Types Of Norms Research Articles

Peer likeability and victimization in young adolescents: Moderating effects of descriptive and status group norms for aggression and prosocial behaviour and network density

Previous research has shown that peer victimization can be highly responsive to variables at the classroom level. Aggressive and prosocial norms may promote or reduce its status in classrooms. However, yet there is an apparent lack of success to explain which types of norms are more influential. This study examined the role of aggressive and prosocial descriptive and status norms in the peer victimization-status link. It also explores how the network density increases adherence to the prevailing norm in the classroom and its effect on the status of the victims. Data on peer acceptance and rejection, victimization, prosocial behaviour, and aggression were collected with sociometric methods in a sample of 6,600 students (M = 13.1 years, SD = 0.6; 49.2% girls), from 269 classrooms in 81 secondary schools in Spain. Group norms for aggression and for prosocial behaviour were assessed in three ways, the behaviour of all peers (class-norm), the behaviour of most-liked peers (likeability-norm), and the behaviour of most salient peers (visibility-norm). Multilevel regression analyses revealed that the negative impact of victimization on peer likeability was moderated by the classroom's norm for prosocial behaviour, by the status norm of most visible peers' norm for prosocial behaviour and for aggression, and by the group's network density. The behavioural status norms of most likeable peers had no significant effect. These results underscore the overall importance of group context as a moderating factor of the relation between victimization and peer status in adolescents, and add to the growing body of knowledge driven by the socio-ecological approach to the study of peer relations in developmental psychology. As implications for education, these results affect the importance of considering socio-emotional variables in the formation of class groups in order to reduce victimization.

Entrepreneurs’ Networking Styles and Normative Underpinnings during Institutional Transition

Abstract Existing network research has mainly adopted functional and/or structural approaches to study the instrumental goals behind entrepreneurs’ networking as well as the influence of personal position on access to resources and eventual performance. The variety of entrepreneurs’ networking styles and their normative underpinnings have not been adequately explored. Contextualized in China, this study asks: How do entrepreneurs’ understandings of social norms shape their networking styles? Through an inductive comparison of two entrepreneur generations in China, we identify three networking styles: guanxi-oriented networking, market-based networking, and mixed networking. We theorize that three types of norms shape these styles: market-inferred norms, dyadically formed norms, and identity-induced norms. This study provides new insights into the understanding of Chinese entrepreneurs’ distinctive networking styles and their normative underpinnings. Further, it suggests implications both for the wider study of entrepreneurs’ networking behaviors in transition economies, and for practitioners wishing to enhance their network building in China.

Norms, Reasons, and Anthropological Naturalism

This article addresses the two most important areas of potential conflict between inferentialism and naturalism, namely normativity and rationality. Concerning the first, it sides with inferentialism, while at the same time developing a normativist position less vulnerable to naturalistic objections. There is nothing problematic or mysterious about semantic normativity or normativity in general. But one needs to distinguish different types of normativity and recognize that statements of norms can be perfectly truth-apt. Concerning the second area of conflict, my verdict is partly naturalistic. It rejects overly intellectualist accounts of the normative practices that underlie meaning and content. The article ends with a plea for an ‘anthropological’ naturalism that eschews both ontological supernaturalism and epistemological naturalism.

ТИПЫ ДЕЙСТВИЯ НОРМ ПРАВА ВО ВРЕМЕНИ

Introduction: the article studies the typology of legal temporality. The changes, evolution, improvement of legal regulation of social relations objectively entail the problem of temporality of legal norms. Consequently, there arise issues of maximum protection for the participants in legal relations, of fair restoration of violated rights in a situation of legislative changes. Purpose: to describe the use of different types of law operation in time (prospective, retroactive, and ultra-active operation). Methods: the study was conducted on the basis of the general philosophical dialectical approach; a system of general scientific and special legal methods was used. The formal dogmatic method and the method of legal interpretation made it possible to clarify the content of the legislative rules on the operation of the law in time. The types of legal norms’ operation in time were identified as a result of combining the legal modeling method and a mental legal experiment. Results: the prospective and immediate effects of legal norms coincide in content and should be treated as identical. The application of the legal norms’ retroactivity is fundamentally different in the branches of public and private law. In private law relations, based on equality of participants, retroactivity of law does not apply to a new law improving the legal status of the legal relationship participants. Due to the absence of both doctrinal and law enforcement certainty regarding the understanding of the rights and obligations arising from, but later than, a relationship, the legislator should define as accurately as possible which rights and obligations fall under the ultra-active operation of an old law and which ones – under the prospective operation of a new law

