Types Of Messages Research Articles

Brand communications during a global crisis: understanding persuasion intent, perceived brand opportunism and message sincerity

PurposeThis study aims to examine how consumers perceive the persuasion intent and sincerity of brand messages differently and to what extent the advertised brand sounds opportunistic within the context of a crisis, depending on what the message offers.Design/methodology/approachIn Study 1 (N = 163), the brand messages were manipulated in terms of control (an empathetic claim only), monetary reward (with a discount offer) and cause-related marketing (CRM) conditions. In Study 2 (N = 150), the message effects were replicated using a different product category. In Study 3 (N = 216), the three brand messages were examined under high vs low involvement conditions.FindingsThe results revealed a linear decrease in negativity in consumer responses when the brand message offers CRM activity, followed by one that offers a discount. It was also found that the monetary reward message was perceived to have greater persuasion intent and be more opportunistic than other message types under low involvement, whereas such effects disappeared under high involvement. Conversely, the CRM message was perceived to have greater persuasion intent and be more opportunistic under high involvement (vs low).Originality/valueAmidst the global economic impact and corporate landscape changes, there is limited understanding of consumer responses to crisis-related brand messages. Rooted in the attribution theory and the persuasion knowledge model, this study fills the gap by examining how consumers assess the underlying motives of different message types and perceive brands as taking advantage of the crisis situation.

ТЕОРІЯ ПОВІДОМЛЕНЬ ТА ЇХ ТИПОЛОГІЯ

The general scientific, interdisciplinary problem of building the concept of message theory is solved. Accordingly, the object of research is all possible types of messages that function in the real world both within any cybernetic systems and between them. The subject of research is axioms, laws, structure, attributes, characteristics, typology, as well as operations on messages. The purpose of the article is to develop the concept of the theory of messages as a component of such universal sciences as the theory of mass communication, information science and cybernetics. Analysis, synthesis, idealization, logical method, and generalization were used among research methods. In addition to methods, the research also used techniques such as systematization and typology (typologization). The article is written in the style of a review, theoretical genre. The literature review analyzed 22 sources, including the world's most famous encyclopedic editions and dictionaries in the fields of journalism, mass communication theory, and cybernetics. In the obtained results, it is determined that a message is a fragment (a part that has a beginning and an end) of data of a cybernetic system, which (a) is a tuple, (b) is located in time or space, and (c) is intended to transmit information from the sender (source ) to its recipient (recipient). Features of creation, meaning and meaning of messages are determined. The structure of messages and types of their context are considered. It is noted that any kind of messages can be represented in an idealized digital form as a chain of 0 and 1. Six axioms are considered as the basis of the concept of message theory. Within this concept, six laws are distinguished. Five attributes of messages, as well as seven of their main characteristics, are considered. Among the types of messages, informative (9 types) and non-informative (also 9 types) are highlighted. In addition, formal (non-meaningful, 13 items) and informal (meaningful, 9 items) operations performed on messages are indicated.

Effectiveness of conservation messages to reduce households' GHG emissions: A serious-gaming experiment

Households play a critical role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, there have been few studies of household conservation from the perspective of the nexus of food, energy, and water (FEW) consumption. This study's objective is to understand the effects of different types of intervention messages for inducing conservation of FEW resources and reducing carbon emissions at the household level in the U.S. Employing a serious-gaming approach, we developed the HomeRUN (Home Role-play for Understanding the Nexus) game, which allows players to act as homeowners and take behavioral and technological upgrade actions in a computer-simulation setting. The types of messages tested include social comparisons and resource-reduction measures across FEW sectors as well as information about the health, economic, and environmental impacts of FEW consumption. A game experiment with U.S. university students finds that social-comparison messages on food and energy consumption, but not on water, lead to significant reductions in household carbon emissions. In addition, messages associated with each type of FEW resource tend to lead to an immediate action corresponding to the particular FEW domain. These insights support a prioritization of intervention messaging for coordinated FEW conservation efforts at a household level.

