Type Of Offense Research Articles

Females' Engagement in Offline and Online Sexual Offending and Their Interactions With the Criminal Justice System: A Gender and Age Comparison.

This study aimed to extend limited extant knowledge of female-perpetrated sexual offenses, including child sexual abuse material (CSAM) offenses, that enter the criminal justice system. Sexual offenses actioned by the police in one jurisdiction of Australia between 1 January 2012 and 30 June 2021 (N = 37,864) were analyzed to explore the prevalence of sexual offenses and types of sexual offenses perpetrated; the relationship between perpetrator gender, age, and offense type; and the relationship between perpetrator gender, age, offense type, and likelihood of law enforcement action (N = 34,835). Consistent with previous research, (predominantly adult) males were responsible for most sexual offenses before police. Females were responsible for 12.2% of all offenses over this period, with juvenile females (10-17 years) implicated in a significant proportion (10.2%) of all offenses. In fact, juvenile females were responsible for the majority of assaultive CSAM offenses, whereas juvenile males mostly perpetrated offline child sexual abuse offenses. Regarding adults, there was a minimal, statistically significant difference between gender and offense type. Odds of perpetrating an online assaultive CSAM offense were 20 times higher for juvenile females compared to both adult males and adult females, and 7.69 times higher for juvenile females compared to juvenile males. Finally, for the same offense type, gender and age differentially impacted law enforcement action. For all offense types, enforcement and gravity (e.g., arrest and referral to court) of further action, were significantly lower among all females and juvenile males compared to adult males. Juvenile females were least likely to have any serious action taken. These findings provide a seminal platform from which to expand much-needed research on female-perpetrated offending to inform policy and practice.

Entre vozes e silêncios

The field of legal anthropology has widely debated Indigenous Peoples’ justice practices. However, the legal perspective of sexual offenses remains understudied. In this respect, this paper depicts the Arhuaco people's justice system, from the spiritual and political entities to the procedure, and sanctions, touching upon how the homogenized society influences Indigenous People’s justice in Arhuaco society. Furthermore, this work explores how the Arhuaco people resolve cases in which community members are allegedly responsible for committing sexual crimes. It also highlights some challenges connected to raising this type of offense and its lack of trust in authorities, disregard for the victim's version, and the difficulty of verifying these cases. During the fieldwork in the Arhuaco territory, the applied method follows some parameters of the procedural paradigm-legal conscience studies as an interpretive framework to understand how the Arhuaco women conceive the legal phenomenon. As a result, this study offers some insights into the Arhuaco women's perceptions of justice, specifically concerning sexual abuse cases. Such a perception is analyzed based on the Arhuaco women's political position, cultural and lineage origin, illustrating how they constantly go through inter-legality practices to claim justice for sexual offenses.

Pain in Prison: A Risk Factor Analysis of 57 Prisoners' Deaths by Suicide in Illinois, United States.

United States prisons have elevated rates of suicide deaths compared to the general population. Thus, this manuscript aims to identify suicide risk factors, using data collected in Illinois (IL) state prisons between 2013-2021. First, we present comprehensive demographic, psychological, and prison-related descriptive statistics regarding 57 suicide decedents. Next, we compared this subset to IL state population-level prison reports to identify suicide-specific risk factors. Suicide decedents were predominately male, White, serving their first sentence, had a psychiatric diagnosis, and had no work assignment. Lethal attempts frequently occurred during evening off-hours, on Wednesdays, and were preceded by "mental health decompensation" and significant life transitions. Suicide-specific risk factors included identifying as White or Asian, having an offense type of habitual criminal or sex offender, being divorced, and not having children. We close with readily implementable suggestions to reduce suicides in prisons such as increasing off-hours and shift change staffing and social support interventions.

