Types Of Organic Manure Research Articles

Effects of Different Organic Manures on Early Seedling Growth of Massularia acuminata (G. Don) Bullock Ex Hoyle

Aims: Selection of suitable soil amendment is a very crucial attempt for improving seedling production and growth of Massularia acuminata as a forest nursery plants on a sustainable basis can be enhanced over a given period of time.
 Study Design: Comparative effects of different organic manures on the seedlings growth of Massularia acuminate.
 Place and Duration of Study: Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, between February, 2019 and August 2019.
 Methodology: Various concentrations of different types of organic manures; poultry manure, cow dung and horse dung were mixed with the topsoil separately to raise the seedlings of Massularia acuminata, comparative seedlings height growth, the stem diameter growth and the number of leaves per seedlings were examined to determine the development of the seedlings.
 Results: The results revealed that, organic manure application generally enhanced the growth of the seedlings, improved seedlings height, number of leaves and collar diameter. Also, with increasing rate of application of organic manures from 0 g to 50 g per seedlings, all seedlings growth parameters were improved. 10 g and 30 g manure had significant effects on plant growth with seedlings height 15.29 cm and 15.10 cm, number of leaves per seedlings (19.80 and 19.43) and collar diameter (6.58 mm and 6.57 mm) with Q2 and Q3 respectively as compared with the control (5.18 mm). Highest seedling growth was observed in poultry application with seedlings height 14.42 cm, number of leaves (19.63) and collar diameter (6.31 mm).
 Conclusion: The use of poultry manure and cattle dung at increased concentrations of 10 g and 30 g are recommended to be beneficial for sustainable healthy seedling production.

Comparisons of Different Types of Organic Manures Integrated in Diverse Ratios with Inorganic N Fertilizer in Terms of Maize Yield and Productivity

In modern agriculture the integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers has been proved as the best technique to maximize the nutrient availability to crops for longer period of time and to minimize the essential nutrients loss from rhizosphere soil. However, most of the researchers and farmers are uninformed of that which is the best fertilizer integration ratio and what type of organic manure should be used for obtaining good fertile soil and economical crop yield. In response of the above question the present research experiment was carried out in in kharif season 2018 at Cereal Crop Research Institute (CCRI), Nowshera, KPK, Pakistan to investigate the performance of maize crop in response to different types of organic manures integrated with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in distinct ratios based on % nitrogen (N). Total 9 treatments were used in the experiment such as T1 (Control=100%N from Urea), T2 (50%N from SSB+50%N from Urea), T3 (50%N from SCB+50%N from Urea), T4 (50%N from PL+50%N from Urea), T5 (50%N from FYM+50%N from Urea), T6 (25%N from SSB+75%N from Urea), T7 (25%N from SCB+75%N from Urea), T8 (25%N from PL+75%N from Urea) and T9 (25%N from FYM+75%N from Urea). The outcomes of the experiment revealed that all the treatments have significantly affected the kernel yield, plant height, 100 kernel weight and ear length while the number of kernel rows was non-significant. Treatments having 1:1 combination (T2, T3, T4 and T5) has far more better results as compared to 3:1 ratio combination (T6, T7, T8 and T9) and 1:0 ratio combination (T1). Among 1:1 treatment the overall performance of treatment T2 (50%N from soya bean straw biochar (SSB)+50%N from urea) was best of all increasing the kernel yield, plant height, 100 kernel weight, ear length and kernel rows per cob up to 54.5%, 15.2%, 16%, 17.7% and 8.1% respectively more than any other treatment. Hence integration of soya bean straw biochar with urea in 1:1 based on %N is advised for maximum yield and better growth performance of maize. Such studies on different cereal and leguminous crops under different soil and climatic conditions is recommended for vast spread application and authorization of results.