Development of the information-analytical system for monitoring external communications of the enterprise in C#

Information security and data protection are currently important elements of the activity of any enterprise. The changes taking place in the global economy stimulate the emergence of new software products that reduce the risk of confidential data leakage. The article proposes a solution to the problem of monitoring and evaluating the communications of enterprise employees with customers, customers and partners. As a result of the study, a software system for monitoring and evaluating two types of messages was developed: voice and text. The main method in the development of this monitoring system is a technical and forensic analysis. With its help, a software implementation of the system was created in the C# programming language. The program consists of two main functional parts: the first part is designed to process audio files, the second is responsible for the analysis of text messages. Also, a detailed description of the main procedures of the program operation is given, taking into account differences in the methods of storing and processing data, which is justified by different formats of the analysed files. Using the developed program can help the enterprise build a communication strategy to reduce further possible costs and identify as much data as possible about intruders. In the future, this system can be improved, and supplemented with functionality and a more user-friendly interface.

PESAN DAKWAH SUNAN DRAJAT DALAM WEJANGAN CATUR PIWULANG

Islam is a religion that calls on its followers to carry out da'wah through various methods, one of which is Sunan Drajat who preaches through the teachings of Catur Piwulang (four teachings). This discourse contains many preaching messages if examined further. Therefore, researchers want to know more deeply about the preaching contained in it by analyzing the preaching. This research aims to: Find out the results of the analysis of Catur Piwulang's discourse using Charles Sanders Pierce's Semiotic Theory, as well as to find out the da'wah message contained. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. The researcher uses Charles Sanders Pierce's semiotic analysis research approach to dissect the discourse of "Catur Piwulang" by Sunan Drajat. Semiotic analysis is used to see how the representament, object, interpretant are in this discourse, as well as to find out the preaching messages contained in it. The data collection techniques used in this research are observation and documentation. Based on the results of the analysis in the "Catur Piwulang" discourse, the researchers obtained the results, 1) The type of da'wah message contained in the "Catur Piwulang" discourse contains moral messages that teach related to human nature or behavior in life. 2) The results of the semiotic theory analysis of the discourse "Catur Piwulang" have the meaning of helping others.

ANALISIS PESAN DAKWAH DALAM LIRIK LAGU SEBELUM CAHAYA KARYA BAND LETTO

Islam is a religion that calls on its people to carry out da'wah, one of the da'wah carried out by the Letto band group is da'wah using music, at first glance the band's work is only limited to works about human romance with humans but if examined the song contains many da'wah messages, therefore. This research aims to: Knowing the results of the Analysis of the Song "Before Light" using Ferdinand de Saussure's Structural Semiotics Theory, as well as to find out the da'wah message contained. This research uses qualitative research. Researchers, using a structural semiotics analysis research approach according to Ferdinand de Saussure's theory, to dissect the meaning of the song "Sebelum Cahaya" by the band Letto. This structuralist semiotics thinks using symbols or signs as its starting point. Symbols or signs here are defined as writings or texts that have meaning. Based on the results of the analysis in the song Sebelum Cahaya. From the whole series, researchers get the results, 1) In this study, researchers used Ferdinan de Saussure's theory which has several concepts including parole and langue, signifier and signified, syntagmatic and paradigmatics. Parole and signifier are both in the form of the whole song lyrics before the light from beginning to end. Langue contains meanings in this study, among others, humans who are confused about pursuing dreams to ask God for help to guide them so they don't lose their way. The signifier describes a man who remembers his dreams and ideals that lead to not knowing the direction and purpose of his life. Syntagmatic there are 3 stanzas that are interconnected, the first stanza is a man who has lost his way, the second stanza is man's relationship with Allah, the third stanza is man as an object who asks for help from Allah. Paragdigmatics in this case there is a relationship between the words remembered and forgotten, accompanying, and leaving, as well as strength and weakness. 2) The type of da'wah message contained in the song Sebelum Cahaya contains da'wah messages: aqidah message discusses a human being who does dhikr from a form of faith in God, his morals message discusses a human being who tries istiqomah to carry out the teachings of Islam, his sharia message discusses a human being who loses direction but God will always accompany and invite his people to go to a better path.

