Types Of Mental Disease Research Articles

Using a new phase-locked visual feedback protocol to affirm simpler models for alpha dynamics

Alpha band oscillations are the most prominent rhythmic oscillations in EEG, which are related to various types of mental diseases, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and depression. However, the dynamics of alpha oscillations, especially how the endogenous alpha oscillations be entrained by exogenous stimulus, are still unclear. Recently, a newly-developed phase-locked visual feedback (PLVF) protocol has shown effectiveness in modulating alpha rhythm, which provides empirical evidence for the further investigation of the neural mechanism of alpha dynamics. In this work, extensive numerical simulations based on four well-studied models were used to investigate the questions that (1) What kind of dynamic model exhibits a modulation phenomenon of PLVF? (2) What is the dynamic mechanism of PLVF for alpha modulation? (3) Which factors affect the modulation effects in PLVF? The result indicates that the dynamics of endogenous alpha oscillations are close to a simpler dynamic structure, like fixed-point attractor or limit-cycle attractor, which shows a global consistent dynamic behavior at different phases of the alpha oscillation. The further analysis explains the dynamic mechanism of PLVF for amplitude and frequency modulation of the alpha rhythm, as well as the influence of parameter settings in the modulation. All these findings provide a deeper understanding of the endogenous alpha oscillations entrained by exogenous phased locked visual stimulus and lead in turn to the refinement of a control strategy for alpha modulation, which could potentially be used in developing new neural modulation methods for cognitive enhancement and mental diseases treatment.

Genetic and functional analysis reveals TENM4 contributes to schizophrenia

SummaryTENM4, encoding a member of the teneurin protein family, is a risk gene shared by many types of mental diseases and is implicated in neuronal plasticity and signaling. However, the role and the mechanisms of TENM4 in schizophrenia (SCZ) remain unclear. We identified possible pathogenic mutations in the TENM4 gene through target sequencing of TENM4 in 68 SCZ families. We further demonstrated that aberrant expression of Ten-m leads to lower learning ability, sleep reduction, and increased aggressiveness in animal models. RNA sequencing showed that aberrant expression of Ten-m was related to stimulus perception and metabolic process, and Gene Ontology enrichment terms were neurogenesis and ATPase activity. This study provides strong evidence that TENM4 contributes to SCZ, and its functional mutations might be responsible for the impaired neural circuits and behaviors observed in SCZ.

Mental Health-Review

Mental diseases are challenging human being. Today’s lifestyle is very fast and hectic, lots of stress everyone is undergoing. This leads to many mental problems, their severity may vary. Sometimes it is only irritability, insomnia, lack of confidence, and sometimes it is very severe like depression, autism, schizophrenia etc. Ayurved helps us to understand what is mind, its constituents, normal functioning, causes of mental illnesses, and types of mental diseases and how to treat them. In this article all these factors are thoroughly discussed, which will be helpful to understand disease. Keywords: Mind, Mana, Satwa, Mental disease, Sharir dosha, Common treatment of mind.

