Types Of Non-governmental Organizations Research Articles

Flexible Organizational Weapon of the Party: The New Presence of Women’s Federations in Women’s NGOs in China

ABSTRACT In the past decade, the Party-state has shifted from pragmatic strategies to Party integration approaches when dealing with the third sector. It has reintroduced its organizational mechanism—mass organizations—to manage this sector and enhance direct linkages with its social constituents. This article investigates how mass organizations strategically connect with and govern civil society through a series of Party integration approaches. Drawing on the cases of women’s federations (WFs) and women’s non-governmental organizations (NGOs), we propose a new typology of NGOs based on their relations with the Party: WF-affiliated, civic and independent NGOs. We then evaluate WFs’ Party integration strategies directed at each type of NGOs. First, NGOs directly affiliated with WFs/the Party play a unique political role. Second, to increase regime support, WFs develop patronage relations with civic women’s NGOs that are managed via the administrative system but unembedded in the Party system. Third, independent NGOs detached from both the Party and administrative organizations are flexibly marginalized. This article suggests that Party–state–society relations have been rewritten: civil society faces compound control from the administrative and Party systems, and the Party aims to build organizational hegemony.

The Impact of Epistemic Communities on the Development of Future International Legal Regulation of Lunar Activities

Every human culture has reflected the Moon’s influence in its cosmology, spirituality, science, creative and social life. For these reasons, the exploration and use of the Moon should be done thoughtfully and carefully, and possible resource extraction should not harm the Earth's only satellite and its environment as a whole. The adoption by some States of national legislation affecting the commercial exploitation of space resources, as well as the resumption of lunar programs by several leading spacefaring nations at a time, prompt the need for legal regulation in this area. However, to develop a detailed international legal regime for lunar exploration, the efforts of the States parties to the UN COPUOS alone are not sufficient since in practice other actors in international relations, including the so-called epistemic communities representing various types of non-governmental organizations, are also active participants in space activities. Such communities offer their own vision of the international legal regulation of relations arising in the framework of the exploration and use of the Moon basing on the norms of international space law and involving active participation of non-governmental legal entities, considering the interests of present and future generations, as well as of emerging space nations. The study presents a comprehensive analysis of the influence of epistemic communities on the development of the future international legal regime for lunar exploration. The authors consistently review the activities of non-governmental organizations within the UN COPUOS since its formation. Special attention is paid to the contribution of such communities to the progressive development of international space law and its codification, including the legal nature of the documents developed by such communities. The study concludes with a comprehensive international legal assessment of the activities of the epistemic communities.

Evaluating the perceptions of pesticide use, safety, and regulation and identifying common pesticide-related topics on Twitter.

Synthetic pesticides are important agricultural tools that increase crop yield and help feed the world's growing population. These products are also highly regulated to balance benefits and potential environmental and human risks. Public perception of pesticide use, safety, and regulation is an important topic necessitating discussion across a variety of stakeholders from lay consumers to regulatory agencies since attitudes toward this subject could differ markedly. Individuals and organizations can perceive the same message(s) about pesticides differently due to prior differences in technical knowledge, perceptions, attitudes, and individual or group circumstances. Social media platforms, like Twitter, include both individuals and organizations and function as a townhall where each group promotes their topics of interest, shares their perspectives, and engages in both well-informed and misinformed discussions. We analyzed public Twitter posts about pesticides by user group, time, and location to understand their communication behaviors, including their sentiments and discussion topics, using machine learning-based text analysis methods. We extracted tweets related to pesticides between 2013 and 2021 based on relevant keywords developed through a "snowball" sampling process. Each tweet was grouped into individual versus organizational groups, then further categorized into media, government, industry, academia, and three types of nongovernmental organizations. We compared topic distributions within and between those groups using topic modelingand then applied sentiment analysis to understand the public's attitudes toward pesticide safety and regulation. Individual accounts expressed concerns about health and environmental risks, while industry and government accounts focused on agricultural usage and regulations. Public perceptions are heavily skewed towardnegative sentiments, although this varies geographically. Our findings can help managers and decision-makers understand public sentiments, priorities, and perceptionsand provide insights into public discourse on pesticides. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:1581-1599. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

The role and involvement of NGOs in activities related to humanitarian issues in Palestine