Socio-Economic Determinants of Organic Manuring Practices by Farmers in Southern Agricultural Zone, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

The study analyzed the socio-economic determinants of organic manuring practices by farmers in Southern Agricultural Zone of Nasarawa state, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to: describe the socio-economic characteristics of respondents in the area; identify the type of organic manure used by the respondents; determine the effect of socio-economic characteristics on the use of organic manure. A multi-stage sampling technique was used in the selection of samples for the study. Fifteen farmers from each of the six selected villages were purposively selected on the basis of their use of organic manure for a total of 90 respondents for the study. Data were obtained from primary sources. The primary source was by personal interview and discussion using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression model was used to analyze data collected for this research. The first, second and fourth objectives were achieved using simple descriptive statistics such as frequency, percent and mean, while the third objective was achieved using multiple linear regression analysis. The study revealed that majority or 61.1% of the respondents were in the age bracket of 20-39 years old, which indicates that they were young and active who could engage in organic manure practices. The result on the type of organic manure indicated that cattle dung and green manure representing 48.9% and 38.9% were the major source of manure used by the respondents. The result of socio-economic determinant further revealed that about 69% of the variation in use of organic manure, while the significant determinants were age and membership of cooperative society both at 10% and 5% respectively. Therefore, the study recommend that Enlightenment campaigns should be done through change agents to sensitize farmers in the study area about the benefit of using organic manure for crop production as this will improve farmer’s attitude towards the adoption of sustainable land management practices.

Comparisons of Different Types of Organic Manures Integrated in Diverse Ratios with Inorganic N-Fertilizer in Terms of Maize Yield and Productivity

In modern agriculture, the integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers has been proved as the best technique to maximize the nutrient availability to crops for longer period of time and to minimize the essential nutrients loss from rhizosphere soil. However, most of the researchers and farmers are uninformed of that which is the best fertilizer integration ratio and what type of organic manure should be used for obtaining good fertile soil and economical crop yield. In response of the above question the present research experiment was carried out in Kharif season 2018 at Cereal Crop Research Institute (CCRI), Nowshera, KPK, Pakistan to investigate the performance of maize crop in response to different types of organic manures integrated with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in distinct ratios based on % nitrogen (N). Total 9 treatments were used in the experiment such as T1 (Control=100% N from Urea), T2 (50% N from SSB+50% N from Urea), T3 (50% N from SCB+50% N from Urea), T4 (50% N from PL+50% N from Urea), T5 (50% N from FYM+50% N from Urea), T6 (25% N from SSB+75% N from Urea), T7 (25% N from SCB+75% N from Urea), T8 (25% N from PL+75% N from Urea) and T9 (25% N from FYM+75% N from Urea). The outcomes of the experiment revealed that all the treatments have significantly affected the kernel yield, plant height, 100 kernel weight, and ear length while the number of kernel rows was non-significant. Treatments having 1:1 combination (T2, T3, T4, T5) have far better results as compared to 3:1 ratio combination (T6, T7, T8, T9) and 1:0 ratio combinations (T1). Among 1:1 treatment the overall performance of treatment T2 (50% N from Soyabean Straw Biochar (SSB)+50% N from urea) was best of all increasing the kernel yield, plant height, 100 kernel weight, ear length and kernel rows per cob up to 54.5%, 15.2%, 16%, 17.7% and 8.1% respectively more than any other treatment. Hence the integration of Soya Bean Straw Biochar with urea in 1:1 based on % N is advised for maximum yield and better growth performance of maize. Such a study on different cereal and leguminous crops under different soil and climatic conditions are recommended for vast spread application and authorization of results.

Changes of Water Retention in Rice Soil Amended with Organic Manures under ‎Irrigation by Saline and Sodic Water

The quality of irrigation water may affect soil water retention properties, especially in arid areas such as Egypt. Evaluate such an impact plays a vital role in the achieving of effective development of soil and water maintenance and management practices. Therefore, a field trial was performed to evaluate the effects of irrigation water qualities and organic manures amendment on the soil water potential as a limiting factor of crop production. The treatments consisted of all possible combinations of three types of organic manures (2 t fed-1 rice straw compost, 5 t fed-1 farmyard manure (FYM), and 2 t fed-1 rice straw compost + 5 t fed-1 FYM) beside the control and three types of irrigation water differed in salinity (EC) and sodicity (SARAdj), that were industrial wastewater, agricultural drainage water and freshwater. The investigated treatments influenced the shape of the soil-water characteristic curves (sorption and desorption) and had considerable effects on the aggregate stability as indicated by the patterns of hysteresis phenomena. The variation of irrigation water quality had the strongest effect on modifying soil properties, especially agricultural drainage water having the highest SARAdj then industrial wastewater with the highest EC. In addition, mixing compost with FYM is considered the best improver for soil irrigated with poor quality ‎water under these experimental conditions.‎