The biological foundations of culture and morality

Two aspects are discussed: first, the mechanism of learning, and second, the generation of culture and morality. Both aspects are analyzed in relation to the evolution of the mind-brain system. As to the first aspect, I suggest that the use of the concept of innatism requires a re-examination of the genome-dependent effects on the mind-brain system particularly for what concerns the time scale of these effects. The reason is that the information in the genome of the parents is transmitted to the embryo during fertilization of the egg and then into the structures of neuronal cells at the very early stage of ontogenesis, whereas organization of the mind-brain system occurs at a much later time and after an extensive reorganization of the brain structure. The problem is, then, that while during the early stages of the ontogenetic development the neuronal cells maintain their genome determined properties, the full expression of these genome properties within the mind-brain organization undergo fundamental changes which depend not on the properties of the genomic information but rather on the evolution of the operational conditions which are generated in the brain organization and which determine the expression of the genomic potentialities. These operational conditions may become markedly different because of a number of on-going processes due to the formation of new synapses, axons, dendrites and neuronal networks; these phenomena are, to a large extent due to interaction with the environment. Using the Fodor’s language, the effect of the innate properties over the horizontal neuronal networks (the innatism that operates during the whole ontogenesis) assumes a much more important role in the mind-brain than in all other physiological systems. As to the second aspect, I suggest that the development of cultural andmoral worlds are products of the histories of human minds and societies, and depend on the evolutionary nature of these histories.To explain the generation of these worlds I shall discuss a basic problem. How can the neuronal networks of the mind-brain system — usually dealing with phenomena of the natural world and being themselves natural structures obeying the principles and rules of the natural phenomena, where no transition from is to ought or from facts to values is allowed — be able to generate cultural and moral concepts and generate moral behaviours? The solution here proposed is that some sort of modularitydominates in the whole structure of the mind-brain system and that the effect of this modularity is that the neurophysiological processes dealing with the processes of human cultural, moral and social life are structurally associated with emotions, intentions and values. In brief, it is suggested that the mind-brain systems contain, in addition to the division introduced by Fodor, other innate types of neurophysiological processes: some types of processes and of neuronal networks deal with the problems of the natural world and provide answers which are right or wrong, wheras other types of processes and neuronal networks deal with problems of human cultural and social life and provide answers which are adapt on non-adapt.The latter types of neuronal networks are suited to generate the cultural and moral worlds in the course of development and evolution of the Homo sapiens sapiens species and of the single individual. Finally, in view of recent findings on the patterns of mental diseases and the relations of these patterns with alterations of the frontal lobes of the mind brain system, I suggest that the particular types of processes responsible for the moral behaviour of human beings are localized in the frontal lobes. The consequence is that alterations of this type of neurophysiological processes lead to the development of various types of mental diseases.

A Double-Edged Sword: The Role of Neuroimaging in Federal Capital Sentencing

H.L.A. Hart has stated that certain mental conditions have an “excusing” effect on punishment, whereby “[t]he individual is not liable to punishment if at the time of his doing what would otherwise be a punishable act he is … the victim of certain types of mental disease.” The Supreme Court, however, upheld a state statute allowing for increased “punishment,” in the form of civil commitment, for sexually violent predators who suffer from a “mental abnormality.” Thus, American jurisprudence is faced with a paradoxical role of mental conditions: serving to both aggravate and mitigate sentences. This dual purpose of mental conditions becomes a pressing legal issue as mental conditions associated with brain structure or function become more detectable with the emergence of neuroimaging.In federal capital sentencing, judges are obligated to consider aggravating and mitigating factors before imposing a death sentence. There are aggravating and mitigating factors that could be implicated by mental conditions, including future dangerousness, and impaired capacity, respectively.

Clinical Approach to Mental Health Issues Among Obstetrician???Gynecologists: A Review

In recent years, obstetrician-gynecologists have taken on a greater role in the provision of primary care. Mental health has been a topic worthy of further exploration as a result of the high prevalence rates of women presenting in gynecologic settings with depressive, anxiety, or eating-disordered symptoms. The detrimental effects of psychopathology have been well documented in the literature, especially if present during pregnancy. This article provides a review of the literature in the area of clinical practice related to mental health among obstetrician-gynecologists based on searches of the Psyc Info and MEDLINE databases. Lack of recognition and underdiagnosis are common problems that need to be addressed by focused educational initiatives. Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians. After completion of this article, the reader should be able to recall the importance of screening for various types of mental disease during an ob/gyn visit; describe the detrimental effects of psychopathology, especially during pregnancy; and explain the importance of educational initiatives in detecting and treating mental disorders.

Prioritering innen klinikkens ramme: Klinikksjefens mulighet til styring

The head of a clinical department of psychiatry must have both the right and the obligation to define and exercise the necessary priorities with regard to what types of mental disease should be offered treatment and in what order, what type of treatment should be offered and for what amount of time. With limited resources, these managerial rights may be severely restricted. Acute emergency cases are given highest priority, often to such an extent that they take the far greater part of the institutional resources. If the policlinical resources are poorly staffed, they suffer the same fate. In such a situation the psychiatric services cannot perform adequately. To avoid such a development, certain steps must be taken. Primarily, the necessary frame of space and resources must be secured. Secondly, the limits of acute emergency must be strictly defined, the treatment goals related to the emergency. The remaining available resources must then be assessed. Priority must be given to tasks that give a reasonable...

