Types Of Perfectionism Research Articles

The Association of Rumination and Perfectionism to Social Anxiety

Objective: Evaluative concerns perfectionism is related to both rumination and social anxiety. However, the mediating role of rumination between two types of perfectionism—namely, evaluative concerns perfectionism and personal standards perfectionism—and social anxiety has yet to be studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the mediating role of rumination on the association between perfectionism and social anxiety. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 450 Malaysian undergraduate students using self-report questionnaires. Results: Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that evaluative concerns perfectionism and rumination were significant positive predictors of social anxiety. Multimodel analysis revealed that rumination partially mediated the association between evaluative concerns perfectionism and social anxiety. Conclusions: The results suggested that evaluative concerns perfectionists were more likely to engage in rumination and were consequently more likely to experience social anxiety.

Predictive role of retrospective assessment of parental attitudes of fathers vs. perfectionism and self-esteem of women in early adulthood.

The aim of this research was to determine differentiation in respect of self-esteem and perfectionism in the groups of women selected based on the criterion of the quality of retrospective assessment of parental attitudes of fathers. I also searched for predictive value of retrospectively perceived parental attitudes of fathers for the perfectionism and self-esteem of women in early adulthood as well as correlations between self-esteem and types of perfectionism. The research included 87 women in early adulthood (M = 21.64; SD = 4.84), from the Łódź Province. The following research tools were used: Questionnaire of Retrospective Assessment of Parental Attitudes, Adaptive and Maladaptive Perfectionism Questionnaire, Multidimensional Self-esteem Inventory. The obtained research results indicate the occurrence of differentiation with regard to self-esteem and perfectionism of women in terms of the quality of retrospective assessment of parental attitudes of fathers. The women who assessed the parental attitudes of their fathers negatively obtained higher mean scores in maladaptive perfectionism and lower ones in general self-esteem and its dimensions (i.e., being loved, self-control, defensive strengthening of selfesteem, self-acceptance, popularity, identity integration) than the women who described the parental attitudes of their fathers as positive. It was found out that retrospective assessment of parental attitudes of fathers, both in the positive and negative aspects, had predictive value in the direction consistent with the expectations for maladaptive perfectionism as well as general self-esteem and its dimensions. It was shown that there were significant correlations between types of perfectionism and general self-esteem. The fact of indicating the role of retrospective assessment of parental attitudes of fathers in the context of building of self-esteem and perfectionism demonstrated by young women contributes to updating the psychological knowledge in this respect as well as plays a significant part in psychotherapy.

The Role of Distinct Facets of Perfectionism and Sociocultural Idealization of Thinness on Disordered Eating Symptoms

Introduction: Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality style implicated in risk for disordered eating (DE), yet the types of perfectionism most predictive of DE and how perfectionistic tendencies lead to the development of DE remains less clear. This study aimed to determine the types of perfectionism most strongly associated with DE and whether perceived pressures for thinness and thin-ideal internalization serve as intervening variables that explain associations between perfectionism and DE.Methods: An ethnically diverse sample of female college students (n = 154–292) completed well-validated self-report questionnaires assessing overall DE symptoms, perfectionism, and two sociocultural factors: pressures for thinness and thin-ideal internalization.Results: Only perfectionism constructs encompassed under the “maladaptive evaluative concerns” domain were significantly associated with DE. Double mediation models indicated that heightened pressures for thinness and thin-ideal internalization fully mediate perfectionism-DE associations.Discussion: Results suggest that disorder-specific risk factors related to idealization of thinness may be important for understanding how a transdiagnostic factor, like perfectionism, results in DE.

The relationship between perfectionism and mental illness stigma

Despite experiencing higher levels of psychological distress, individuals with high levels of perfectionism are more reluctant to seek treatment for psychological issues and they are often treatment resistant when in treatment. Mental illness stigma has been shown to be a significant barrier to treatment seeking in other populations and it stands to reason that it may play a key role for individuals with high levels of perfectionism as well. As such, the primary goal of this study was to discern whether individuals who differ along the continuum of various types of perfectionism also differ in terms of mental illness beliefs in ways that suggest awareness of and concern about being stigmatized. In addition, we examined links between perfectionism and attitudes towards seeking help and self-stigma for seeking help. A sample of 140 university students completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale and separate measures of mental illness beliefs, help-seeking attitudes, and self-stigma for seeking help. Analyses found that perfectionistic self-presentation was associated with unfavorable mental illness attitudes overall. Our results suggest that targeted interventions to reduce mental illness stigma should be tailored to address the beliefs and concerns of perfectionistic people who are vulnerable to distress.