Analisis Kepastian Hukum Pelaksanaan Pendidikan Pancasila Melalui Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 57 Tahun 2021 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan

This study aimed to analyze the existence of Pancasila Education before the issuance of Government Regulation Number 57 of 2021 concerning National Education Standards and analysis of legal certainty for the implementation of Pancasila Education through Government Regulation Number 57 of 2021. This study used a qualitative approach, with normative and empirical legal research types. Sources of data obtained from secondary data and primary data. The study results showed that the existence of Pancasila Education experienced various dynamics before the issuance of Government Regulation Number 57 of 2021. Pancasila began to lose its role after issuing Law Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System by eliminating Pancasila Education from primary education to higher education. The main issue of Government Regulation Number 57 of 2021 was based on the findings of inconsistent legal drafting with one another. The issuance of Government Regulation Number 57 of 2021, which did not include the contents of the Pancasila Education material, created legal uncertainty, which had implications for contradicting the laws and regulations on it.

Kepastian Hukum Pengambilalihan Saham (Akuisisi) Perseroan Terbatas Tertutup Dengan Akta Jual Beli Saham

The practice in the world of notary that uses the Deed of Sale and Purchase of Shares in the event of a stock acquisition is a legal issue that underlies the occurrence of this research. The sale and purchase of shares and the acquisition of shares in notarial practice which are often equated cause problems in practice, in line with the duties of the notary office in making deeds, this will lead to multiple interpretations in making the Notary deed. There is no specific regulation that underlies this, so there needs to be a discussion about what the position of the legal issue is. The research method uses a normative juridical research type, with a statutory approach, a case approach, a historical approach, and a conceptual approach. The results of this research are: regarding the use of the Deed of Sale and Purchase of Shares, it can be done as long as there is no change in control, but if in practice the sale and purchase of shares results in a transfer of control, it should be carried out through procedures, terms and procedures for takeover of shares (acquisition). The legal position is closely related to the role of the notary in making deeds, which must always minimize the existence of the deed from any problems in the future. Legal certainty of share takeover (acquisition) of a Limited Liability Company with a Share Sale and Purchase Deed, where the sale and purchase of shares does not result in a change in controlling of shares, the use of the sale and purchase deed provides certainty for the parties therein, but if the sale and purchase of shares results in the occurrence of changes in share controllers, then the sale and purchase deed does not provide legal certainty for the parties in it, it should be done in accordance with the procedures and mechanisms governing share acquisition.

Значимость базовых ценностей для субъектов образовательной среды как условие ее безопасности

The increasing complexity of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the educational environment prompts the research aimed at investigating the modern social and cultural landscape and identifying acmeological mechanisms of social and psychological aspects of the school safe climate. The theoretical framework of the study was based on the concept of "cultural traditions" proposed by D. B. Zilberman and devoted to normative and value types of attitudes to reality. The purpose of the study is to establish the correlation between the assessment of the social and psychological aspects of the school safe climate and the value and normative types of attitudes to reality. The latter are seen as the ways for the subjects of the educational process to express the attitude to the basic values. Research hypotheses: 1) Subjects of the educational environment who regard basic values as significant represent a value type; 2) The value type of the personality determines the educational environment as a safer one. The study sample includes: 1177 students aged 13 to 16 (60% of boys, 40% of girls, average age 14.9), 925 parents aged 28 to 57 (93% of females, 7% of males; average age 39.0), 136 teachers aged 23 to 74 (95% of females, 5% of males; average age 38.7) from Kazan. Research methodology: the test "Value Orientations" (by M. Rokich), the original questionnaire on the social and psychological aspects of the school safe climate (by E. N. Gilemkhanova). Evidently, the subjects of the educational environment who regard basic values as significant represent a value type as opposed to a normative type. The research shows that the value type of attitude determines the identification of the educational environment as a safer one. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the results obtained open up the possibility for interpreting D. B. Zilberman's concept in the context of acmeological determinants of social and psychological aspects of the school safe climate. The results of the study can be used to provide psychological and pedagogical support to the subjects of the educational process. Additionally, they are of importance for those implementing complex measures to organize a safe educational environment of the school.