Degeneration theory in psychiatry

Degeneration (called "dégénérescence" in French and "Degenerationslehre" in German terminology) as a theory of human retrogression manifested by degenerative signs in individuals, was a major factor in medicine and especially in psychiatry during the second half to the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Theories of retrogression seemed to supply conclusive hypothetic explanatory models for a wide variety of deviations from so-called "standard" values of health criteria for neurological diseases, brain disorders and mental diseases. The theory of degeneration, or retrogression, was closely interlinked with the complex ideological pattern that formed the background of philosophy and natural science during the nineteenth century. The theory of degeneration experienced mutual interaction and stimulation by the interplay with various other theories that were "en vogue" at that time, such as the development of positivistic natural science and of the theory of evolution, which in turn gave birth to the theories of social Darwinism, eugenics, genetics and to the development of biological-vitalistic approaches. In contrast with the other fields of medicine, anatomic pathology was unable to uncover any aetiological linkups for the various types of mental diseases. Hence, the theories of degeneration seemed to offer a conclusive concept for the genesis of mental disorders. The concept of degeneration was based on the theory of polymorphism which in turn positioned the wide range of neurological, mental and brain diseases within the descending series of progressing degeneration.

Thoracic Surgery in Mentally Ill Patients

General Observations Adequate care of mentally ill patients presenting pulmonary disease (non-specific infections, lung abscesses, bronchiectases, empyema), malignant and benign tumors and the demands of an effective tuberculosis control program necessitate the application of thoracic surgery in hospitals for the mentally ill. It is worthy of note that the incidence of tuberculosis detected among patients admitted to the Illinois Department of Public Welfare’s 13 mental hospitals and the two schools for the mentally retarded is 29 times greater than the reported incidence in the general population.’ These institutions have an average total resident patient population of about 48,000. To serve this institutional system, thoracic surgical centers were set up at Kankakee State Hospital in 1951 and at Chicago State Hospital in 1954. A thoracic surgical service established in 1957 provides consultation and surgical service to all state welfare institutions. Under the present program, conferences at which the medical, surgical and roentgen departments are represented, screen the patients and on recommendation they are channeled to either of the two centers for final evaluation and treatment. The following is a report on the major thoracic surgery performed on mentally ill or retarded patients under the department’s auspices and at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Downey, Illinois, a 2,847-bed neuropsychiatric facility. The period covered is from October, 1947 through December, 1957, with follow-up ranging from one to eleven years. During this period there were 388 procedures performed on 343 patients with an overall post-operative mortality (within 90 days) of 23 patients (6.7 per cent). Eighty-six of these procedures were conducted at the Veterans Administration Hospital. These patients represent a cross-section of the various types of mental disease, including schizophrenics, chronic alcoholics with deterioration and senile dementias, epileptics and mentally retarded with and without psychosis. It must be emphasized that we are dealing surgically with the chronic mentally ill patient. An insight into the reluctance of the relative and a tactful approach to this problem are very necessary. For analytical purposes, the patients are divided into tuberculous and non-tuberculous categories. Many were not optimal risk candidates for surgery.

Comparison of childhood, adolescent, and adult schizophrenias. Etiologic significance of intellectual functioning.

Introduction Although the diagnosis of schizophrenia is applied to all ages, from the infant to the aged, there is increasing recognition that schizophrenia is not a single clinical entity but, rather, a descriptive term that reflects a variety of abnormalities. * Accurate delineation of these abnormalities (or the group of schizophrenias in Bleuler’s terminology 11 ) is of major importance for the detection of basic defects and their ultimate prevention. One approach to delineating the factors associated with mental illness is the study of age of onset. Landis and Bolles 49 have remarked that “the most important single determining fact that we can know about mental disease is the age of the patient or the age distribution of a group of patients. If these data are available, one can make fairly accurate estimates of the beginning of the different diagnostic types of mental disease, the relative proportion of

Culture and mental disease, with special reference to Thailand.