Crime Type and Occurrence Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithm

This project is entitled as “Crime Type and Occurrence Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithm” Crime is still a major worry and a serious problem in our society. As a result, crime prevention is a significant issue that needs to be examined methodically. Detecting and preventing crime requires effective crime analytics, which is also crucial for assessing how well criminal investigations are working. To create precise forecasts, inferences are drawn from trained data. a system that uses user input to forecast different characteristics of crime. Users select the year, offense type, and city name. The method forecasts the population, expected number of occurrences, and expected crime rate for the year in 100,000 units based on this data. The dataset used in this investigation was produced on its own. The system makes use of machine learning techniques, particularly Random Forest, SVM, Logistic Regression, and Linear Regression. To guarantee precise forecasts and dependable results, it has undergone testing and training

‘This is not a human rights convention!’: the perils of overlooking human rights in the UN cybercrime treaty

ABSTRACT The ongoing process of the UN cybercrime treaty negotiations exemplified concerns about the use of criminal law as an instrument for digital persecution. The possible overarching impact of the proposed UN convention goes beyond the notion of cybercrime. If adopted, the new instrument would set standards not only for criminalising certain types of offences but also for the collection and cross-border exchange of electronic evidence in investigations of any crimes leaving digital traces. This far-reaching impact places concerns that the new treaty could potentially legitimize and encourage oppressive practices at the centre of the UN cybercrime treaty negotiations. This paper aims to provide a deeper understanding of the challenges of upholding human rights while setting standards for criminal justice in cyberspace by analysing three main aspects of the UN cybercrime negotiations – criminalisation, procedural powers and international cooperation – in the context of existing cybercrime frameworks and international human rights obligations.

The War on Drugs in Juvenile Court? The Influence of Community Context on Juvenile Court Outcomes for White, Black, and Hispanic Youth

Prior research on race/ethnicity and juvenile court processing have found that youth of color often receive disadvantaged outcomes compared to their White counterparts, and that community context may condition this relationship. The current study examined this association between race/ethnicity (White, Black, Hispanic) and type of drug offense (possession vs. distribution) with adjudication and disposition outcomes, especially the tempering effect of disadvantaged community characteristics. Results from multi-level models indicated that Black youth who were charged with a drug distribution offense were more likely to receive residential placement compared to similarly situated Whites. Underclass poverty and racial/ethnic inequality moderated these associations, but the significance and direction of the results differed depending on the stage examined. The findings reveal ongoing racial/ethnic disparities in the juvenile justice system, and offer clearer insights into the conditions under which youth of color charged with different drug offenses are processed in juvenile court.

Association of Involuntary Displacement of People Experiencing Homelessness and Crime in Denver, CO: A Spatiotemporal Analysis.

In 2022, approximately 580,000 people experienced homelessness in the United States. In response, many cities have implemented "camping ban" policies enforced by involuntary displacement of homeless encampments. Displacement has been cited as a strategy to protect public health and safety. However, there is mixed evidence that displacement is effective in reducing crime, while it is associated with other adverse health outcomes. To evaluate the neighborhood-level association between displacement and crime, we performed a retrospective (November 2019 to July 2023) pre-post spatiotemporal analysis using administrative data from Denver, CO. We used the Knox test statistic to detect excess clustering and change in total crime, as well as crime stratified by the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) category, within spatiotemporal proximity to displacement events. We found that, on average, clustering of crime is high both before and after displacement. Within a 0.25-mile radius, displacement is associated with a statistically significant but modest decrease in crime, between - 9.3% within 7days (p < 0.001) and - 3.9% within 21days (p = 0.002). We found no consistent change in composite crime at a 0.5- or 0.75-mile radius. Hyperlocal decreases were driven by significant decreases in public disorder and auto theft, while crimes against persons increased and displayed high clustering post-displacement. There were no changes in any other offense type. Involuntary displacement is not consistently associated with changes in clustering of crime and may exacerbate violence in nearby areas.

