultural sustainability, or on the international competitiveness in the Dutch agricultural sector. The results show the strengths and weaknesses of different types of public-private partnerships as systemic instruments and their capability to orchestrate other types of innovation policy instruments.

Transnational accreditation for public schools: IB, PISA and other public–private partnerships

ABSTRACTThis article examines a particular type of public–private partnership (PPP) that is rarely studied in comparative educational policy studies: one in which a government funds privately run international schools. The aim of this PPP is to enrich and thereby improve the regular curriculum or to the quality of education in public schools. As the exponential growth of International Baccalaureate (IB) illustrates, such forms of PPP have increased significantly over the past few years. The authors show that transnational accreditation holds a special appeal for the middle class that is committed to cosmopolitanism, international mobility, and global citizenship. However, international standards schools such as IB are not alone with advancing a transnational accreditation of their educational programmes. Symbolically, Programme in International Student Assessment also provides a transnational accreditation, albeit not on individual education programmes but rather on entire educational systems. The article examines the reasons for the popularity of this type of PPP, analyses the interaction between the private and public education sectors, and investigates how governments explain, and what they expect from, the close cooperation with private education providers.

Optimizing Price of Credit Default Swaps for Dynamic Project System of Public-Private Partnership

Most project operations management belongs to the type of public-private partnership (PPP), which is usually dynamic. This paper aims to propose a method for optimizing the price of credit default swaps (CDS) for the dynamic PPP system. This study investigates the credit risk measurement of PPP project financing and the pricing of risk mitigation instruments which are widely used in the case of immature markets in the early stage of China’s PPP development. Based on the credit risk measurement theory of the corporate and debt ratings, this paper considers the differences in various credit enhancement methods in the equity-like debt agreement and determines the credit rating of the equity-like debt in PPP projects. Some optimization methods are also proposed to derive the probability of default, so as to determine the price of the credit risk mitigation instrument of CDS which is based on the equity-like debt.

The Core Roles of Transparency and Accountability in the Governance of Global Health Public–Private Partnerships

This article introduces a simplified model for assessing and designing the governance of global health public–private partnerships (PPPs) based on the two concepts of transparency and accountability. The article reviews the literature on partnership governance, which shows many frameworks and recommendations but limited implementation of the proposals. The article proposes a matrix to provide a high-level analytical and planning tool applicable to different types of PPPs in global health. The matrix arranges transparency and accountability as two orthogonal and separate governance dimensions. In the literature, transparency and accountability are two of the most commonly discussed dimensions of governance but they have not been used in this manner to create a model of governance. Transparency is important on its own because it allows learning, contributes to accountability, and shapes organizational performance. Accountability provides a tool to assure that a PPP is achieving its public interest goals and also contributes to improved organizational performance. Both contribute to democracy and public perception. The matrix analyzes transparency and accountability according to three dimensions (relationships, contents, and mechanisms) and assesses the level of each dimension. Using a hypothetical PPP example, the article illustrates how the matrix could be used in practice. The matrix provides a method to assess the levels of transparency and accountability but does not indicate how much of either is good or desirable. The matrix is proposed to improve conceptual clarity and help identify concrete options for action in planning, assessing, and adjusting PPP governance.

Concession period of public private partnership projects: industry–academia gap analysis

ABSTRACTWith increasing global adoption, various critical aspects of public–private partnership (PPP) concessions are highlighted. One such aspect is the way academia and industry perceive and weigh different critical success factors (CSFs) of PPP concession. Due to difference of perception, considerable temporal as well as opinion gap exists between the two knowledge streams, leading to improper resource allocation and inadequate decision-making. This study identifies CSFs and quantifies the gap between the two streams using a detailed methodology of identifying CSFs from extensive literature review published during period 2005–2015, and ranking those CSFs separately through questionnaire surveys from 60 industrial and 56 academic experts having thorough experience of various types of PPP. Based upon responses, 8–9 years’ gap between both streams is found. For 18% CSFs, opinion difference is greater than 50% pointing to a weaker collaboration. Decision-makers can understand the gap between both streams and develop policy framework for their collaboration. Better resource management can be ensured leading to improved chances of project success. Academia can expand upon the identified CSFs and explore their interactions on individual and cumulative levels. This will bridge gap and induce the ever desired mutualism between the two streams.