Analysis of methods of classification of electronic messages based on neural network models

In the article, the creation of a mechanism for detecting and classifying messages is considered, with an assessment of how effectively different neural networks work and can recognize and classify different types of electronic messages, including phishing attacks, spam, and legitimate messages. A preliminary analysis of incoming messages has been performed, encompassing their headers, text, and other relevant attributes. For instance, in the case of emails, these attributes could be the 'subject' and 'sender' of the message. Methods for data preparation and processing have been reviewed, including text vectorization, noise removal, and normalization, to be utilized in training neural networks. Message tokenization has been performed by transforming them into a numerical format while considering the selection of features. For text messages, it is crucial to execute both tokenization and text vectorization. The model training was performed on the test data with prior splitting into two parts: 80% for training and 20% for testing. The training set is utilized for training the model, while the test set is used to evaluate its effectiveness. The peculiarity of the class structure of the data, namely the uniformity of the distribution of classes, is considered. In this case, spam occurs less frequently than legitimate messages, so class balancing techniques such as random deletion of redundant examples, upsampling, and subsampling were applied to ensure adequate model training. Optimization of network parameters was performed, by researching the optimal parameters of neural networks, such as the number and size of layers, activation functions, and optimization of hyperparameters to achieve the best performance. Hyperparameter optimization includes determining optimal settings for neural networks, such as layer size, activation functions, learning rate, and other parameters. The effectiveness was assessed by comparing the results and performance of various classification methods based on neural networks using metrics such as precision and F1-score. It was determined how well the methods can avoid misclassifications where legitimate messages are mistakenly identified as spam, and vice versa. A comparison of the methods' effectiveness in processing a large volume of messages in real time was conducted. An analysis of different architectures of neural network models was performed. Based on the analysis, it was revealed how effectively different neural network models can recognize and classify messages as spam.

“Do Good and Be ‘Liked’”: CSR Messages on Social Media during COVID-19 Pandemic and Consumer Responses

This study explores the types of corporate social responsibility (CSR) messages communicated on social media during the outbreak of COVID-19 in the United States and its corresponding effects in driving consumer engagement and related psychological responses. Two studies were conducted. In Study 1, we analyzed corporations’ social media posts. We identified and compared four different CSR message types (i.e., employee-relevant CSR, community-relevant CSR, promotional CSR, and company statement) in their effects on consumers’ behavioral engagement. In Study 2, we conducted an online experiment to extend the findings of Study 1 further. Study 1 revealed that employee-relevant CSR received the highest consumer behavioral engagement among all types of CSR messages. Study 2 revealed a mediation effect of consumers’ engagement intention between the CSR message types and consumers’ brand attitudes and trust. In addition, community-relevant CSR and company statements received higher evaluations of brand attitude and brand trust.

An Analysis of Moral Message in Movie “LUCA” Using Semiotic Approach by Roland Barthes

This research explores the moral messages embedded in the animated movie "Luca" by Disney Pixar through a semiotic lens. Literary works, including films, serve as a medium to convey messages that entertain and impart moral values. In a world where reading rates are low, movies become a popular means of storytelling. The study draws on Roland Barthes' semiotic science to analyse signs and symbols within the movie, emphasizing the moral messages they convey. The chosen movie, "Luca," not only garnered critical acclaim and awards but also offers an entertaining narrative with positive messages about coexistence between different beings. The research methodology involves qualitative analysis, specifically descriptive qualitative methods, focusing on scenes and conversations to unveil moral messages. Thomas Lickona's moral education theory complements the analysis, emphasizing the importance of knowing, desiring, and doing good. The findings reveal seven types of moral messages: honesty, a helping attitude, kindness and caring, courage and self-confidence, self-control, teamwork, and hard work. The study contributes to understanding how animated movies, such as "Luca," convey essential moral values. While prior research has explored moral values in movies, this study uniquely integrates semiotics, enriching the understanding of the visual and symbolic elements conveying moral messages. The identified moral messages provide valuable insights for individuals seeking positive behavior models in their daily lives. Future research could expand the dataset and explore additional films to validate and extend these findings.