Constraints by the Public Prosecutor in Proving Aspects of Criminal Liability for Narcotics Criminals with Undercover Buy Techniques

Narcotics crime is one of the extraordinary crimes. In addition to the negative impact it causes, the disclosure of narcotics crimes is not easy because it is transnational in nature, is carried out in secret, organized, uses various modus operandi and uses advanced technology. Therefore, the Law on Narcotics regulates investigative techniques that can be used to uncover narcotics crimes, one of which is an undercover buy investigation technique. However, this technique sometimes also leaves its own problems in its implementation. The objective of this study is to identify and explain the various constraints faced by the Public Prosecutor in proving aspects of criminal responsibility for narcotics criminals, especially those carried out with the undercover buy technique. This paper using a normative research type through a statutory approach and a case approach. This study explains that the Public Prosecutor still has problems in proving aspects of criminal responsibility for narcotics criminals, both from internal and external factors. The constraints from internal factors was that the Public Prosecutor was not careful in checking the completeness of the formal. Meanwhile, external factors, namely investigators did not provide actual information regarding the completeness of the material submitted in the first stage of file submission. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the regulation and coordination between law enforcement officers in terms of proving the accountability aspects of narcotics criminals using undercover buy techniques.

THE JURIDICAL REVIEW OF LEGAL POWER OF GROSSE DEED AS THE BASIS FOR EXECUTING MORTGAGE EXECUTION AUCTIONS

One of the executions of the mortgage object is the sale of the mortgage object through a public auction based on the executorial title contained in the Mortgage Certificate. Before the implementation is carried out by the creditor, a permit (fiat) is required by the local district court. The application for an auction for the execution of mortgage rights through a district court is closely related to obstacles, for example, a lawsuit from a third party (derden verzet) who feels he has the right to the object of execution even though it has nothing to do with creditors and debtors. This opposition made the Chief Justice of the District Court unable to grant the request for execution even though the creditor had a mortgage certificate that was encumbered but was forced to examine the relevant evidence in the trial forum to determine whether the resistance was sufficient reason or just a conspiracy with the debtor to delay the execution. Based on this explanation, the author wants to examine the legal force of the Grosse deed as the basis for the implementation of the mortgage execution auction. The type of research in writing scientific papers is a normative legal research type, with a statutory approach and a legal concept analysis approach (Analytical and Conceptual Approach). The sources of legal materials used in writing this scientific paper came from primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The legal materials were collected using library research techniques. Then analyzed using description, systematization, evaluation and finally concluded with argumentation technique. The results of this study are expected to provide scientific knowledge for academics, law enforcers, and the public.

Correlation of EEG Envelopes is the Best Method for Identifying Mental Diseases, Functional States, Individual and Intergroup Differences

The principal errors of spectral and coherent analysis are discussed,and the mathematics of these methods is not related to EEG nature. In this regard, in 2011, the new method was developed for evaluating EEG synchronyby the correlation of envelopes, which has a direct and fundamental physiological meaning. The basics of this method and the methodology of subsequent multilateral statistical analysis are considered. The effective use of the method for identifying individual and intergroup differences in the norm and several types of schizophrenia, depressive diseases, five stages of sleep, and similar functional states are presented.