The formation of public-private partnerships in China: an institutional perspective

AbstractThis study offers a sociopolitical perspective on the worldwide diffusion of liberalisation reforms in infrastructure industries. It unpacks the heterogeneity in the extent to which the private sector is allowed to participate in these industries through an analysis of the formation of public-private partnerships in Chinese cities. This study considers the effects of horizontal and vertical diffusion mechanisms on the adoption of different types of public-private partnerships in different infrastructure sectors. An analysis of projects with private participation in 333 Chinese cities between 1992 and 2008 reveals that the spatial effects appear to be significantly modulated when the influence from structurally equivalent peer cities are considered; moreover, the effects of the vertical diffusion mechanisms are moderated by the liberalisation index of the contract forms, and the horizontal diffusion mechanisms are moderated by the marketability of the infrastructure segments.

Public private partnerships through experience of EU countries with regards to conditions in Serbia

The goal of this paper is to inform about the theoretic entries, concept and principles on which the public private partnership arrangements and relations are based. According to the theoretical starting points both foreign (Edvard Yescombe, Jan-Erik Lane, Ben Jupp, Bozena Gulija) and local authors (Sladjana Benkovic, Hasan Hanic, Dobrosav Milovanovic, Silvana Ilic, Vladimir Poznanovic), which have been practically applied in many EU countries, it can be stated that there are various types of public private partnerships, which can be used in order to raise the level and quality of public services which derives from different project activities in which the public and private sectors associate. The adoption of a basic institutional framework at the EU level ensures clear and equal 'game rules' to all prospective private partners who, in collaboration with the public institutions, want to implement the projects of local, regional, national or supranational importance. The main point of the PPP arrangements is based on contractual relations, distribution of risk, legal security and more quality, faster or more efficient solving of problems for the interests of citizens. The EU experiences are different, with more positive compared to negative aspects, as well as with the projects whose value is estimated at up to several tens of millions of euro. All possibilities of the new Law, which regulates this field, have not been yet sufficiently exploited, and soon a bigger initiative should be expected both from the state and private sector for the sake of participating actively in the PPP arrangements.

The Knowledge Economy in China and Public-Private Partnerships of Universities

Since 1995 China officially adopted the Strategy of Revitalizing China through Science and Education to advance towards the knowledge economy. Our paper aims to access China’s progress using international indices of economic and innovation development (Knowledge Economy Index, Global Competitiveness Index, and Human Development Index). We also explore six types of public-private partnerships in innovation activities of the Chinese universities. They are: technology contracts, technology transfer, university-owned enterprises, joint research centers, independent colleges, and university-based science parks. For each partnership we study the role it played in intensification of research and education with an emphasis on government participation mechanisms. Based on the analysis of the official statistics the authors find that the progress of China to the knowledge economy is evident. China’s government played a leading role in the construction of the knowledge economy providing legislation basis and financing. Public-private partnerships in innovation activities in the universities in China significantly contributed to the technological development of the country and the country’s transition towards the knowledge economy. Studying successful experience of the public private-partnerships in the Chinese universities is a first step to possible adaptation of this mechanism in other countries, including Russia.

Protecting the Public in Public-Private Partnerships: Strategies for Ensuring Adaptability in Concession Contracts

State and local government face ever-growing costs in order to provide adequate services, facilities, and infrastructure for their citizens, but traditional means of financing the provision and maintenance of public services is no longer adequate to cover expenses. Concession contracts—a type of public-private partnership whereby governments lease infrastructure assets to private entities, generally in return for large, up-front payments—have been proposed as a potential, innovative solution. The few concession contracts that have been implemented, however, have generated considerable controversy. The biggest concern is that these concessions—which can last upwards of seventy-five years—sacrifice long-term public interest for short-term economic gain. This Note seeks to evaluate the legal strategies available to governments to ensure that governments who enter into concession contracts are able to adapt to changing circumstances throughout the course of the lease. This Note proposes several strategies that governments can implement through structural, regulatory, and contractual channels in order to maximize long-term adaptability and ensure that public interest is not subordinated to private economic gain. The author would like to thank Professor Michael Heller for his guidance and comments, as well as the editorial staff of the Columbia Business Law Review for its help in preparing this Note for publication.