Compensation of payment of a penalty for improper performance (non-performance) of the duties by the parties to legal services supply agreement

The article is focused on the problem of compensation of payment of a penalty for improper performance (non-performance) of the duties by the parties to legal services supply agreement. The author has indicated that the protection of the rights and interests of the subjects of civil relations, in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs 8, 9 of Part 2 of the Art. 16, paragraphs 3, 4 of Part 1 of the Art. 611 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, can be carried out by means of compensation of damage and other methods of compensation for property damage, compensation for moral (non­property) harm and award of a penalty. The analysis of case-law shows that compensation of damage by customers of legal services, along with termination of contracts, is ranked first within the structure of judicial protection methods in obligations to provide legal services. Talking about the compensation for moral harm and award of a penalty, such methods of protection are applied extremely rarely. Accordingly, the author believes that the problem of the responsibility of a provider of legal services, in particular the matter of classification of the appropriateness (or, on the contrary, inappropriateness) of performing own duties by this party of the obligation, causes the most problematic issues both from the point of view of the doctrine of civil law and legal enforcement practice The author of the article has noted the possibility of applying a penalty for such types of offenses as delay in fulfilling the main obligation (delay in providing a legal service per se) and delay in returning funds to a customer. The legislation of Ukraine does not provide the possibility to apply a penalty in relation to improper (low-quality) service provision. Therefore, if a provider began to provide legal services in time, but provided them improperly, then the application of a penalty (fine) to his illegal behavior will be possible only if the contract concluded between the provider and the customer of legal services specifically stipulates a relevant term. Taking into account the known advantages in the position of legal services’ providers regarding certain dictates of contractual terms at the stage of concluding contracts, such a penalty clause is unlikely to appear in such contracts. The difficulty of applying this type of a penalty is also explained by the problem of determining the criteria for assessing the quality of legal services’ provision. As we have noted, there are no such clear criteria. Therefore, the application of a penalty (fine) for the “low-quality” legal service fulfilled by the provider is also complicated by objective reasons. The author has substantiated the provisions that the composing elements of an offense are required in order to apply a penalty in legal relations on supplying legal services. In contrast to compensation of damage, lesser form of an offense is sufficient for awarding a penalty: wrongfulness of the performer’s behavior and his guilt. In order to avoid unnecessary repetition, we step aside from studying these aspects, since they are sufficiently thoroughly researched in the material of this subsection on compensation of damage.

The relationship between justice and the police: theoretical and practical aspects

The text of the article analyzes approaches to the definitions of the concepts of «justice» and «police». By summarising different views on these concepts, the author proposes to establish a criterion by which they can be distinguished. According to the author, since police and judicial activities overlap in the implementation of the law enforcement function of the state, it is here that the specified criterion should be sought. In particular, it is noted in the work that justice is the sphere of direct implementation of the law enforcement function of the state, the content of which is the resolution of conflicts of legal and illegal interests, the denial of a committed offense and the establishment of the law in legal relations. Instead, the police is appointed to carry out only operational and forceful enforcement of the law enforcement function, i.e. it is only an auxiliary activity in the law enforcement sphere (for example, prevention, detection and recording of certain types of offenses, search and detention of offenders, providing protection from them to individuals and legal entities, ensuring the execution of court orders decisions and sentences, detention of convicts and other types of coercion). The boundaries of such auxiliary activities may be different in different states and even in one state at different times, but this does not change the fact that justice and the police play different roles in the performance of law enforcement functions: the first is the main one, the second is auxiliary. In addition, the article points to the fact that justice is connected exclusively with only one law­enforcement function of the state, and the police is mainly involved in the administrative function. Therefore, the criterion for distinguishing between justice and police, and, accordingly, their concepts, should be determined by what fundamentally distinguishes these state structures, making them different in nature in the system of state power; such a criterion is the nature of the functions of the state to which these phenomena are adapted. The author notes that the police is a special institution of the state, called together with other structures of the executive power to implement the legal order ideally defined by the legislative power in the norms, actually establishing and maintaining this order in society, preventing and suppressing its violations. At the same time, the specificity of the police in relation to other bodies of the executive power is that it acts as a «force» component of the executive power, has the necessary means and skills to use coercion, including forceful physical and armed coercion in order to maintain proper law and order Justice, on the other hand, is called upon to ensure, within the framework of the law enforcement function, the authoritative resolution of contradictions between legitimate and illegitimate interests, denying offences and thus establishing legality and restoring the violated legal order. The sphere of justice includes legal activities related to the establishment of legal facts, the investigation of facts of offenses, the resolution of legal disputes, determination and realization of the responsibility of violators of the law.