Opening up the notion of “closing space”: accounting for normative, actor, and political system diversity

ABSTRACT Our understanding of the “closing space” argument is much nuanced if we widen the conceptualizations of both “closing” and “space”. “Closing” would thus include state attempts to restrict not only the promotion of democratic/human rights norms, but also other types of norms (conservative, right-wing, Islamist). A broader definition of “space” would likewise include not only the space occupied by CSOs, but also that of other politically important actors, such as political parties and religious communities. Lastly, we stand to gain from putting the spotlight on democratic states' efforts to control outside influences on its domestic political sphere. The article thus proposes an analytical framework focusing on state regulations of foreign funding to CSOs, political parties, and religious communities, which is applied in two exploratory case studies of Israel and Tunisia. The article finds that the two states attempt to control norm diffusion not only via domestic CSOs, but also through political parties and religious groups. Regulations do not always target human rights and democratic norms. Foreign funding regulations have at times favoured foreign funding for nationalistic, right-wing norms: at others, democratic norms over Islamic norms. Thus, the “closing space” phenomenon is more complex than usually understood.

Preschoolers learn new moral and conventional norms from direct experiences

By observing others, children can learn about different types of norms, including moral norms rooted in concerns for welfare and rights, and social conventions based on directives from authority figures or social consensus. Two experiments examined how preschoolers and adults constructed and applied knowledge about novel moral and conventional norms from their direct social experiences. Participants watched a video of a novel prohibited action that caused pain to a victim (moral conditions) or a sound from a box (conventional conditions). Next, they saw a transgressor puppet, who had either watched the video alongside participants or not, engage in the prohibited action. Preschoolers and adults rapidly constructed distinct moral and conventional evaluations about the novel actions. These distinctions were evident across several response modalities that have often been studied separately, including judgments, reasoning, and actions. However, children did not reliably track the puppet’s knowledge of the novel norms. These studies provide experimental support for the idea that children and adults construct distinct moral and conventional norms from social experiences, which in turn guide judgments, reasoning, and behavior.

“How did they protect you?” The lived experience of race and gender in the post‐colonial English university

AbstractWith this article, I seek to contribute to understandings of how racial and gender hierarchies are reproduced through organizational processes. Using an autoethnographic method, I seek to demonstrate the workings of Mill's Racial Contract Theory and Ahmed's concepts of raced and gendered encounters through the implementation of a university diversity initiative: the Race Equality Charter. My findings demonstrate how the “doing” of diversity work results “undoing” the non‐white diversity worker, as their lived experiences catastrophically diverge from the sunny promise of the diversity project. Furthermore, the Race Equality Charter's is revealed that the Charter is a factual, rather than normative type of contract, which enshrines a socio‐political reality in which colonialism continues to shape white over non‐white domination. Scholars and activists have long been naming the secret weapons of white supremacy in order to expose how anti‐racist practice is co‐opted by institutions. In this article, I theorize my lived experience to expose how policy and organizational processes fail to protect me, a non‐white woman early career academic. I conclude that the Race Equality Charter, far from being a tool of social justice, enforces raced and gendered privileges in academic settings.

Balik Nama Sertifikat Tanah Tanpa Adanya Akta Jual Beli

The purpose of this study is to find out the transfer of name of the land title without a deed of sale and purchase. This study uses a normative type of research which examines the rule of law, legal principles, legal doctrine and the existing legal system in our country. From this study, the results show that the Letter of Sale and Purchase of land/building is evidence of a legal sale and purchase transaction of land/building as long as there is an agreement between both parties and has fulfilled the legal requirements of the agreement as stipulated in the Civil Code. To transfer the name of a certificate based on a Sale and Purchase Agreement, it can be done on the basis of a decision from the court, in this case no longer through the Deed of Sale and Purchase of land and buildings, but the Law of Land registration regulates that to carry out a transfer of name, there must attach conditions, they are the original certificate, without the original certificate, anyone can't transfer the name, even though the buyer has control of the land/building but can't own it yet.