Credit Access and Urban Regeneration in the United States

A key objective of the Commercial Local Urban Districts (CLUD) project is to explore different ways in which local economic activity can serve as a catalyst for urban regeneration. One approach to realizing this objective is to examine the linkages between local commercial activity and the broader urban environment, including various types of public private partnerships and their role in fostering local economic development (Weissbourd and Bodini, 2005). In particular, it is widely accepted among economists that a healthy commercial sector depends, among other things, on a reliable system for the creation and distribution of credit. One of the questions motivating the research agenda of CLUDs is whether or not it is possible to devise economic growth strategies centered on local and regional initiatives rather than on global and national ones. The reason for emphasizing local and regional economic growth strategies is that the overall goal of CLUDs is to explore new tools for local urban regeneration broad enough to be applied in a variety of cultural and historical milieus, yet sensitive enough to capture the unique qualities of different locales.

The Knowledge Economy in China and Public-Private Partnerships of Universities**

Since 1995 China officially adopted the Strategy of Revitalizing China through Science and Education to advance towards the knowledge economy. Our paper aims to access China’s progress using international indices of economic and innovation development (Knowledge Economy Index, Global Competitiveness Index, and Human Development Index). We also explore six types of public-private partnerships in innovation activities of the Chinese universities. They are: technology contracts, technology transfer, university-owned enterprises, joint research centers, independent colleges, and university-based science parks. For each partnership we study the role it played in intensification of research and education with an emphasis on government participation mechanisms. Based on the analysis of the official statistics the authors find that the progress of China to the knowledge economy is evident. China’s government played a leading role in the construction of the knowledge economy providing legislation basis and financing. Public-private partnerships in innovation activities in the universities in China significantly contributed to the technological development of the country and the country’s transition towards the knowledge economy. Studying successful experience of the public private-partnerships in the Chinese universities is a first step to possible adaptation of this mechanism in other countries, including Russia.

Public private partnerships

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are the new and the most complex instrument for incitement of economic development in modern countries. They have been present for the last 20 years, especially in the EU countries where the European Commission has recently (2004) published the Green Paper, which defines rules and regulations of PPPs. The law on PPPs has been adopted in Serbia in 2011, and since than one public-private partnership has been established. The articles analyses basic principles of PPPs. Explanation of the term is followed by history, characteristics and basic types of PPPs. Necessary institutional frame for PPPs has been explained and crucial questions about risk distribution, ownership, contract making and guarantees are being considered. Keys to successful PPPs are summarized. The conclusion represents pros and cons of PPPs.

Risk factors in toll road life cycle analysis

At present there is a very high level of interest in public–private partnerships in the provision and timely maintenance of highway infrastructure. Although in the past a number of jurisdictions around the world developed toll ring roads and sometimes radial roads in major urban areas, the current heightened interest in toll facilities is unprecedented, given that it even extends to the level of toll lanes. The experience of a number of existing public–private partnership type of toll facilities suggests that risk variables are encountered in the development, operations and maintenance/rehabilitation phases. According to literature sources, although the financial and research community are aware of the need to address risk, only a small number of practitioners carry out a detailed risk assessment. There could be a number of reasons for inaction. One of these is the lack of awareness of methodologies that address risk in key parts of the life cycle. This article identifies risk factors in the lifecycle analysis of a toll road and suggests measures to address risks. A methodological framework and constituent components are described while highlighting risk factors in the revenue estimation and maintenance/rehabilitation phases. Risk analysis methods, namely sensitivity analysis, Monte Carlo simulation and Bayesian statistical method are illustrated. The conclusions are drawn from the synthesis of information and analyses carried out on the merits of treating risk factors in toll road life cycle analysis.

Risk Allocation in Public–Private Partnership Infrastructure Projects in Developing Countries: Case Study of the Tehran–Chalus Toll Road

All over the world, limited funding for the development and operation of infrastructure projects propels governments to attract private investment and enter public–private partnerships (PPPs). Different types of PPPs have been practiced in infrastructure development in both developed and developing countries, with diverse results. Although PPPs have many advantages, they involve some complexities in planning, execution, and monitoring and control that vary according to specific project and country conditions. This paper provides a case study of the Tehran–Chalus Toll Road project, one of the largest highway projects in Iran. The authors analyze the contract organization of the PPP project, identify the most important risks, compare the project’s organization with successful and unsuccessful experiences in similar PPP projects, and suggest ways to improve risk allocation to achieve better project performance for this and other PPP projects in developing countries.