Integrated Nutrient Management for Enhancing the Soil Health, Yield and Quality of Little Millet (Panicum sumatrense)

Integrated nutrient management is an approach for management of plant nutrients for maintaining and enhancing soil health, where both natural and man made sources of plant nutrients are used. A field experiment was conducted in little millet during Kharif 2015 at Agricultural Research Station, Vizianagaram, laid out in split plot design to evaluate the effect of integrated use of three types of organic manures in combination with three levels of inorganic fertilizers (NPK) with two varieties (Peddasamaand OLM 203) as main plots and 11 combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers as sub plots. The grain and straw yields in little millet of both the varieties were significantly influenced by different fertilizer levels. The experimental results indicated that significantly highest grain and straw yields were recorded in the treatment 100% RDF+Neem cake @ 1 t ha−1. However it was on par with 75% RDF+Neem cake @ 1 t ha−1+Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha−1+PSB @5 kg ha−1, 100% RDF+Vermicompost @ 2 t ha−1, 75% RDF+Vermicompost @ 2 t ha−1+Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha−1+PSB @ 5 kg ha−1 and 100% RDF+FYM @ 5 t ha−1+Azospirillum @ 5 kg ha−1+PSB @ 5 kg ha−1. While, maximum yields were observed with the OLM 203 variety of little millet. Moreover the uptake of macronutrients (NPK) was found to be the highest in the treatment 100% RDF+Neem cake @ 1 t ha−1 and micronutrients (Zn and Fe) in the treatment 100% RDF+Vermicompost @ 2 t ha−1. But the benefit cost ratio was found highest in 100% RDF treated plots followed by 100% RDF+FYM @ 5 t ha−1

CHAMOMILE PRODUCTION USING SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION AND ORGANIC FERTILIZATION IN SANDY SOILS

ABSTRACT: The use of medicinal plants in the herbal medicine of Brazilian Health System has intensified production and the need for developing efficient agricultural techniques that promote greater productivity of these species. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chamomile production at field conditions as a function of irrigation depths and organic fertilizer rates. The experiment was conducted in the Universidade do Oeste Paulista (Campus II experimental area), in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo State, Brazil. A triple factorial experimental design was used, consisting of irrigation rates (150, 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% of the reference evapotranspiration - ETo), organic manure types (poultry and cattle manure) and manure rates (0, 3 and 5 kg m-2), with four replications. The capitula production per plant, capitula dry weight and yield per water input (water use efficiency) were evaluated. The supplementary irrigation combined with organic manure fertilization provided the highest capitula yield for chamomile crop in the Presidente Prudente region. The combination of poultry manure at rate of 5 kg m-2 with water depth equal to 150% of the ETo resulted in higher average values of capitula fresh and dry weight and water use efficiency.

Effect of different types of organic manure on biomass yield, morphological characteristic’s and nutritive value of BLRI Napier-4 in Baghabari milk shed area, Sirajgonj

The trial was conducted at Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) regional station, Baghabari, Shajadpur, Sirajgonj to determine the biomass yield, morphological characteristics and nutritive value with the effect of different sources of organic manure such as biogas slurry, broiler litter and layer litter for fodder production. Significant (P<0.05) difference was observed in biomass yield among different treatment group. Biomass yield (t/ha) was in order of biogas slurry (26.80)> fertilizer (26.56)> broiler litter (22.34)>layer litter (22.20). This study also showed that DM yield and survival percentage were also significantly (P?0.05) differed among the treatments. The DM% in all groups was mostly similar but DM yield (t/ha) was the highest (3.94) in biogas slurry and the lowest (3.13) in layer litter. The cost (Tk/ha) was significant (P<0.01) difference among the treatment group. The highest cost (15856Tk/ha) was observed in fertilizer group and the lowest (5705 Tk/ha) was biogas slurry group. There was no significant (p>0.01) effect of different organic manures on nutritive value of BLRI Napier-4. It may be suggested that biogas slurry may be used as sources of fertilizer for fodder cultivation.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 690-692