Assessing risk of physical child abuse recidivism using the HCR-20V3

Physical child abuse has been associated with a myriad of harms, not limited to physical injury. Thus, it is vital that children are protected. Forensic psychologists who are required to assess future risk of physical abuse often use the Historical-Clinical-Risk Management-20 Version 3 (HCR-20V3), a well-established tool for general violence. However, the validity of the HCR-20V3 amongst perpetrators of physical child abuse has not yet been established and, whilst there are likely to be similarities between the two groups, there may also be important differences. We explore the potential strengths and limitations of the HCR-20V3 when used with perpetrators of physical child abuse, with reference to the developing evidence base for this type of offence, including indications of unique risk factors that may merit additional attention.

The current approach of HMPPS to the risk assessment and risk management of those at risk of being drawn into terrorism, including key considerations and challenges of working with this cohort

Under the theme of violence reduction and prevention, this article outlines the current HMPPS approach to risk assessment and risk management/interventions for individuals identified as being at risk of being drawn into terrorism, but convicted of other types of offences. First, this article provides an overview of the relevant literature and research which underpins the current approach of assessments and interventions in this space. Second, this article outlines the principles and processes that come with assessing and then working with this cohort, particularly given the sensitivities as these individuals are not convicted for terrorist offending. It looks at the importance of ‘buy in’ from different staffing groups and people in prison/on probation, developing a collaborative approach to support informed consent. Other sensitivities outlined include issues around labelling and stigmatisation with this cohort and how this can be managed. Third, this article discusses the approach taken, the considerations that are made including the limitations, and how this work is evaluated. Examples of this are the importance of considering sequencing with other assessments and interventions with a focus of prioritising risk reduction and a focus on how to evidence the assessments and interventions are achieving their aims. To conclude, the article summarises the current landscape and outlines future directions for increasing our understanding of this cohort and how best to divert them from being drawn into terrorism.

Assessing the Gender-Neutral Claim of Self-Control and Offending: A Meta-Analysis

While low self-control is one of the strongest predictors of offending, scholars do not agree whether the theory is gendered or gender neutral. This study used hierarchal meta-analytic methods to take stock of the self-control literature, focusing specifically on all-male and all-female samples. The analysis included 1,282 effect size estimates (ESEs) nested in 244 individual studies which used 169 unique datasets. Moderator analyses examined potential differences depending on sample and offense characteristics, measurement of self-control, and included controls in multivariate models. While mean ESEs did not differ significantly for males and females, suggesting that the effect between self-control and offending is similar, once moderator analyses were conducted, differences emerged in female offense type and measurement. This suggests that while self-control can explain both male and female offending, there may be important gendered risk factors that are also influential.