Fake news jako tekst. Wybrane struktury językowe (komunikacyjne) oraz ich funkcje

Fake news as text. Selected linguistic (communication) structures and their functions The article presents the results of the research on selected linguistic (communicative) structures observed in fake news in Polish. As a result of the analysis of 435 texts deemed false by AFP fact-checkers, semantic and structural elements characteristic of this type of message were reconstructed. The reconstructed elements were subjected to functional analysis in the context of tools of persuasion and manipulation, encoding of emotions, and building credibility through replication of elements and structures of news. Keywords: disinformation, fake news, linguistic structure, news.

Nudging Online Gamblers to Withdraw Money: The Impact of Personalized Messages on Money Withdrawal Among a Sample of Real-World Online Casino Players

A number of scholars have argued that online gambling can be more problematic than land-based gambling. Motivating gamblers to withdraw money from their online gambling account could lower losses because there would be less money available to lose. Therefore, the present study investigated whether personalized messages are an effective way of ‘nudging’ gamblers to withdraw money from their online gambling account. The authors were given access to a secondary dataset by Nederlandse Loterij (the national Dutch Lottery operator) comprising 4049 online gamblers. Two types of messages were used to ‘nudge’ gamblers to withdraw money from their gambling account (i.e., a ‘winning streak’ message and a ‘withdrawal’ message). The findings indicated that (i) 38% of gamblers reading the ‘winning streak’ messages withdrew money from their gambling account on the same day, and (ii) 18% of gamblers reading the ‘withdrawal’ messages withdrew money from their gambling account on the same day. Gamblers who read personalized messages also withdrew larger amounts of money from their gambling accounts compared to gamblers who did not read personalized messages. The findings suggest that the personalized messages can have an impact on both the likelihood to withdraw money as well as the amount of money which was withdrawn and could help reduce gambling-related harm.

An Adaptive Fractal Image Steganography Using Mandelbrot and Linear Congruent Generator

Despite the advancements that occurred in the field of technology, information security (i.e., IS) is still deemed important and critical topic. It is still especially deemed so during the transfer process. In this research, a new approach is proposed for hiding information through the use of iterated function systems (i.e., IFS) from Fractals. This approach employs the main feature of fractals that concentrate on the idea that hackers who seek to find the hidden data shall not be able of locating it. Therefore, there is a need to carry out a decoding process in the aim of revering the conversion for securing the transmitted information. In this research, the secure information is hidden inside a fractal Mandelbrot image using the Linear Congruent Generator (i.e., LCG). Regarding the proposed system, it generates the fractal image through the use of the predefined knowledge gained from the hider site that works as a host for different types of secret messages. The knowledge that comes from the key of image dimensions, parameters of Mandelbrot, LCG key, and key agreement of cryptography method, which makes Stego-image analyses of hidden data unacceptable without the correct knowledge. Based on the results that are obtained through carrying out experiments showed the proposed method meets all the requirements for steganography. Such requirements include: the ones related to capacity, visual appearance, undetectability, robustness against extraction (i.e., security), and hit the highest capacities with a visual appearance of high quality.

Extending the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis to Narrative Persuasion: Parents' Information-Seeking Intention and Learning About Adolescent Children's Covid-19 Vaccination.

The gap in knowledge and information-seeking between high and low socioeconomic status (SES) has been well documented. This study extends this knowledge gap hypothesis to narrative persuasion in the context of parents' knowledge and information-seeking intention concerning adolescents' COVID-19 vaccination. It specifically tests if the gap is moderated by a message type (narrative vs. non-narrative). An online quasi-experiment, with a 2 (participants' education level: high vs. low) × 3 (message type: narrative vs. non-narrative vs. no-message) between-subject design, showed a main effect of education level (i.e., parents with a higher [vs. lower] education level rated a higher intention to seek information and provided more correct answers on questions about adolescents' COVID-19 vaccination) and an interaction between the two factors. The interaction showed that the gap between high- and low-education groups in information-seeking intention disappeared among those who read the narrative or non-narrative, and the gap in knowledge disappeared among those who read the narrative. Study findings suggest the utility of narratives in narrowing the gap in knowledge and information-seeking to improve parents' decisions on child vaccination.