Interpretation of jurisprudence and law in the doctrine of T. E. Holland

The subject of this research is the legal doctrine of the leading representative of English legal positivism of the last quarter of the XIX – first third of the XX centuries of Thomas Erskine Holland. The article is dedicated to examination of the two key aspects of his concept – comprehension of the nature of jurisprudence as a science, and law as a type of social norm. Leaning on the classic work of the British jurist “The Elements of Jurisprudence” (1880), the author defines the understanding of jurisprudence and law, reveals the historical-cultural meaning of Holland's legal doctrine for the subsequent development of English jurisprudence. Methodological framework is comprised of the historical approach, elements of biographical approach, techniques and procedures of legal hermeneutics, rules and techniques of formal logic, and elements of comparative-legal method. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that this article is first within Russian legal science to conduct the concept analysis of the key theoretical-legal definitions (jurisprudence and law) of T. Holland’s doctrine, as well as reveal the ideological interrelation between the views of the British jurist and the founders of analytical jurisprudence. The author also substantiates the position, according to which Holland's approach towards comprehension of the nature of jurisprudence as a science can be defined as dogmatic. T. Holland's contribution to the development of legal positivism consists in argumentation of the formal and analytical nature of legal science, as well as in carrying out gradual differentiation of positive law from natural and social norms, and analysis of the crucial theoretical concepts of legal science.

OVERRIDING MANDATORY PROVISIONS IN CROATIAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

Overriding mandatory provisions are mandatory provisions that are applicable in situations with an international element. The author analyses overriding mandatory norms in the European private international law and in the Croatian national private international law. The definition of such norms provided in the 2017 Croatian Private International Law Act is almost a verbatim copy of the definition provided in the Rome I Regulation on the law applicable to contractual obligations. The 1982 Croatian Private International Law Act did not provide for a definition of overriding mandatory norms but it was uniformly accepted in the scholarly interpretations that those types of mandatory norms were accepted by the Croatian private international law system. Moreover, the 1982 PIL Act included a substantive family law provision, which was, in essence, an overriding mandatory provision. However, Croatian courts and practitioners have been reluctant to refer explicitly to an applied norm as an overriding mandatory one. The reasons behind that might be that that the courts were better acquainted with the public policy exception, since public policy was explicitly mentioned in the 1982 PIL Act, as well as in some other legal acts. In addition, the legislator does not explicitly note that a provision is an overriding mandatory one in the provision itself, which leads to the outcome that the courts and other practitioners are burdened with a complex task of interpretation of a provision they think might be an overriding mandatory one. The author aims at providing guidelines to facilitate that task.

Habitual food, energy, and water consumption behaviors among adults in the United States: Comparing models of values, norms, and identity

Household consumption of food, energy, and water comprises a significant use of resources in the United States. National level authority-based policy tools and top-down systemic shifts have not been widely adopted, thus near-term changes in consumption are dependent upon the actions of individuals. However, typical policy tools intended to change voluntary behaviors rest on information provision, which has been shown to be largely ineffective in achieving necessary consumption shifts. Drawing from the values-beliefs-norms and values-identity-personal norms theories, we compare three models of values, norms, identities, and behaviors using data from a national survey of United States adults’ habitual food, energy, and water-related household consumption behaviors. Validated scales for four values (biospheric, altruistic, egoistic, hedonic), environmental self-identity, and three types of personal norms are explored in three structural equation models to interrogate their relationships with each other and behaviors that cross environmental resource domains. We find evidence to support the values-identity-personal norms model in which biospheric values are positively related to environmental self-identity and personal norms, environmental self-identity is related to personal norms, and personal norms are positively and directly related to food, energy, and water behaviors. While norms have been explored across a number of environmental contexts, environmental self-identity may be an additional means of appealing to individuals to make voluntary shifts in consumption in the absence of larger, more systemic changes.