ПЕРФЕКЦИОНИЗМ КАК ФАКТОР РАЗВИТИЯ СИНДРОМА ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ВЫГОРАНИЯ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЕЙ ВЫСШЕЙ ШКОЛЫ

Perfectionism, as one of the characteristics of an individual, expressed in the pursuit of perfection, is an additional risk factor in the development of emotional burnout of the higher school teachers. According to the survey, the majority of university teachers have a neutral or positive attitude to perfectionism, despite the ambiguous nature of this psychological phenomenon, while perfectionism is a characteristic of 30.61 % of respondents. Among the types of perfectionism of the higher school teachers, self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism are noted. The paper analyzes the characteristics of emotional burnout of the university teachers according to the scales of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduction of professional achievements; identifies the current phases of anxiety, resistance, and exhaustion. To identify the relationships of perfectionism with the emotional burnout, the method of mathematical statistics – Spearman rank correlation coefficient r s was used, which allowed establishing the significant correlations between the self-oriented perfectionism and the symptom of the anxiety stress phase – the experience of psycho-traumatic circumstances; between the other-oriented perfectionism and the symptoms of the resistance phase – inadequate selective emotional response, the expansion of the emotional thriftiness sphere; between the self-oriented perfectionism and the reduction of professional duties; between the socially prescribed perfectionism and the symptoms of the exhaustion phase – the emotional deficiency, emotional detachment; between the self-oriented perfectionism and the symptom of the exhaustion phase – personal detachment. The results show that perfectionism is one of the factors of the emotional burnout development among the higher school teachers and requires further study.

The relationship between athlete burnout and perfectionism: A meta-analysis

In this meta-analysis, we examined the relationships between two types of perfectionism (i.e., perfectionistic strivings and concerns) and athlete burnout. A total of 18 studies in 17 articles (i.e., one article included two studies with different data sets) were included and analyzed. Random-effects models were used to test the relationships between perfectionism and burnout in athletes. The results indicated that perfectionistic strivings were negatively related to athlete burnout while perfectionistic concerns were shown to be positively related to athlete burnout. Perfectionistic strivings are functionally adaptive to burnout in athletes, whereas perfectionistic concerns are functionally maladaptive to athlete burnout. Gender significantly moderated the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and athlete burnout.

ЗВ’ЯЗОК ПЕРФЕКЦІОНІЗМУ І ОПТИМІЗМУ У СТУДЕНТІВ З РІЗНИМ РІВНЕМ АКАДЕМІЧНОЇ УСПІШНОСТІ

In the article are analysed the results of an empirical research of interrelation of perfectionism and optimism at students with the different level of the academic progress. Two levels of manifestation of optimism – strategic (beliefs and semantic installations of the personality) and operational and tactical (style of processing of the current information by the subject, i.e. optimistic attributive style) are allocated. The assumptions that were checked: 1) indicators of three types of the perfectionism (focused on itself, focused on others and socially ordered) are connected with optimism of students, and the orientation of these communications for different types of perfectionism can be various; 2) these interrelations are traced as at the «strategic», «personal» level of the generalized beliefs, and at the «subject», «operational» level; 3) the structure of these interrelations at in time and the low academic progress students is various; in the time students will surpass the low academic progress students in ability to rely on optimistic installations and optimistic attributive style for overcoming shortcomings of perfectionism. In a research with participation of 290 students it has been shown that indicators only of two types of perfectionism – focused on itself and socially ordered are connected with indicators of optimism. At the same time, as optimism of strategic level (optimistic dispositions), and optimism operational and tactical (optimistic attributive style) were connected with perfectionism indicators in a similar way: with focused on itself – back, and with socially ordered – directly. Students with the developed system of optimistic dispositions, are much more rare than others show signs of the perfectionistic requirements imposed to on themselves. Pessimistic beliefs and considerable decrease in optimistic attributions are characteristic of students with the expressed self-focused perfectionism and, perhaps, is one of factors of their emotional disadaptation. The low academic progress students, unlike the high ones, aren't able to use dispositional optimism as a resource for compensation of the shortcomings inherent in perfectionism focused on itself. At high academic progress students, unlike the low ones, actively use both world outlook, and operational and tactical optimism for strengthening of advantages of socially ordered perfectionism. Perceiving a social environment as «excessively exacting», «setting unreasonably difficult tasks», they support at themselves steady positive mood. At high academic progress students a peculiar affective and communicative complex thanks to which they can overcome without prejudice to themselves potentially stressful situations arising because of failure in the solution of any tasks (for example, educational).