Exploring non-profit organisations’ communication channels and message content

Currently, organisations have to decide which communication channel to use due to changes in the media landscape. Communication occurs through various channels, such as television, radio, print, email, phone, social media, and messaging apps. Each channel has its own set of rules, conventions, and nuances, which influence how messages are interpreted and received. This study investigated ways in which non-profit organisations in South Africa communicate their corporate social responsibility efforts. A survey questionnaire was distributed to 245 employees of nonprofit organisations in Gauteng province, South Africa, and data were analysed using SPSS software. The findings identified meetings as one of the most frequently employed approaches for internal communication. Further, this study found that NPOs preferred older or established means of communication over newer media. More specifically, non-electronic media such as meetings and word-of-mouth were used more than electronic media such as emails or SMS messaging, whereas social media was used less frequently than electronic media. This study adds to the existing literature on corporate social responsibility communication by highlighting the types of messages and diverse communication channels used by South African nonprofit organisations. It provides information that can be utilised to comprehend the different communication channels used by non-profit organisations.

THE GENRE OF “LAW”: SYNTAX PARAMETERS (BASED ON THE CIVIL AND CRIMINAL CODES OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY)

Laws are classifi ed as texts of offi cial business style, which is used in the fi eld of offi cial public relations. Within the framework of the offi cial business style, the communicative infl uence on the participants of communication is carried out in a directive form with the help of regulatory documents – laws, prescriptions, instructions, regulations, etc. The general features that defi ne the offi cial business style are stylistic neutrality, impersonality, concreteness and objectivity. Regardless of the specifi c genre, they are all characterized by a high frequency of professional terminology, brevity and standardization of the presentation and structuring of the material. The syntactic organization of the genre of “law” in German is analyzed based on the material of the Civil and Criminal Codes of the Federal Republic of Germany. It has been confi rmed that this speech genre belongs to the offi cial-business style with typical features of a generalized representation of events, an instructional-informative type of text, a neutral presentation and a specifi c language design. The offi cialbusiness- style is characterized by saturation with professional terminology, brevity of the presentation, standardized form and structuring of the material. A genre is defi ned as a thematically, compositionally, and stylistically established type of messages, united by a number of characteristic repetitive features. The law as a genre is characterized by a set of linguistic and non-linguistic features that are reproduced and repeated in the laws of various types of German law. This concerns the structuring of the text of the law, the repertoire of specifi c designations – articles, paragraphs, paragraphs and sentences, fonts, as well as purely linguistic representation at the lexical and syntactic levels and the specifi city of stylistic devices. Typical syntactic features of the text of German laws are the presence of a large number of verbs, substantives, prepositional groups, modal verbs (können, dürfen, sollen), passive constructions, etc. These linguistic units contribute to the condensation of the text and allow avoiding complex sentences, and clearly convey the modality of permission or prohibition. Other structural features of laws are the productive use of anaphora, defi nitions, and syntactic parallelism, which form a special architecture of the “law” genre and distinguish it from related genres of legal discourse. Possible further research is the analysis of the lexical features of the genre of “law”. Key words: law, genre, offi cial-business functional style, German language, syntax.

ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DOS CANAIS VIRTUAIS EM REDES DE PET SHOP

The pet shop trade continues to grow, even after the pandemic. The number of pets and the attachment of humans to their pets is another growing factor. The use of more effective communication channels is essential for companies to get closer to their target audience. The objective of this research is to analyze and compare the main communication channels with an emphasis on the virtual ones in the three largest companies in the “Pet Shop” sector in Santos. The premise is to verify the best tools, as an instrument to improve the relationship and retain customers. The necessary elements for comparative analysis were searched on websites and social networks. The results show the main means of communication used by companies to transmit informational content, the main ones being: TikTok, Instagram and YouTube. However, it is clear to say that virtual channels carry various types of messages and are part of the marketing strategies of pet shop companies

Komiks jako profanowanie mitu


 
 
 Traditionally, literary works are considered to be displaced myths. Comic book researchers would like to treat the objects of their analysis in the same way. Comics, however, are counted as mass culture, and are therefore treated differently. A work of art can open a human being to the transcendent. On the other hand, a comic imposes a kind of distance on the reader and is rather a story about how someone experiences the sacred, a voice in the discussion about the nature of religious experiences. Comics’ specificity, on the other hand, is conducive to creating stories which are mocking and critical of other types of messages. This does not mean, however, that there are no comic artists who try to offer the reader the possibility of contact with the transcendent.
 