Chemical Analysis of Soil and Fertilizers and Fertilizers Synergetic Effect After Cultivation of Same Crop in Some Season in Areas of South East District of Maharashtra

Declining soil fertility resulting from continuous cultivation of same crop in same field then decrease the soil fertility, in present paper the comparative study of effect of chemical fertilizer with poultry manure and farmed yield manure and effect of it on soil fertility were studied by using of chemical fertilizer soil fertility decrease faster than poultry and farmed manure. A study was conducted under observation. The experiment aimed at evaluating the effect of fertilizers on chemical parameter and percentage of some essential elements in soil. The two levels of fertilizers treatments were randomized in main plots while three types of organic manures (FYM, Poultry manure, chemical fertilizers) and control treatments were randomized in the subplots. Top soil (0-30cm depth) were sampled before sowing and after first and second cultivation of crop and analyzed the properties of soil like, PH and percentage of N, P, K, O and C. In present this study may be associated with the supply of essential nutrients by continuous mineralization of organic manures, enhanced inherent nutrient supplying capacity of the soil and its favorable effect on soil physical and biological properties.

Effects of Phosphorus and Organic fertilizers on the Yield and Proximate nutrient composition of lettuce (<i>Lectuca sativa</i>) in Southwestern nigeria

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different types of organic manure, phosphorus fertilizers and their combinations on the yield attributes and proximate nutrient composition of lettuce grown in Akure and Ikorodu, Southwestern Nigeria. The study involved three types of organic manure (poultry, pig and cattle manures) and two types of phosphorus fertilizer (Ogun Rock Phosphate (RP) and Single Super Phosphate (SSP)) and a control with no fertilizer application resulting in sixteen (16) treatment combinations. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Yield was determined by weighing the fresh harvested lettuce and dry weight at 50 days after transplanting (DAT) and lettuce harvested were subjected to proximate composition analysis. The result of the study showed that lettuce grown on soil amended with organic manure combined with SSP and RP at 8t/ha -1 and 4t/ha -1 respectively exhibited significant higher yield. It also influenced the proximate composition positively at harvest compared to control and sole organic manure application. The result obtained clearly indicated that organic manure combined with phosphorus fertilizers prove to be a sound soil fertility management strategy in the study area. This should be adopted by would-be farmer of lettuce, as combinations of organic manures increase solubility of phosphorus and improve lettuce proximate nutrient composition.

<b>Effect of different types and levels of Organic Manures on Yield and Yield Components of Garlic (<i>Allium sativum</i> L) at Kadawa, Kano, Nigeria</b>

Effects of different types and levels of organic manures on the yield and yield components of garlic (ex- Kofa var) was investigated. Two experiments were conducted under irrigation at the Institute for Agriculture Research (I.A.R) Kadawa in the Sudan Savanna zone of Nigeria during 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 (Nov- Mar) dry seasons. The treatments consisted of five levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 tons/ha) of three types of organic manures (poultry droppings (P.D), farm yard manure (FYM)and cow dung (CD) laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Yield parameters studied included cured bulb weight , average bulb diameter, average number of cloves/bulb, average weight of cloves and cured bulb yield (kg/ha). The results showed Significant (P=0.5) effect of all organic manures with highest yield values obtained from poultry droppings, then cow dung and farmyard manure respectively. Increasing levels of all applied manures from 0- 10 tons/ha significantly increased all yield parameters assessed. Thus for optimum yield of garlic at Kadawa, the use of 7.5-10 tons/ha of poultry dropping could be recommended.Keywords: Poultry droppings (PD), Farm yard manure (FYM), Cow dung (CD), Kadawa, Sudan Savanna, Garlic, Irrigation, yield and yield components.