The Effect of Attachment Styles on Perfectionism in Romantic Relationships

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of attachment styles on perfectionism in romantic relationships among university students. 136 university students participated in this study. The data collection tools were “Perfectionism in Romantic Relationships Scale” and “Relationships Scale”. The ANOVA analysis system was used to define the differences, if any, in points related to the participants’ and their partners’ gender, birth-sequence, the state of their relationships, and attachment. A correlation analysis to with age was carried out to determine differences, if any, to do with age and a t-test analysis was used to determine differences, if any, to do with gender. The findings showed that there was no difference in terms of gender in both perfectionism type scores. In addition, while there were no differences in self-perfectionism scores according to their birth-sequence, there are reasonable differences when romantic relationships are at stake. A post-hoc study showed that these differences are seen among the participants with no past experience, but have newly started a relationship. When points related to a partner’s perfectionism is considered, it is seen that there are no differences to do with birth-sequence and romantic relationships. A negative correlation, at a reasonable level, has been seen between age and partner-oriented perfectionism. Finally, there seemed no differences between self-perfectionism and partner’s perfectionism points in attachment styles.

Socially Prescribed Perfectionism Might Predict Enhanced Performance When Racing Against an Opponent

Recent research has shown that racing against an opponent can improve endurance exercise performance (Konings et al, 2016). To what extent athletes can be motivated by racing against an adversary might depend at least partially on personality characteristics such as type of perfectionism. PURPOSE: We sought to explore the relationship between self-oriented (SO) and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) (Hewitt & Flett, 1991) and time-trial performance. We hypothesized that SPP would be related to performance enhancements associated with the presence of an opponent, but that SO would not. METHODS: Twelve experienced cyclists (45.8 ± 7.0 years) completed four 4-km time trials (TT) on a VeloTron cycle ergometer. Participants performed three TTs without opponent (TT1no, TT2no, TT3no) and one TT against a virtual opponent (TTopp). Mean performance on the three trials without an opponent was calculated and the difference (ΔTTno-TTopp) between the resulting “meanTTno” and TTopp was assessed for each participant. Participants also answered the 12-item “perfectionism in sport scale” (PPS-P) (Hill et al., 2016) on a 6-point Likert scale before the first race. Spearman correlations of the participants’ mean scores on the PPS-P and ΔTTno-TTopp were calculated. RESULTS: Overall, there was no significant difference in performances over the 4 trials: T1 = 385.86 ±18.07s; T2 = 380.31 ± 20.75s; TTno = 377.66 ± 17.40s and TTopp 378.86 ± 19.68s. Mean score on PPS-P was 4.29 ± 0.96 for SO and 2.83 ± 0.91 for SPP. A significant positive correlation was found between SPP and ΔTTno-TTopp (ρ = 0.867, p < 0.01), but we found no relationship between SO and ΔTTno-TTopp. CONCLUSION: Previous studies have shown that being confronted with a (virtual) opponent enhances endurance athletes’ performance. In the present group of cyclists, overall 4-km performances with and without opponent did not differ significantly. Interestingly, our results show that the performance enhancing effect of a virtual opponent during a 4 km cycling trial is correlated to socially prescribed perfectionism in sport. These findings support current literature and our hypothesis that the positive effect of racing against an opponent might differ according to athletes’ psychological characteristics.

The influence of emotional intelligence and perfectionism on Error-Related Negativity: An event related potential study

In the present study, we examined group differences in Error-Related Negativity (ERN) based on perfectionism and emotional intelligence (EIQ). ERN is an ERP component that is generated in the anterior cingulate cortex and peaks 60–150ms after making an error response on a task. The amplitude of the ERN after making a mistake reflects individual differences in emotional traits and performance concerns. Past researchers have found that participants higher in perfectionistic doubts displayed larger ERN amplitudes; however, researchers have not yet differentiated between type of perfectionism (i.e., adaptive or maladaptive) in relation to ERN. Additionally, previous researchers have found affective processes are reflected in ERN, but have not yet examined whether differences in ERN could be influenced by EIQ. Participants in the present study were 34 adults who responded to surveys and completed a computerized ERN paradigm utilizing a flanker task while neural activity was recorded using EEG. The paradigm was designed to elicit a high error rate, thereby allowing capture and measurement of the ERN component. ANOVA results indicated maladaptive perfectionists had the greatest negativity, followed by adaptive perfectionists, followed by nonperfectionists. ANOVA results indicated individuals with high EIQ had lower ERN than individuals with low EIQ.