The following ideas have been expressed regarding the occurrence of mental disease in different cultures: 1. Mental disease does or does not occur with the same incidence everywhere. 2. There are or are not variations in the incidence of specific types of mental disease in different cultures. 3. There are or are not variations in the symptomatology of some or all mental disorders in different cultures. A review of the literature shows that most writers limit themselves to one part of this problem and do not discuss all the possibilities mentioned above. A few authors, showing various studies and conclusions, are cited. Lin, 9 who did a thorough psychiatric and sociological survey of three Chinese cultures in Formosa for the period 1946-1948, inclusive, found that the incidence of major psychoses and epilepsy did not differ appreciably from that of other countries. On the basis

Tuberculosis in schizophrenia as compared with other types of mental disease.

1. The prevalence of tuberculosis among schizophrenics at the time of admission to mental hospitals is not higher than among patients with other mental diseases. 2. Schizophrenic patients within mental hospitals do not develop tuberculosis more frequently than others. 3. Schizophrenics who develop tuberculosis survive the disease as long as other patients. 4. Schizophrenic patients with inactive tuberculosis do not reactivate their disease more frequently than others. 5. The tuberculosis mortality among schizophrenic patients is no higher than among patients with other mental diseases. 6. There is no evidence of a relationship between the type of schizophrenia and the incidence of tuberculosis. 7. Since the tuberculosis morbidity and mortality among schizophrenics is essentially the same as among patients with other types of mental disease, there is no greater susceptibility to this disease among the former than the latter, and there is no need to assume the existence of constitutional differences in their reaction to tuberculosis.

Electroencephalograms of nonepileptic psychotic patients awake and asleep.

BECAUSE electroencephalographic studies on epileptics recorded during sleep reveal more significant abnormalities than those recorded in the waking state, 1 it seemed possible that electroencephalographic recordings during sleep on psychotic patients might reveal abnormalities that were nonevident in these patients when awake. However, this hope was somewhat dimmed by the fact that the sleep studies on psychotic patients of Hans Berger 2 and Liberson 3 had failed to reveal significant abnormalities. The latter was able to show differences in the proportion of drowsiness patterns in various types of mental diseases. Diaz-Guerrero, Gottlieb, and Knott 4 compared the entire night sleep records of six manic-depressive patients with six normal subjects but found no electroencephalographic features which might be of diagnostic value. It was not the intention in the present study to continue the analysis of cases of psychomotor epilepsy and seizure discharges from the anterior temporal lobe, for a relation has

Population statistics and population registration in Norway. Part 21

Summary The second part of this paper deals with the legal basis of medico-statistical data, and shows the type of report made by Medical Officers of Health and by private practitioners to the Norwegian Central Statistical Office. These reports deal with infectious diseases, with certain types of mental disease, and certain special diseases like tuberculosis. The system of classifying causes of death is also explained. Other sections deal with hospital and morbidity statistics and statistics obtained from recruiting authorities.

Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in New York State institutions for the mentally ill

1. Chest X-ray surveys of all the public mental institutions in New York State have been completed. 2. Clinically significant pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed in 5.6 per cent of the patients in the State hospitals and in 2.4 per cent of the patients in the State schools and Craig Colony. 3. The prevalence rates increase with the length of time between first admission and the X-ray survey. They also increase with age, in the hospitals up to age 45, and in the schools at all ages. 4. Among patients with time periods up to five years between first admission and X-ray, the prevalence of tuberculosis among dementia praecox patients is in general, lower than, or approximately equal to, the prevalence among patients with other types of mental disease. 5. Clinically significant pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed among 1.1 per cent of the employees of the State hospitals and 0.7 per cent of the employees of the State schools and Craig Colony. 6. Facilities for the segregation of patients with clinically significant pulmonary tuberculosis are inadequate at present, but plans are being made for the provision of well-equipped centers for the segregation and treatment of these patients.