The colonialism and tyranny of the Palestinian people after the silence of the large-scale countries and the limited support of the Palestinian National Authority or the rather westernized capacity of the people, the presence of various types of non-governmental organizations or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) carries out humanitarian assistance activities for vulnerable groups. This. The main objective of this research is to recognize the nature of humanity and the contribution of Malaysian Humanitarian NGOs to the Palestinian Humanitarian issue. Based on a qualitative approach, a virtual meeting was held with three members of the Safe Palestine NGO. The selection of this NGO was based on special assistance to the Palestinians and active involvement since the establishment of the organization. The study shows that there are various forms of assistance for humanity, Safe Palestine, through projects involving the economic, educational, social, health, agricultural, and infrastructure sectors that have successfully contributed to the health of people in the world. Active involvement through activities in Malaysia has made awareness of the Palestinian issue among the Malaysian community. However, Safe Palestine projects and activities are considered to be religious. The essence of the Palestinian issue is equated as humanism and not religion solely so that all ethnic groups, regardless of religious background, can go hand in hand in refuting Israel's misanthropy.

PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPARENCY, OPENNESS AND PUBLICITY IN THE ACTIVITIES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

ANNOTATION: Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the legal regulation of the principles of transparency, openness and publicity in the activities of non-governmental organizations. The author focuses on the problems of this issue in Ukraine in the context of European integration. The purpose of the study is to reveal the peculiarities and identify the problematic issues of legislative consolidation of the above principles. Such methods of scientific research as logical-semantic, formal-legal, system-structural, comparative-legal, etc. were used to solve the set goals and tasks. Summary of the main research results. European standards on the principles of transparency, openness and publicity in the activities of non-governmental organizations are considered. Some international acts that establish and disclose the above principles are analyzed. Attention is focused on the Ukrainian legislation which enshrines the principles of transparency, openness and publicity in the activities of certain non-governmental organizations: public associations, employers' unions, trade unions, political parties, etc. Conclusions. The author emphasizes the existence a problem with the legal regulation of the principles of transparency, openness and publicity regarding the activities of certain types of non-governmental organizations, which should be resolved by amending the current legislation of Ukraine.

NGOs as Multinationals’ Value Creation Partners for Sustainability in Emerging Markets

We analyze how multinationals implement sustainability projects in emerging markets to address the lack of provision of public goods by the government. In this theoretical paper, we propose a framework that explains how multinationals redefine their partnerships with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in emerging economies by embracing NGOs as value creation partners, helping multinationals internalize the externalities derived from their activities. Specifically, we suggest that foreign multinationals collaborate with the three types of NGOs (service, regulatory, and advocacy) to enhance the effectiveness of three types of value creation strategies (action, control, and information). Second, building on an extended resource-based view, we argue that relative balance between the multinational and the NGO in sustainability resources (expertise, credibility, and passion) drives the selection of three types of multinational-NGO partnerships (commissioning, co-developing, and sponsoring). In commissioning, the foreign multinational designs sustainability projects and employs NGOs to implement them. In co-developing, the foreign multinational collaborates with NGOs to co-design and co-implement sustainability projects. Finally, in sponsoring, the foreign multinational provides funds for sustainability projects designed and implemented by NGOs. These ideas can help guide research on this important and understudied mechanism for multinationals to improve the impact of their sustainability projects.

НЕПРАВИТЕЛЬСТВЕННЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ КАК ПРЕДМЕТ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКЕ: ОТ ГРАНИЦ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ К ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ НЕОБХОДИМОСТИ

The article presents an overview of the studies of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and highlights their typology on several grounds. Many works can be combined according to the criterion of the existing date of foundation of NGOs and the beginning of their registration as an official institution - before and after 1945. The territorial and activity criterion determines the research of three types of NGOs: in specific countries; in countries where organizations operate without registration; international NGOs. The approach to subjectivity and objectivity divides studies into those that describe the independence and influence of NGOs and those that reveal their instrumentality and use as an agent of «soft power». Vedder's functional system of NGOs made it possible to identify studies on organizations that solve specific problems, as well as work in the field of changing opinions and attitudes on specific issues. Based on the thematic focus of NGO activities, it is proposed to single out groups of studies according to the degree of relevance of the socio-political agenda. In general, it is worth noting the growing attention of researchers to the problems of the work of nongovernmental organizations, which are becoming a noticeable subject of political processes at both the state and international levels.