Effect of Organic Manure and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Yield of Young Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

Problems encountered in the development of herbal medicine industry is that most of the raw materials (80%) came from the forest or natural habitats and the rest (20%) of the results of traditional cultivation. Provision of raw materials still rely on the natural occurrence of genetic erosion has resulted in some important medicinal plants such as plant ginger, turmeric, kencur, and temulawak. Therefore, this research needs to be done in order to develop the cultivation of medicinal through strengthening technology to increase the production of industrial raw materials and herbal preparations. This research was conducted in the District of Wonogiri, Central Java, Indonesia. The research is focused to improve cultivation techniques of medicinal plants by using various types of organic manure (chicken, goat, and cow) combined with various doses levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) application. The purpose of this research is to gain a steady cultivation technology through the use of organic nutrients and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi so as to increase the production of ginger plants. The results showed that there is no interaction between application of the three types of organic manure (chicken, goat, and cow) with the level of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi dosage on the growth and yield of the young ginger. Chicken manure, goat manure, and cow manure having the same effect in improving the growth and yield of the young ginger, on the variables of plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, and the fresh weight of ginger rhizome. Mycorrhizal treatment at various doses (5, 10, and 15 g/plant) can increase the plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, and fresh weight of ginger rhizome, but did not affect the fresh weight and dry weight of plants.

Effects of organic manures on the physicochemical properties of crude oil polluted soils

The impact of crude oil pollution on the edaphic physicochemical parameters and the influence of incorporation of different types of organic manures in the polluted soils were investigated. The factorial set of treatments were six levels of crude oil pollution (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 ml), while amendment treatments were done after two weeks of pollution treatment, using the following organic manures: poultry manure (PM), cow dung manure (CM), saw dust manure (SM), poultry + cow dung manure (PM + CM), poultry + saw dust manure (PM + SM) and cow dung + saw dust manure (CM + SM) with two sets of control: pollution + no amendment and no pollution + no amendment. Results indicated that crude oil pollution significantly affected the edaphic physicochemical parameters at P ≤ 0.05. The percentage total organic carbon, total organic matter and total hydrocarbon content (THC) significantly increased two weeks after crude oil pollution while the pH, percentage total nitrogen, phosphorus and exchangeable bases (Ca, K and Mg) significantly decreased. The results also showed that the different amendment treatments significantly decreased crude oil toxicity at different degrees by improving the nutrient content and decreasing the total hydrocarbon content of the soil. The results indicated the order of their remediation potential as PM > PM+CM > CM > PM+SM > CM + SM > SM. Thus, PM followed by PM + CM are highly recommended for amendment of crude oil polluted soil for enhanced agronomic performance due to their narrowing effect on carbon : nitrogen (C:N) ratio which is an index of improved soil fertility. Key words: Crude oil, organic manures, amendment, physicochemical parameters, toxicity

APLIKASI PUPUK ORGANIK PADA TANAMAN CAISIM UNTUK DUA KALI PENANAMAN

A n experiment was conducted to find out the type of organic manure on growth and production ofcaisin for twice planting. This experiment used a Completely Randomized Design w ith 5 treatments and 4replications. Treatments were tv'pes of organic manure (chicken inaniire. bokashi manure, kascing manure,T K K S compost and tricho compost). The parameters observed include: leaf area, number of leaves andproductivity. The result showed that all organic manure had residue effect. 1'he highest increase In productivityachieved at second planting was for bokashi manure of 96.72% compare to the first planting, but for all theparameters T K K S compost w us better than other organic manure.

Soil Quality Dynamics Following Long-Term Application of Poultry Manure and Sewage Sludge on Grassland

Organic manures can complement or even replace mineral fertilization of a pasture within a sustainable production system. In this article, an evaluation is made of the changes occurring in some properties related to soil quality after 7 years of applying two types of organic manures, poultry manure (PM) and sewage-sludge pellets (SP), compared those produced by normal mineral fertilization and a control. Both organic manures were effective for improving the quality of the soil surface horizon; however, PM appeared more effective in accumulating organic matter and improved more soil properties than did SP. The PM in particular improved soil aggregation, microbial development, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage in the form of organic matter. On the other hand, SP lowered soil pH and increased β-glucosidase activity. The soil water-storage capacity and conservation also increased with the application of both organic manures.