Perfectionism and Test Anxiety among High-School Students: the Moderating Role of Academic Hardiness

Recent evidence suggests that test anxiety is increasing among students; however, relatively little is known regarding the related factors of test anxiety. The purpose of this study was to (1) examine the relationships between two forms of perfectionism, academic hardiness, and test anxiety, and (2) examine the moderating role of academic hardiness on the association between two types of perfectionism and test anxiety. This study included 520 students ranging from 15 to 21 years of age from eight high schools in Tehran, Iran completed the self-administered questionnaires. The results of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) revealed that students with high levels of personal standards perfectionism and high levels of academic hardiness were less likely to experience test anxiety, while students with high levels of evaluative concerns perfectionism were more likely to experience test anxiety. A multi-group analysis revealed that academic hardiness moderated the relationship between evaluative concerns perfectionism and test anxiety. These findings enhance existing literature by revealing moderating processes that explain how perfectionism effects test anxiety.

Coping Style as a Moderator of Perfectionism and Suicidal Ideation Among Undergraduate Students

Suicide is a serious and growing public health problem and remains an unnecessary cause of death globally. In Iran, the highest prevalence of acute and chronic suicidal ideation is among young people aged 16–24. This study investigates the relationship between coping style, two types of perfectionism, and suicidal ideation among undergraduates, and examines coping style as a moderator of the relationship between perfectionism and suicidal ideation. Multi-stage cluster random sampling was employed to recruit 547 undergraduate students aged 19–24 years from the Islamic Azad University of Karaj. Structural Equation Modelling indicated that suicidal ideation was negatively associated with adaptive perfectionism and task-focused coping but positively associated with emotion-focused coping, avoidance coping, and maladaptive perfectionism. Coping style (including the three styles of task-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidance coping) was found to moderate the relationship between perfectionism and suicidal ideation. The study advances understanding of the importance of coping style in this context and explains how perfectionism affects suicidal ideation.

Perfectionism and performance expectations at university: Does gender still matter?

The present study examines the relationship between the perfectionist orientation and performance expectations at university and whether gender moderates this relationship. One-hundred first year university students responded to two subscales from the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS-HF): the Self-Oriented Perfectionism (SOP) subscale and the Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (SPP) subscale. Results of the study showed that SOP and SPP correlated positively. Students, regardless of gender, demonstrated higher levels of SOP than SPP. Both SOP and SPP correlated positively with performance expectations. Self- oriented perfectionists and high perfectionists reported significantly higher performance expectations than socially oriented perfectionists and non-perfectionists. There were no significant differences between socially oriented perfectionists and non-perfectionists nor were there significant differences between self-oriented perfectionists and high perfectionists in performance expectations. Gender did not moderate the effect of types of perfectionism on performance expectations. There were no gender differences in SOP, SPP, or performance expectations.

The cost of perfection with apparent ease: Theoretical foundations and development of the Effortless Perfectionism Scale.

Effortless perfection is a term used to describe an intense pressure to be perfect without visible effort (Yee, 2003), and is thought to be linked to several indicators of maladjustment among college-age youth (Ruane, 2012; Yee, 2003). Although effortless perfectionism (EP) is a phenomenon referenced in popular culture, empirical support for this construct is needed. In addition to conceptualizing and discussing the theoretical underpinnings of EP, this paper describes the development of an instrument to assess EP: the 10-item Effortless Perfectionism scale (EPS). The responses of a large sample of students from a Midwestern university (N = 1,270) were used to develop a 1-factor measurement model for the EPS. The EPS showed good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and demonstrated convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity in relation to other perfectionism scales, as a predictor of psychosocial adjustment, and as a mediator of the effects of gender on adjustment. The present study supports the reliability and construct validity of the EPS as a self-report measure of EP, a distinct type of perfectionism that warrants future investigation.

Longitudinal Links Between Perfectionism and Depression in Children.

The temporal relation between two types of perfectionism - self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) - and depressive symptoms was examined in a sample of 653 children (286 girls, 367 boys) across Grades 6 (depressive symptoms only), 7, and 8. A vulnerability model, in which perfectionism affects depressive symptoms, was compared to a scar model, in which depressive symptoms affects perfectionism, and to a reciprocal-causality model, in which both constructs concurrently affect each other across time. Cross-lagged paths analyses using structural equation modeling supported a scar model where increases in depressive symptoms lead to increases in SPP, but not SOP. The findings applied to both boys and girls. Results suggest that in childhood, depressive symptoms increase the perception that others are expecting excessively high standards of oneself and the need to satisfy this perception.