Довкіллєве правосуддя в Україні та світі

The article is devoted to the study of domestic and foreign trends in environmental justice. To solve the set goal, the following research methods were used, in particular: the method of scientific observation is to form the topic and purpose of the research; comparative legal method in the study of foreign experience of environmental justice; logical method – for theoretical generalization and formulation of research conclusions. The main models of environmental justice that exist in the world include such as consideration of environmental cases by courts of general jurisdiction, consideration of environmental cases by judges specializing in environmental issues or specialized environmental divisions of courts, consideration of environmental cases by specialized environmental courts. Environmental courts, as specialized judicial authorities, deal with the resolution of environmental conflicts and the protection of the environment and function in particular in countries that are members of the European Union, such as Sweden and Austria. In Ukraine, environmental justice is carried out in the form of civil, economic, administrative and criminal proceedings. At the same time, civil, economic, administrative and criminal cases in the environmental sphere differ among themselves in terms of the type of offense, the subject of the dispute, the composition of subjects, etc. Judicial practice in the environmental sphere covers a wide range of environmental relations, in particular on atmospheric air protection, land protection and use of land resources, subsoil protection and use of minerals, protection of forests and use of forest resources, protection and use of territories and objects of the nature reserve fund, access to environmental information, waste management, etc. Environmental justice in Ukraine may be limited to the functioning of certain specialized environmental units in courts, or involve the formation of a system of specialized environmental courts throughout the country, including a higher specialized court. At the same time, the implementation of environmental justice will be more or less time-consuming and costly (depending on the model chosen for implementation).

Lukiškės remand Prison-closed prison during the Nazi occupation period (1941–1944)

On July the 2nd 2019, the activity of Lukiškės Remand Prison-Closed Prison came to an end officially. It was a prison situated in the centre of Vilnius for 115 years. The article focuses on the historical events, tragical even for the history of Lukiškės prison – the period of the Nazi occupation (1941–1944). This subject has not attracted attention of the researchers-historians so far. No Lithuanian historiography methods have been applied to this topic specifically. The history of this institution is investigated here at the following angles: the stats of prisoners (changes in prisoner numbers, imprisonment and release of detainees), composition of inmates by nationality, gender, offence type (political or criminal prisoners), system of punishments, imprisonment conditions, catering and health problems of the detainees, behaviour of prison employees against detainees and prison escape events.

CURRENT ISSUES OF ECONOMIC CRIME PREVENTION IN THE CONTEXT OF MARTIAL LAW IN UKRAINE

The research is devoted to the study of topical issues of economic crime prevention under martial law in Ukraine. The paper presents a systematic analysis of the state of research on topical issues of economic crime prevention and its methodological tools. The insufficient level of research into the problems of economic crime prevention and the validity of preventive measures has an extremely negative impact on society, especially in the difficult times of martial law in Ukraine. The urgency of the problem is also growing due to the long-overdue need to improve the legal acts regulating the prevention of economic crime. An analysis of the functioning of state bodies in recent years has shown that the defined national security and defence strategy does not fully ensure the compliance of Ukraine's security sector in a scientifically sound and practical sense. A study of the state and trends of economic crime has shown a sharp increase in the number of this type of criminal offence, especially fraud, under martial law. It is also established that a significant part of economic crime in Ukraine is latent crime, the main reasons for which are the reluctance of the victims (mostly due to circumstances beyond their control), and in most cases the inability to report the offence committed against them, mainly in the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine.

Murder or manslaughter: the role of premeditation and associated behavioural characteristics

ABSTRACT Behavioural differences between murder and manslaughter have rarely been empirically assessed. By examining real-world data, assessment of this type helps ensure that the legal classification and sentencing framework aligns with the nuances of criminal behaviour and contributes to just outcomes. Additionally, empirical assessment of differences between offence types provides an inclusionary/exclusionary basis in the pooling of samples. This study examined the relationships between demographic and crime-scene behaviours with conviction outcome (i.e. either murder or manslaughter) in 253 New Zealand homicides. Premeditated intent to kill was highly associated with murder as the conviction outcome; however, lower levels of premeditation were not. Other significant predictors were primarily those of a mitigating nature; a victim provoking an attacker or an offender attempting to save the victim were observed to potentially reduce the likelihood of a murder conviction, while aggravating factors such as the use of a weapon increased this likelihood. Most variables did not significantly predict conviction outcome for either homicide type, indicating these types of crimes are perhaps more similar than they are different. Overall, this study helped reveal an intricate interplay of factors which impact on homicide conviction outcomes, shedding light on the decision-making process within the criminal justice system.

