Types Of Morphological Structures Research Articles

Nanostructure-dependent nanobubble drag reduction on NiTi self-adaption surface

Under the inspiration of visualized nanobubbles associated with rugged interface, molecular simulations are performed to study thermally induced phase transition in NiTi shape-memory alloys. The perfect reversibility between the cubic austenite B2 and monoclinic martensitic B19′ phases showed two types of morphological structures in the nanoscale. The nanostructures were established as the wall of the nanochannel, which was used to predict the nanobubble flow behavior in the ternary system. Results indicated that the interface with low-temperature B19′ exhibited attractiveness to trap the nanobubble, resulting in low drag coefficient. Conversely, the interface with high-temperature B2 repulsed the nanobubbles as the bulk one, resulting in high drag coefficient. This study provides foresight to invest in shape memories for nanostructure temperature response, which helps realize nanobubble drag reduction.

Unveiling shocks in planetary nebulae

The propagation of a shock wave into a medium is expected to heat the material beyond the shock, producing noticeable effects in intensity line ratios such as [O III]/Halpha. To investigate the occurrence of shocks in planetary nebulae (PNe), we have used all narrowband [O III] and Halpha images of PNe available in the HST archive to build their [O III]/Halpha ratio maps and to search for regions where this ratio is enhanced. Regions with enhanced [O III]/Halpha emission ratio can be ascribed to two different types of morphological structures: bow-shock structures produced by fast collimated outflows and thin skins enveloping expanding nebular shells. Both collimated outflows and expanding shells are therefore confirmed to generate shocks in PNe. We also find regions with depressed values of the [O III]/Halpha ratio which are found mostly around density bounded PNe, where the local contribution of [N II] emission into the F656N Halpha filter cannot be neglected.

Phenotypic Drift as a Cause for Intratumoral Morphological Heterogeneity of Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma Not Otherwise Specified

Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) not otherwise specified (NOS), the most common type of breast cancer, demonstrates great intratumoral morphological heterogeneity, which encompasses the presence of different types of morphological structures—tubular, trabecular, solid, and alveolar structures and discrete groups of tumor cells, the origins of which remain unclear at present. In this study of 162 IDC NOS patients, we investigated whether the distribution of different types of morphological structures is related to the basic clinicopathological parameters of IDC NOS. Our results showed that in patients with only one type of tumor structure, the presence of any one of the five types was equally probable; however, cases with two types of structures were more likely to contain trabecular structures than the other four types. The development of intratumoral morphological heterogeneity was not associated with menopausal status, tumor size, histological grade, hematogenic metastasis, or recurrence. However, the number of different types of morphological structures was significantly higher in luminal tumors than in triple-negative tumors. An increase in the frequency of lymph node metastasis correlated with the increased number of different types of structures in breast tumors; however, in contrast to premenopausal patients, this association was explained by the presence of alveolar structures in postmenopausal women. In addition, we showed a significant decrease in the numbers of positive lymph nodes in tumors with high numbers of morphological variants. The frequency of lymph node metastases and the number of positive nodes were generally independent features and formed by different mechanisms. Based on the evidence, the term “phenotypic drift” has been designated as the basis for the development of intratumoral morphological heterogeneity of IDC NOS.

P1.30 Intratumoral Heterogeneity in Expression of Chemotherapy Response Markers in Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma Nos

ABSTRACT Background Chemotherapy response is composed of drug resistance and sensitivity. Previously, we found that intratumoral heterogeneity of invasive ductal breast carcinoma not otherwise specified (IDBC NOS), presented by the different types of morphological structures (tubular, trabecular, solid, alveolar structures, and discrete groups of tumor cells) displaying architectural arrangements of tumor cells may influence on chemotherapy response (Zavyalova et al., 2008); however, the mechanism of this effect is unknown. Aim We aimed to analyze expression of the multidrug resistance (MDR) and chemosensitivity genes in the different types of morphological structures and their microenvironment of tumor in IDBC NOS. Materials and methods Tubular, trabecular, alveolar structures, and their microenvironment (local and distant) were isolated by laser microdissection PALM (Carl Zeiss, Gemany) from 10 um sections of FFPE breast tumor. The isolated and whole amplified cDNA (RNA) was used for analysis of the MDR (ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCC5, ABCG2, GSTP1, and MVP) and chemosensitivity (TOP1, TUBB3, and TYMS) genes by the real-time TaqMan PCR. Results As seen in Table 1, expression of the MDR and chemosensitivity genes was significantly different between both the studied types of morphological structures and their microenvironment. Moreover, we observed the interesting phenomenon consisting in the fact that different types of morphological structures and their local microenvironments are supplemented each other in expression of the MDR and chemosensitivity genes. Tubular structures had a significantly higher activity of the MDR and chemosensitivity genes in comparison with other types of morphological structures, whereas their microenvironment was fully inactive in respect of the expressing genes. In contrast, a low expression level of the MDR and chemosensitivity genes in alveolar structures was compensated by high activity of these genes in the surrounding microenvironment. Interestingly that trabecular structures displaying moderate expression of the analyzed genes had microenvironment with a similar level of activity of these genes. Conclusion Together, the data obtained demonstrates that within IDBC NOS tumor there are subclones of tumor cells and their specific microenvironment with different expression of chemotherapy response markers.The study was supported by the Russian Federation President Grant (MK-1259.2012.7) and grant of the OPTEK company.