Comparative study of different organic manures and NPK fertilizer for improvement of soil chemical properties and dry matter yield of maize in two different soils

A pot experiment was conducted to compare different organic manures with NPK fertilizer for improvement of chemical properties of acid soil from farmer’s field in coastal area of Epe and nutrient depleted soil from research field of Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan. Maize was planted for 12 weeks and dry matter yield was determined. Results showed that application of 5 ton/ha of each of the evaluated organic manures and 100 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer improved chemical properties of both acid and nutrient depleted soils compared with unfertilized soil. Application of different types of organic manures reduced the acidic levels of both the soils. Cow dung application resulted in the highest pH levels of 6.37 and 6.50 in acid soil and nutrient depleted soil respectively while NPK fertilizer gave lowest pH levels of 5.28 and 5.74 for both soils. Also, application of different types of organic manures enhanced soil organic C, total N, available P, exchangeable K and CEC better than NPK fertilizer in both soils. The study indicated that among the organic manures evaluated, cane rat droppings improved soil chemical properties best. Plant dry matter yield increased with application of NPK fertilizer compared with compost, poultry manure and cane rat droppings in both soils. In acid soil, application of NPK fertilizer gave the highest dry matter yield of 4.77 g/plant while in nutrient depleted soil; application of NPK fertilizer gave the highest dry matter yield of 5.58 g/plant. Key words: Manure, fertilizer, dry matter, pH levels.

Occurrence and characterization of fungi and oomycetes transmitted via potting mixtures and organic manures

A study was conducted to investigate the most common fungal and oomycete pathogens introduced into farms in Oman via potting mixtures and organic manures. A total of 37 commercial types of potting mixtures (2 local and 35 imported from overseas), 4 commercial types of organic manures and 11 non-commercial types of organic manures were included in the study. Identification of the isolated species was based on morphological characteristics, except for the most common species which were further identified using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA). Fusarium spp. (14%), Pythium aphanidermatum (3%), Alternaria spp. (5%), Helminthosporium spp. (5%) and Cladosporium spp. (3%) were recovered at different frequencies from samples of potting mixtures. Fusarium solani (40%) and Fusarium equiseti (47%) were recovered at high frequencies from samples of organic manures. Isolations from organic manures also yielded Pythium periplocum (7%), Rhizoctonia solani (7%), Fusarium lichenicola (7%), Helminthosporium spp. (27%) and Alternaria spp. (27%). Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus spp. were found to be common in samples of potting mixtures and organic manures. Investigating sensitivity to hymexazol among 9 isolates of F. equiseti and 13 isolates of F. solani revealed variations among different isolates. The EC 50 values ranged from 1 to over 1200 (avg. 192 μg ml −1) for F. equiseti isolates and from 135 to 789 (avg. 324 μg ml −1) for F. solani isolates, indicating presence of resistance to this important fungicide among some Fusarium isolates. This appears to be the first report of contamination with R. solani, P. periplocum, F. solani, F. equiseti and F. lichenicola of organic manures. This study appears to report for the first time F. lichenicola in Oman and appears to be the first report of occurrence of resistance to hymexazol among F. equiseti and F. solani isolates.

Abundance and diversity of soil nematodes as influenced by different types of organic manure

Abstract Nematode abundance and diversity from different types of organic manure soil treatments were investigated in a longterm field experiment carried out in Qu-Zhou experimental station, China Agricultural University. The composts used in the experiment were a traditional compost (C) (60 % straw, 30 % livestock dung, 5 % cottonseed-pressed trash and 5 % brans), traditional compost and chicken dung compost (60 % straw, 30 % chiken dung, 5 % cottonseedpressed trash and 5 % brans) added with effective microorganisms, EMC and EMCDC respectively. Six treatments were arranged according to a randomized block design with three replicates per treatment. Treatments were incorporation into the soil of compost EMC, EMCDC, and C each at the rates of 7.5 and 15 t/ha. Plots were sown with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) every year from 1997 to 2004. Overall, 28 nematode genera were found. Seven genera were bacterivores, 3 genera were fungivores, 13 genera were plantparasites and 5 genera were omnivores-predators. The Rhabditis, Cephalobus, Helicotylenchus were dominant genera in the present study. The bacterivores and plantparasitic nematodes were the dominant trophic groups except in C treatment. Nematode abundance per 100 g dried soil ranged from 372 to 553. Addition of effective microorganism increased the number and proportion of bacterivorous nematodes and decreased the number and proportion of plant-parasitic nematodes compared to traditional compost C. Total number of nematode was significantly influenced by compost amount, but didn’t significantly influence by EM agent. Total abundance of nematode was positively correlated with the content of soil organic matter, total N, available P and K. The long-term addition of EM agent hasn’t adverse effect on soil nematode community.