Tackling Gender-Based Violence to Increase College Students’ Well-Being: A Study on Psychosocial Dimensions Affecting Attitudes Toward the Nonconsensual Intimate Image Dissemination

One of the most recent forms of gender-based violence is non-consensual intimate images dissemination (NCII). This type of offense, popularly referred to as “revenge pornography”, consists of the nonconsensual creation, dissemination, or threat of dissemination of nude or sexually explicit images (photographs and videos) of individuals. NCII is considered a public health issue because of its damaging psychological consequences, especially among adolescents and young adults. According to the social-ecological perspective, psychosocial variables (e.g., endorsement of sexist attitudes, rape myths, sexual double standards, and stereotypes on masculinity) influence and bias perceptions of NCII, but research on these dimensions is still lacking. The present study aims to investigate such variables in a sample of Italian college students (N = 309, 65.4% female, mean age = 21.95, SD = 2.00). The results will be discussed in the light of interventions aimed at raising awareness of violence and its prevention, thus increasing youth well-being in their educational and everyday contexts.

Mental Health Among Incarcerated Male Youth With Violent and Sexual Offense Convictions by Race and Offense Type.

Incarcerated adolescents are at increased risk for negative mental health outcomes. Race and offense type can differentially influence legal outcomes as well as mental health symptom presentation. Our study examined whether adolescent mental health problems differed for 1,303 male youth at a Southeastern U.S.-based juvenile prison depending on the adolescent's race and offense type (specifically offenses involving physical or sexual violence). Results indicated significantly different patterns of mental health symptoms and psychopathic traits between Black and White male youth and between male youth with adjudicated violent and sexual offenses. Study findings have important implications for policies and practices centered around rehabilitative practices in juvenile prisons.

An Integrated Test of Power-Control Theory by Delinquency Types: Assessing Additional Factors Predicting Adolescents’ Risk-taking Preferences

Prior tests of power-control theory (“PCT”) have primarily utilized the U.S. or Canadian samples, lacked integration with other theoretical frameworks, and overlooked diverse offense types. This study aims to address these limitations by testing PCT while considering various criminogenic factors and assessing its relative significance across status, property, and violent offenses using an international sample. Structural equation modeling analysis reveals support for PCT’s core assumption that the gender effect on offending, wherein boys are more likely to commit offenses than girls, is less pronounced in egalitarian families than patriarchal families, particularly in status and violent offenses, but not in property offenses. However, other PCT assumptions were partially supported or not supported. We discuss implications for policy, theory, and future research.

The hidden impact of alcohol on young victims: an analysis of police-related alcohol offences resulting in hospitalisation

BackgroundAlcohol-related harm (ARH) remains a significant public health concern, particularly affecting young individuals who are disproportionately impacted. This study focuses on the often-overlooked impact of alcohol on young victims involved in alcohol-related police incidents resulting in hospitalisation. While existing research often centres on the drinker, this study explores the characteristics of both offenders and victims, analysing offence types and investigating the under-ascertainment of ARH in hospital records. MethodsOur research, conducted as a retrospective longitudinal study in Western Australia, utilises linked data from hospital admissions, emergency department (ED) presentations, and police incident records. The study includes 22,747 individuals aged 12–24 involved in alcohol-related police incidents between 2004 and 2015. ResultsFemale victims were 10 times more likely than males to be involved in alcohol-related police incidents, while women had a 2 times higher likelihood of undiagnosed alcohol-related hospital admissions than men. Aboriginal people were overrepresented as both offenders and victims. ED presentations and hospital admissions were prevalent, with head injuries being the most common outcome. Notably, 71% of victims hospitalised did not receive an ARH diagnosis. Conclusions A noticeable gap exists between hospital admissions associated with alcohol-related incidents and cases officially classified as ARH in the hospital system. This difference points to a more significant issue of substantial under-ascertainment or insufficient identification of ARH than previously acknowledged. Our study emphasises the need for targeted interventions, collaborative efforts between health and justice agencies, and ongoing research to address the hidden impact of alcohol on young victims.