Restricting NGOs: From Pushback to Accommodation

Restricting NGOs: From Pushback to Accommodation

Ideological or Pragmatic? A Data-Driven Analysis of the Russian Presidential Grant Fund

Abstract Research on Russian civil society focuses largely on the repressive legislative side of state policies, to the virtual exclusion of the rise of domestic funding, be it individual, corporate, or public. This article instead contributes to the discussion of state funding for the third sector by looking at the Russian Presidential Grant Fund, a state institution that has disbursed RUB18 billion (approx. $275 million at the August 11, 2019, exchange rate) to the third sector since 2016, making it one of the most influential sources of financial support to Russian civil society. A data-driven analysis of the Fund reveals that, although it prioritizes certain types of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) over others, there is a discernible attempt to address some of the most pressing social ills in Russia today. Whereas some grant directions, such as the “preservation of historical memory” and “development of public diplomacy and support of compatriots,” further long-held, Kremlin-sponsored ideological projects, the biggest categories supported by the Fund focus on more classical philanthropic issues, confirming the state’s growing delegation of the provision of public services to the third sector.

Üçüncü Sektörde Finansal Şeffaflık Sorunu: Türkiye deki Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarının Şeffaflık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi (Financial Transparency Challenge in the Third Sector: Analyzing the Transparency Levels of Non-Governmental Organizations in Turkey)

Purpose – Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), also called third sector, provide a significant public service through their activities. There has been a strong demand that NGOs, whose funding is done directly or indirectly by the public, be more transparent. NGOs can use websites as a means of accountability and transparency. This research has two aims. The first one is to determine the transparency levels of NGOs in Turkey within the scope of the information that NGOs share on their websites. The second is to identify the determinants affecting transparency levels in NGOs ' websites. Design/methodology/approach – Data collected from the website of 280 NGOs headquartered in Turkey were evaluated by content analysis, correlation and regression analysis. There have been four levels of transparency: organizational transparency, activity transparency, financial transparency and overall transparency. The independent variables investigated whether it influences transparency are, respectively, organizational size, organizational age, usage of funds from international sources, type of NGOs, executing activities in national-international and board size. Findings – The organizational transparency level in the websites of NGOs headquartered in Turkey has been high; the activity transparency is moderate; the financial transparency level is very low; and the overall transparency level is low. The overall transparency level of NGOs’ websites which is considered as main hypothesis of research is affected only from organizational size among independent variables. Discussion – The lowest level of transparency in NGOs has emerged in financial transparency. Organizational size, use of funds from international sources, and type of NGO influence both financial transparency and activity transparency. It is thought that focusing on policies that will improve financial transparency will have a positive impact on the growth of the third sector in Turkey.

Disciplining human rights organisations through an accounting regulation: A case of the ‘foreign agents’ law in Russia

• Governments are able to disrupt accountability systems and dilute the power of NGOs. • Accounting regulation enables governments to discipline NGOs and reduce activism. • The ‘foreign agents’ law created a new group of governable objects. • The ‘foreign agents’ law resulted in power shifts from foreign donors to the state. • The threat of inspections, penalties and stigmatisation lead to the demise of NGOs. Governments in certain countries have directly and indirectly influenced the activism of non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This study extends prior studies on NGO accountability by showing the potency of accounting in enabling governments to use the pretext of visibility to indirectly achieve an outcome – curbing activism – similar to that resulting from the direct prohibition of foreign funding. It examines how an accounting regulation was utilised to discipline human rights organisations (HROs) and their members of staff by using the case of the ‘foreign agents’ law in Russia. This accounting regulation abruptly changed accounting for foreign funding to stigmatise HROs and influence their political activism. More specifically, the ‘foreign agents’ law: created a new group of governable objects by labelling them as ‘NGOs performing the functions of a foreign agent’ to distinguish them from other types of NGOs; encumbered NGOs with costly reporting requirements; and empowered government authorities to discipline ‘deviant NGOs’ and their employees. The threat of inspections, penalties, damaged reputations and spoiled identities through public shaming campaigns and negative publicity not only resulted in a substantial reduction in human rights activism but also led to the demise of Russian HROs and human rights defenders.