A Crime Organizer in the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and Special Rules on Complicity of the Special Part

A paper provides a comprehensive study of the role of the organizer in crimes without compulsory complicity and in crimes prohibited by special provisions on complicity of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Under the special rules on complicity in this work we understand two types of norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: 1) rules establishing responsibility for combining several persons into a criminal group — Art. 209, 210 and others; 2) establishing responsibility for instigators, organizers, accomplices and other accomplices directly in the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation — Art. 205.1, etc.). The paper considers the issues of distinguishing the role of the organizer from the role of the instigator to the commission of a crime and an accomplice in the commission of a crime. In judicial practice, errors are often encountered both in the form of excessive (when the instigator is recognized as the organizer) and in the form of insufficient qualifications (when the organizer is recognized only as an instigator or accomplice). Such a variant of over-qualification is also possible, when the organizer is recognized as both an accomplice and an instigator to committing a crime, although the role of the organizer should absorb these functions. The paper considers the issues of qualification of the actions of the organizer and other accomplices of the crime, when, in the process of directing the commission of the crime, the organizer changes the direction of the actions of the accomplices in comparison with the original plan of action. The Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in some decisions recommends not to take into account the role of the organizer when committing a crime as part of an organized group (to recognize him as a co-executor of the crime). In the educational literature, this is considered as a universal rule for qualifying crimes committed by an organized group. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation does not provide grounds for such a qualification. In judicial practice, there is no uniformity on this issue. The role of the organizer in crimes without obligatory complicity distinguishes from the role of the organizer in organized groups and criminal communities (special rules on complicity) in that in the first situation the organizer is subject to responsibility only if preparations for a specific crime are started, and in the second situation, regardless of the crime preparation commencement, but from the moment the corresponding organized group or criminal community was created.

Homogenization of a non-stationary periodic Maxwell system in the case of constant permeability

In L2(R3;C3), we consider a selfadjoint operator Lε, ε>0, given by the differential expression μ−1/2curlη(x/ε)−1curlμ−1/2−μ1/2∇ν(x/ε)divμ1/2, where μ is a constant positive matrix, a matrix-valued function η(x) and a real-valued function ν(x) are periodic with respect to some lattice, positive definite and bounded. We study the behavior of the operator-valued functions cos⁡(τLε1/2) and Lε−1/2sin⁡(τLε1/2) for τ∈R and small ε. It is shown that these operators converge to the corresponding operator-valued functions of the operator L0 in the norm of operators acting from the Sobolev space Hs (with a suitable s) to L2. Here L0 is the effective operator with constant coefficients. Also, an approximation with corrector in the (Hs→H1)-norm for the operator Lε−1/2sin⁡(τLε1/2) is obtained. We prove error estimates and study the sharpness of the results regarding the type of the operator norm and regarding the dependence of the estimates on τ. The results are applied to homogenization of the Cauchy problem for the non-stationary Maxwell system in the case where the magnetic permeability is equal to μ, and the dielectric permittivity is given by the matrix η(x/ε).

Формирование системы ортологии крымскотатарского литературного языка

The modern Crimean Tatar literary language as a processed supra-dialectal version of the common language has a long history of formation and development. The foundation of the orthology, the rules for the use of linguistic units in speech, that is, combinations with the other, changes in spelling and pronunciation, were laid in the 20–30s of the last century. The subsequent tragic events (Great Patriotic War, total deportation of the Crimean Tatars and others) delayed the discussion of these problems at the official level for almost half a century. Separate proposals aimed at optimizing the norms of the literary language were made repeatedly in private. So, in the 70s of the last century U. Kukchi in Tashkent read lectures for writers and journalists on the state of the Crimean Tatar literary language, which in 1986 were published in a book format. With the beginning of the process of repatriation of the Crimean Tatars (the end of the 80s of the XX century), interest in the problem of the Crimean Tatar orthology has again intensified. Some of the textbooks published in the 30–40s last century were republished in a modified and supplemented way. In 2010, on the basis of the “Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University” a draft of the spelling and pronunciation rules was developed and published using the new Latin alphabet. In the Crimean Tatar linguistics there is still no complete and correct set of different types of norms of the Crimean Tatar literary language. All the existing rules in new socio-political conditions are not legitimate.