 

The Power of Memes in Crisis: the potential for emotional contagion of memes during a crisis

The subject of the research is the study of the influence of memes during crises. Internet memes as a communication tool and new media languages are able to create and spread emotions that can promote social cohesion, as well as increase social confidence, which is considered vital during crises. Given the importance of Internet memes as a powerful tool to strengthen social cohesion and trust in difficult times, it is important to give an idea of how memes and emotional contagion can be used in crisis communication. The aim of the study is to provide a more complete understanding of the role of Internet memes, especially during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, in emotionally affected Iranian social media users. To achieve this goal, the study used a mixed-method approach, content analysis including COVID-19 memes on Iranian social networks and a quantitative survey using a questionnaire developed by the researchers. The statistical sample of the study consisted of 150 Iranian social media users who were randomly selected. The novelty of the research lies in the study of the function of memes in crisis communication and emotional contagion, especially in the context of Iran. The study expands the boundaries and offers new insights into how memes can be an effective tool to strengthen social cohesion and increase trust in difficult times. The focus of the study on the Iranian context also adds to its novelty, as it provides specific information that is not available in the existing literature. The study provides empirical support to politicians, especially Iranians, in tracking public opinion on critical topics, or in managing collective emotions via the Internet and stimulating and mobilizing public action by individuals. Memes can be used for crisis communication and public participation. The results of the study indicate the widespread use and recognition of memories in Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic, in terms of income tax information for expressing feelings and interest. Emotional contagion through memes is moderate and mostly mental, with respondents believing that memes are more effective, fast, and desirable than other types of messages and posts.

L-TCM: A Lightweight Privacy-Preserving Traffic Condition Monitoring Scheme With Source Authentication in Cloud-Assisted VANETs

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), the vehicle constantly collects traffic condition messages and uploads them to the traffic management department (TMD) for traffic analysis. Traffic condition messages usually consist of vehicle-related information as well as safety-related messages. Vehicle-related information usually contains vehicles' privacy, which cannot be broadcasted. At the same time, the safety-related message does not contain the privacy of vehicles and can be broadcasted in VANETs to ease traffic congestion. However, transmitting two types of messages separately consumes numerous computation and communication costs, which is not realistic for resource-limited vehicles. In this article, we propose a lightweight privacy-preserving traffic condition monitoring (L-TCM) scheme, where the sanitizable signature is used to enable the vehicle to broadcast safety-related messages and upload traffic condition messages by sending one message. In addition, searchable encryption is used to help the TMD retrieve traffic condition messages stored in the cloud server. Security analysis demonstrates that L-TCM satisfies security goals in VANETs. Besides, the performance of L-TCM concerning computation and communication costs makes it appropriate for traffic condition monitoring.

Reassessing the Impact of Fear Appeals in Sustainable Consumption Communication: An Investigation into Message Types and Message Foci

In the face of escalating environmental challenges, effective communication has assumed unprecedented significance. This study addresses a critical research gap concerning the utilization of fear appeal in promoting sustainable consumer behavior. Rather than treating fear appeals as a singular construct, this research decomposes them into distinct components to explore the nuanced impacts of various fear appeal aspects. Additionally, we investigate how different message foci influence the effectiveness of various fear appeals in promoting sustainable consumption. To achieve these objectives, we designed an experimental study encompassing eight distinct scenarios, achieved through the manipulation of four types of fear appeal and two types of message focus. Participants were randomly assigned to one of these scenarios. Our findings reveal noteworthy differences in purchasing intentions, particularly in the context of various fear appeal types. Specifically, we observed significant variations between the economic fear appeal and the physical fear appeal, as well as between the self-esteem fear appeal and the physical fear appeal. Surprisingly, our analysis of the moderating effect of different message foci did not align with our initial expectations. The outcomes of this research offer valuable insights for green marketers, empowering them to employ diverse facets of fear appeal in their marketing strategies with greater flexibility and efficiency. These findings underscore the evolving landscape of sustainable consumer behavior and the evolving role of communication in addressing environmental challenges.