How can NGOs prevent volunteers from quitting? The moderating role of the NGO type

PurposeThe rise of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) during the last decades has made the volunteer a key element. Motivation and satisfaction have been indicated as predictive indices of their retention. The purpose of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, it seeks to better understand the motivations of the volunteers, addressing the effects of such motivations. On the other hand, it analyses whether the intensity of such antecedents and effects differs depending on the type of NGO with which they work: generalist vs specialist.Design/methodology/approachA study with 847 volunteers from different types of NGOs was done using structural modelling methodology and multi-sample analysis.FindingsThe type of NGO moderates the relationship between the satisfaction of the volunteer and the intention to recommend.Practical implicationsGiven that in specialist NGOs the impact of satisfaction on the intention to recommend is significantly stronger than in generalist NGOs, making sure that volunteers are satisfied becomes a priority in this type of NGO. In this regard, satisfaction studies among volunteers could be conducted periodically to detect crisis situations and implement improvement actions to recover satisfaction in the occupied position.Originality/valueFirst, to date, the motivations of the volunteer have been investigated from different disciplines, the self-determination theory (SDT) being an important motivational theory widely used in areas such as social, education and sports psychology. However, there is little research from a marketing approach to understand the background of the motivations of volunteers under this conceptual framework provided by the SDT. Second, there is also a scarcity of literature linking the motivations of a volunteer with the emotions they may feel, ultimately achieving consolidated lasting links with the NGO in which they are integrated. Third, most research on volunteering to date has focused on differentiating volunteers from non-volunteers and understanding the reasons for volunteering. However, the presence of studies on the differences in the motivation of the same according to the type of NGO with which they collaborate has been scarce.

WORLD AND NATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION, FUNCTIONING AND FINANCING OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS

The article discusses and generalizes the principles of creation, operation and financing of civil society organizations that are used and understood in international practice. Specialized legal acts regulating the activity of nongovernmental organizations in Ukraine have been analyzed to determine the principles of activity and financing of non-governmental organizations.Also, their compliance with the principles approved by the world-wide authoritative civil society organizations was investigated. It is revealed that not all national regulative acts contain the following principles. This situation creates significant difficulties for the activities of certain types of non-governmental organizations in Ukraine (including the formation and using of financial resources) and complicates the process of state control over civil society institutions. Thus, it is suggested to use a systematic approach, which should amend the regulations governing the activities of non-governmental organizations in Ukraine in order to remedy these shortcomings.

Unpacking the Drivers of Stakeholder Engagement in Sustainable Water Management: NGOs and the Use of Facebook

The number of people worldwide without access to safe drinking water or adequate sanitation is an unresolved and growing concern, with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) playing an important role in mitigating the effects of water shortage. These organizations utilize the communication mechanisms at their disposal, such as social media, to help spread their social message and to achieve the commitment of society to their cause. In this context and based on dialogic and the resource dependence theory framework, the main aim of this research is to analyze how organizational structure, resource allocation and communication policies of NGOs focused on water management influence the online commitment of their stakeholders. Exploratory results show that these NGOs are not taking enough advantage of social media to engage with their potential donors and volunteers because of the remarkable difference between the management of Facebook posts and users’ behavior. Using multivariate lineal regression, our findings show that certain structural (namely, size, reputation and board size), economic (fundraising expenses) and social media (number of Facebook fans) characteristics positively influence stakeholder engagement, while administrative spending and a broad presence in many social networks straitens the ability of these type of NGOs to attract and retain stakeholders’ commitment through social media.

Label wars: Competition among NGOs as sustainability standard setters

This paper examines competition among non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that act as standard-setting organizations when firms selling labeled products have market power in the product market. We consider a double duopoly model in which NGOs compete to offer firms labels for sustainability quality and firms compete to sell vertically differentiated products. We assume that NGO preferences for standard quality levels differ, with some being quality-driven organizations and others being market-driven organizations. We find that these two NGO types must have very different preferences to be present in the label market. Moreover, competition between these two types of NGOs leads to a decrease in standards provided by the quality-driven NGO, an increase in standards provided by the market-driven NGO, and an increase in overall weighted sustainability quality.