Brain Waves and Heredity in Mental Diseases*

Electroencephalographic examinations were performed on 118 patients aged between 13 and 23 years, suffering from all types of mental disease. Thirteen of these patients had a personal history of a neurological disorder. These patients were classified in different groups according to the presence and importance of the abnormal hereditary factors. There are relatively more patients with normal EEG's in the population with a negative family history than in the population with mental conditions in the family. Both the theoretical and practical significance of these findings is stressed.

INSULIN THERAPY IN MENTAL DISEASES

On using Sakel's (1) method of insulin therapy on patients with schizophrenia and other functional types of mental diseases, we were confronted by exigent problems. Some of these were the control of the reactions to prevent immediate disaster, the observing of the early changes that might occur, especially in the metabolic processes, and the persistent search for similar late changes. We were particularly interested in seeing whether or not this rather drastic disruption of the endocrine mechanism might produce undesirable changes in the endocrine system. The mental diseases requiring treatment were serious enough to warrant our taking reasonable chances. In December 1936 we began using insulin shock therapy in schizophrenia. Since then we have so treated 37 patients with schizophrenia, 9 with manic depressive psychosis, 6 with melancholia and 2 patients with psychasthenia. Nine of these patients had an associated thyrotoxicosis.

Skin Impedance Findings in Mental Disease

It has been shown1 that the electrical impedance per unit area of the skin may deviate from normal values not only in thyroid and other endocrine conditions but also in disturbances involving the autonomic and central nervous systems. Gross changes in skin capacity have been reported in certain types of mental disease.2 It appeared to be of interest, therefore, to study a group of mental patients with a view to determining whether or not changes in the impedance properties of the skin could be found.Impedance determinations were made by the 3-electrode method at 11,160 c.p.s., using a concentric and a disc electrode applied over the region of the biceps and triceps as described elsewhere.1, 3The patients were not selected in any way and included all of the females (54) in the adult wards at the N. Y. State Psychiatric Institute. This group was composed predominantly of schizophrenics and psychoneurotics. The average age was 29 years.A histogram of the results obtained is shown in Fig. 1 (dotted lines) and...

INSULIN THERAPY IN MENTAL DISEASES

On using Sakel's (1) method of insulin therapy on patients with schizophrenia and other functional types of mental diseases, we were confronted by exigent problems. Some of these were the control of the reactions to prevent immediate disaster, the observing of the early changes that might occur, especially in the metabolic processes, and the persistent search for similar late changes. We were particularly interested in seeing whether or not this rather drastic disruption of the endocrine mechanism might produce undesirable changes in the endocrine system. The mental diseases requiring treatment were serious enough to warrant our taking reasonable chances. In December 1936 we began using insulin shock therapy in schizophrenia. Since then we have so treated 37 patients with schizophrenia, 9 with manic depressive psychosis, 6 with melancholia and 2 patients with psychasthenia. Nine of these patients had an associated thyrotoxicosis.

Sterilization

Sterilization is permissable in any woman in whom pregnancy will aggravate existing disease which is not amenable to direct cure, undo previous corrective gynecology or jeopardize her life. Written consent from both husband and wife should be obtained. Sterilization is urgently desirable in women with certain types of mental disease and congenital defects. For permanent sterilization by surgical methods “tubal crushing” (Walthardt) and cornual excision as described, are the simplest and surest of all the available methods. When surgery is contraindicated, permanent sterilization can be obtained with either x-ray or radium therapy. This always involves destruction of ovarian function and onset of the menopause. Temporary sterilization by surgical methods is usually a failure. Irradiation for this purpose is unreliable and fraught with the risk of producing permanent sterilization. Contraception is the logical procedure if pregnancy is to be avoided temporarily. The combined indication for sterilization and therapeutic abortion occurs in approximately 13 per cent of patients requiring sterilization. Abdominal hysterotomy by a transverse fundal incision which includes cornual excision is the operation of choice. Biological methods for the attainment of sterilization are still entirely experimental. The only one that holds any hope in the future is the utilization of spermatoxins.