P1.31 Snp Q787Q of Egfr Gene and Efficacy of Egfr-Tki in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

ABSTRACT Background Many activating mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene have been correlated with sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 20 of EGFR gene (2361G > A transition) does not alter the amino acids of glutamine at codon 787 (Q787Q). We reviewed the relationship between this SNP and EGFR-TKI sensitivity. Patients and Methods Twenty five patients (male 19, female 6) with only SNP Q787Q in EGFR exon 20 were analyzed. Tissue or cytologic specimens were used for analysis of mutations in exon 18 to 21 of EGFR gene by direct sequencing. Treatments with EGFR-TKIs were performed in 16 patients and response evaluations were eligible in 15 cases. Results In 15 response evaluable patients, there were 2 partial responses (PR) and 5 stable diseases (SD) [response rate: 13.3%, disease control rate: 46.7%]. Median time to progression (TTP) was 392 days (range: 105 ∼ 511). Five patients showed longer than 3 months of TTP (PR 2 and SD 3, adenocarcinoma 4 and squamous cell carcinoma 1, gefitinib 4 and erlotinib 1). Conclusion Thirteen percent of NSCLC with 2361G > A transition without other activating mutations responded to EGFR-TKIs. Table 1 . Expression level of MDR and chemosensitivity genes in the different types of morphological structures and their microenvironment ABCB1 ABCC1 ABCC2 ABCC5 ABCG2 GSTP1 MVP TOP1 TUBB3 TYMS Tubular structures 0 0 0.712 0.301 0 1.000 0.009 0.270 0.294 0.939 - microenvironment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Alveolar structures 0 0 1.063 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.240 - microenvironment 0 0 0 0 0.392 0.899 0 4.221 0.215 0 Trabecular structures 0.296 0 0.838 0 0 1.610 0 0 0.110 0 -microenvironment 0.329 0.002 0.668 0.749 0 0 0 0.733 0.011 0 Distant microenvironment 0 0.001 0 0.017 0 0 0 0.361 0 1.216

Morphometric characteristics and ruggedness of the bottom topography in the north part of the Black Sea

On the basis of the data array of detailed echosounding surveys carried out from the research vessels of the Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences and other institutions and the corresponding cartographic materials, we perform the numerical analyses of the morphometric characteristics of the bottom topography of the northwest shelf of the Black Sea and the underwater margin of the Crimea. We reveal the specific features of the main types of morphological structures and analyze the values of the bottom slopes and the vertical and horizontal ruggednesses of the bottom. The ruggedness of the bottom has a low-frequency character reflecting a noticeable smoothness of the topography. The large regional structures of the surrounding land represented by the East-European platform and the Crimean-Caucasian orogen directly affect the formation of topography in the analyzed region. The agreement between the contemporary digital data arrays on the bottom topography and the data of echosounding surveys in the Black Sea is estimated.

Morphology and mechanical properties of HDPE/SRP/elastomer composites: effect of elastomer polarity

The effect of elastomer polarity on the morphology and mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and scrap rubber powder (SRP) composites containing a polar or a non-polar elastomer was investigated. The morphological structure of the HDPE/SRP/elastomer composites was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and interfacial tension ( γ AB). The results show that in the HDPE/SRP/elastomer composites, two types of morphological structures were observed, either an encapsulation of the filler by elastomer or a separate dispersion of the phases. In the HDPE/SRP/non-polar ethylene–octylene copolymer (POE) composites, some POE encapsulates SRP particles and some other POE disperses uniformly. However, in the HDPE/SRP/polar ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) composites, SRP and EVA disperse separately. Both the impact strength and elongation at break are higher in the HDPE/SRP/POE composites than in the corresponding HDPE/SRP/EVA composites.

皮膚表面形態の変化とそのメカニズム

The skin surface configuration mainly consists of two different types of morphological structures including wrinkles and skin texture. While skin furrows and fingerprints exist congenitally, wrinkles become remarkable with aging and a history of UV irradiation. We herein describe the noninvasive quantitative methods, mainly developed by ourselves, for evaluating skin surface contour. The morphological changes caused by aging and sunlight exposure were analyzed, and we made a hypothesis regarding the formation mechanisms of the skin surface configuration based on the influence of both anatomical and physiological factors.

Species distinction among pollen grains of Abies, Picea, and Pinus in the rocky mountain area (A scanning electron microscope study)

Modern pollen grains from several species of Abies, Picea and Pinus occurring mainly in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States and Canada were examined using the scanning electron microscope. Distinguishing characteristics for the species were found using systematized observational and photographic methods on extensive collections. Preparation of the samples included acetolysis, critical-point drying to preserve three-dimensional morphology, and carbon-gold coating. The technique employed in preparing the pollen samples is outlined in detail in this paper. Species distinctions were based on types of morphological structures rather than on measurements of the grains or their parts; however, several subjective determinations of shape and proportion proved useful in distinguishing certain species. Pollen grains of Abies grandis, A. amabilis and A. lasiocarpa were found to differ in the morphology of the triradiate streak. Picea glauca and P. sitchensis differ in cappula morphology and P. engelmannii shows distinctive bladder proportion and placement. Pinus ponderosa differs from P. contorta on the basis of cappula morphology. Pinus monticola and P. albicaulis can, at the same time, be singled out from the other pines studied and distinguished one from the other by a combination of a cappula and cappa characteristics. Pinus cembroides is distinguished from the other pines by its characteristic cappa and P. edulis by shape, proportion and attachement of its bladders. Although Pinus monophylla showed no single distinctive morphological feature, it can be separated from the other pines studied by a process of elimination based on several characteristics.