NGOs and the creation of value in supply chains

Research Summary: Firms and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) often collaborate to establish new supply chains. With a formal model, we analyze how NGOs can alleviate market failures and improve supplier economic inclusion while strategically interacting with firms. We account for the specific goals of the NGO and the need to induce collaboration between firms and their suppliers. The analysis reveals a “valley of frustration,” when NGO efforts benefit all actors but only marginally the firm. We also show that more powerful firms might prefer to internalize NGO functions, while firms with lower bargaining power and higher investment requirements are better off collaborating with NGOs. Finally, we study NGOs‐firms matching patterns and find that firms with higher bargaining power match with NGOs holding stronger capabilities. Managerial Summary: This article analyzes interactions between firms and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) aiming to improve the economic inclusion of suppliers or to promote the adoption of specific (e.g., sustainable) practices. For firm executives, this study shows the constraints and benefits associated with working with NGOs, the conditions under which integration of NGO functions is preferable as well as the types of NGOs that offer better prospects for a successful collaboration. For NGO executives, it highlights the need to provide enough economic incentives to firms and suppliers alike to ensure their collaboration and the trade‐offs associated with this constraint, in particular, if NGO capabilities are limited. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of how NGO activities can influence value creation in a vertical value chain.

How do non-governmental organizations influence media coverage of conflict? The case of the Syrian conflict, 2011–2014

It is often argued that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have become increasingly visible in media discourses on armed conflict and thus play a growing role in shaping states? foreign policies. However, there is little investigation of their influence on specific conflict coverage and what types of NGOs are influential, in what way and under what conditions. The authors elaborate a ?supply and demand? model of growing or declining NGO influence to theorize these dynamics and take Syria?s civil war from 2011?2014 as a ?best case? for testing it. They conducted an interpretative analysis of NGO output and media coverage to investigate the relative visibility of NGOs in the media over time. Further, they examine how different NGOs were referred to during two highly salient phases of the conflict for debates about foreign policy: the first escalation of protests and their repression in 2011 and the use of chemical weapons in 2013. They find evidence of rising NGO visibility and growing reliance on new types of semi-local NGOs for the provision of factual news about the conflict and human rights violations. Yet, large international NGOs such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch remained the most influential in pushing normative frames and advocating a tough stance on the Assad regime. The article discusses the implications of the findings for the theoretical argument and for broader accounts of NGOs influence.

CULTIVATING PEACE: SOCIAL MOVEMENT PROFESSIONALIZATION AND NGOIZATION IN CROATIA*

Scholars studying social movements and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have noted a rapid expansion in the number of professional organizations dedicated to creating social change. This study uses the case of the peacebuilding sector in Croatia (1991–present) to examine central questions in both fields: where professional organizations come from, what drives professionalization, and what the consequences of professionalization are for the work of social change. I find there are actually many paths to NGO creation, and identify five types of NGOs: transformed, new, bud, seed, and clone. These five types of organizations had different paths for development, have different levels of professionalization, and engage in different types of work based on their location and history. Examining the history of a social change sector shows professionalization to be a nuanced, uneven process that can expand the social change sector even as it transforms the sector's work.

Mapping media and political success of digitally fit NGOs: Evidence of shifting conventions and new digitally networked logics

ABSTRACTA unique comparative database of media news items and survey information from 15 politicians and 50 leaders of diverse NGOs (non-governmental organizations) was used to map how digital technology ignited a succession of consequences that altered traditional logics regarding the chances of NGOs to win the political communication competition. The independent variable digital fit represented a cluster of technological self-production and self-distribution affordances, and its effect on media and political success was tested. Statistical analysis and interview findings traced a precise trail of new digitally networked pathways for new types of NGOs to enter the political communication contest and win it.

All Roads Lead to Rome: Autonomy, Political Connections and Organisational Strategies of NGOs in China

This article draws on the social network embeddedness perspective to construct a multilevel analytical framework through which relations between non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in China and the government are examined. The following arguments presented are based on a comparative case study of two social service NGOs: First, “top-down” and “bottom-up” types of NGOs alike can achieve some degree of autonomy in both internal management and external relations. Second, NGOs may undertake very different strategies to gain autonomy, even in the face of very similar external conditions. Third, under current conditions, whether NGO leaders are embedded in particular political networks, i.e. the political connections of an NGO, will constrain the strategies that NGOs would pursue to achieve autonomy. Finally, a multilevel approach reveals the complexity of NGO–government relations and helps to move the analysis beyond a zero-sum approach to state–society relations in China.