Effect of Manures and Mulching on yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Desiree

This studies was conducted in the experimental field, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Abu-Ghraib,during at the fall and spring seasons 2006-2007. by using Desiree cultivar potato. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sources of organic manure and mulching with black polyethylene sheets in the growth, yield and yield component of potato plans. Split- plot design were adapted, the first factor inculded either without black polyethylene sheet (M0) or using it (M1). The second factor was included the using of 6 types of organic manure; the first without organic manure (control T0). The second chemical fertilizer (T1), The third sheep manure (T2), The forth local peatmoss(T3),The fifth dry Pow humus(T4) and the sixth liquid Humic acid. L.S.D were used to compare the means at a 5% level of significances. The results showed that Mulching with black polyethylene (M1) significantly increased the yield/ plant and total yield for both seasons to reached 615.11and 710.56 gm and 29.40 and 35.82 ton hec for both seasons respectively . as compared with the control (M0) to reached 525.56 and 663.89 gm and 23.05 and 33.25 ton hec. And showed of Treating potato plants with chemical fertilizer (T1) and sheep manure (T2) significantly increased the total yield in fall season to reached 33.91and 30.79 ton hec respectively while in spring season was 42.70 and 41.42 ton hec as compared with the control (T0) to reached 19.45 and 29.72 ton hec to both control seasons respectively.And results showed of Mulching with black polyethylene and chemical fertilizer (MITI) and mulching with black polyethylene with sheep manure (M1T2) significantly increased the total yield in fall season to reached 38.30 and 34.62 ton hec and in spring season 44.27 and 43.14 ton hec while to decreased 17.05 and 28.30 ton hec. in control treatment (M0T0) without Mulching and manuring for both seasons.

Effect of Manures and Mulching on quality characters of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) Desiree CV.

This studies was conducted in the experimental field, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Abu- Ghraib, during at fall and spring seasons 2006-2007 by using Desiree cultivar class (A) in the fall season and class (Eilte) in spring season. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sources of organic manure and mulching with black polyethylene sheets on quality characters of potatoes. Split- plot design were adapted in this experiment the first factor inculded either without black polyethylene sheet (M0) or using it (M1). The second factor was included using of 6 types of organic manure; the first without organic manure (control T0). The second chemical fertilizer (T1), The third sheep manure (T2), The forth local peatmoss (T3), The fifth dry Pow humus (T4) and the sixth liquid Humic acid. L.S.D were used to compare the means at a 5% level of significances. The results showed that Mulching potato plants with black polyethylene (M1) increased significantly the percentage of dry matter, starch and protien in potato tubers for both seasons and the percentage to reach (14.31, 8.76, 0.94%) respectively for fall season, as compared with the control (M0) to reach (13.85, 8.35, 0.77%). While in spring season the percentage was (16.83, 11.00, 1.22%). Respectively as compared with the control the percentage to reach (15.53, 9.81, 1.01%) respectively. And Mulching with black polyethylene and chemical fertilizer (M1T1) and mulching with black polyethylene with sheep manure (M1T2) significantly increased the dry matter and starch in potato tubers in fall season the percentage in dry matter to reach (15.14 and 14.88%) respectively and the percentag in starch to reach (9.50 and 9.26%) respectively as compared with the control (M0T0) without Mulching and manuring to reach (12.26 and 6.91%) respectively, while in spring season the percentage of dry matter was (17.93 and 17.58%) and for starch was (11.98 and 11.67%) respectively. as compared with the control (M0T0) to reach (13.92 and 8.15 %) resrectively.