Research on Purchase Intention Models of Seamless Underwear Consumers

nvestigation on 298 seamless underwear consumers using consumer styles inventory (CSI) was carried out to measure the purchase intention of seamless underwear consumers. Eight factor models reflecting seamless underwear consumers shopping decision style, including perfectionist and hi-quality, price and value, novelty and fashion, confusion for over choice, recreational and hedonistic, habitual and brand–loyalty, impulsive and careless, brand-conscious, were proposed on the base of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Cluster analysis was employed to divide seamless underwear consumers into four categories, namely fashion-brand type, perfectionism type, value-orientation type, trendy-enjoyment type. This research established a foundation for seamless underwear enterprise in formulating brand marketing strategy efficiently.

El modelo de perfeccionismo disposicional 2x2 en la adolescencia: Una comprobación en el contexto de la Educación Física

Se examinó el modelo de perfeccionismo 2x2 en la adolescencia en el contexto de la Educación Física empleando diversas variables dependientes: auto-concepto, afectividad y satisfacción con la vida. Un total de 331 estudiantes de educación secundaria (58.9% varones y 41.1% mujeres; M = 14.29, DT = 1.43) tomó parte en el estudio. Los análisis de regresión jerárquica moderada mostraron que el tipo de Auto-exigencia Puro se asoció a resultados más adaptativos en comparación con el No-perfeccionismo. El de Presión Externa Puro se relacionó con resultados más negativos en comparación con los otros tipos de perfeccionismo. Finalmente, el Perfeccionismo Mixto se asoció a una mejor adaptación psicológica que el tipo Presión Externa Puro, y a una adaptación más débil con respecto al Perfeccionismo Autoexigente Puro.

Multidimensional Perfectionism, Coping, and Depression: Differential Prediction of Depression Symptoms by Perfectionism Type

Perfectionism has consistently been implicated as a significant contributor to negative outcomes, including depression, in college student populations. This study examined the relationship between multidimensional perfectionism, coping, and depression in a sample of 405 undergraduate students. Maladaptive perfectionists, adaptive perfectionists, and nonperfectionist college students differed significantly on levels of depression and exhibited different patterns of coping. Avoidant coping mediated the relationship between both adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism and depression.

STUDENTŲ ADAPTYVAUS IR NEADAPTYVAUS PERFEKCIONIZMO IR PATIRTO AUKLĖJIMO STILIŲ RYŠYS

Studentų adaptyvaus ir neadaptyvausperfekcionizmo ir patirto auklėjimo stilių ryšysSimona KontrimienėLektorė socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) doktorantėVilniaus universiteto Filosofijos fakulteto Edukologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 VilniusTel. 85 266 76 25El. paštas: simona.kontrimiene@uki.vu.ltStraipsnyje tiriama, kaip studentų adaptyvaus ir neadaptyvaus perfekcionizmo tipai susiję su vaikystėje ir paauglystėje patirto auklėjimo stiliais. Nustatytas statistiškai reikšmingas teigiamas tyrimo dalyvių adaptyvaus perfekcionizmo ir autoritetingo auklėjimo stiliaus bei neadaptyvaus perfekcionizmo ir valdingo auklėjimo stiliaus ryšys. Sudaryti prognostiniai modeliai atskleidė, kad autoritetingą auklėjimo stilių taikantys tėvai gali labiau tikėtis išugdyti adaptyvų savo vaikų perfekcionizmą, o valdingas auklėjimo stilius yra reikšmingas neadaptyvaus perfekcionizmo prediktorius.

Using Cartoons to Teach About Perfectionism

Cartoon interpretation and production are teaching strategies that can assist students in a deeper understanding of concepts and practice of higher level thinking skills while motivating them through humor. This article presents an extended example of graduate students in an introductory course in gifted education creating humorous cartoons to explore major ideas and different types of perfectionism. General concepts of adaptive (positive) and maladaptive (negative) perfectionism, along with causes and mitigations, are discussed and illustrated with student-made cartoons. Students reported that creating cartoons was intrinsically motivating, promoted deeper levels of content learning, facilitated application of concepts, and aided self- and overall reflection on the topic. The process of the cartoon project and examples of student-generated cartoons are provided to promote practicing educators and teacher educators with ways of adapting this teaching strategy.