Type Of Medicament Research Articles

Concise review on Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Plant

Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. which belongs to Cucurbitaceae family, is annual climbing plant , fruits are commonly called as winter melon or ash melon. It is a popular vegetable crop, which is especially available among Asian communities both for nutritional and medicinal purposes. It was probably native in both Japan and Java, cultivated more or less throughout the India and also in warm countries. It has been used as a medicinal plant by Ayurvedic treatment and Sri Lankan traditional physicians since antiquity. It is used singly or in various formulations in the combination with different types of medicaments in Ayurveda and traditional medicine both. The fruits, pericarp, seeds, stems, roots and leaves of this plant are used in various types of preparations like vegetable, and in pickles, curries and preserves. It is used in the internal treatment for the urinary disorders such as calculi, dysuria, pain in pelvis and genitals, disorders like gastritis, gastric ulcers, worm infestation, hyperdipsea, anaemia, jaundice, diabetes mellitus, piles, fever, internal haemorrhages, hemoptysis, general debility, epilepsy, cough, hoarseness, all kinds of the asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis, ulceration of the lungs, heart diseases, testosterone-induced prostatic hypertrophy and especially in the vitiated condition of the Pitta Dosha.

Effect of different irrigation activation methods on non-infected dentinal tubule penetration of medicaments: A CLSM study.

The whole root canal disinfection is crucial in terms of long-term endodontic success. In this context, applying medicaments following effective irrigation activation procedures becomes an important point. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of various irrigation activation techniques on non-infected dentinal tubule penetration of calcium hydroxide (CH), double (DAP), and triple (TAP) antibiotic pastes. A total of 180 extracted human permanent mandibular premolar single-rooted teeth were selected and randomly divided into a control group and four main groups according to the irrigation activation procedures (n = 36) as KTP laser irradiation, conventional needle, NaviTip FX, sonic (SI) and ultrasonic activation (UI) procedures. Each group was randomly subdivided into three subgroups according to the medicament type (n = 12); CH, DAP, and TAP. After the activation procedures, the root canals were filled with CH, TAP, and DAP mixed with 0.1% fluorescent rhodamine B isothiocyanate. Specimens were sectioned at 2, 5, and 8 mm from the apex, and all the sections were examined under a confocal laser scanning microscope to calculate the dentinal tubule penetration. Data were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests (P = 0.05). TAP provided a statistically significant greater penetration than the other groups (P < 0.05). UI provided a statistically significant higher dentinal tubules penetration area than other activation procedures (P < 0.05). Medicament penetration depends on the type of medicament, activation procedures, and root canal level. The TAP may be preferred following the ultrasonic activation in terms of long term root canal treatment success.

Effects of Mutations in TSC Genes on Neurodevelopment and Synaptic Transmission.

Mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 genes are linked to alterations in neuronal function which ultimately lead to the development of a complex neurological phenotype. Here we review current research on the effects that reduction in TSC1 or TSC2 can produce on the developing neural network. A crucial feature of the disease pathophysiology appears to be an early deviation from typical neurodevelopment, in the form of structural abnormalities. Epileptic seizures are one of the primary early manifestation of the disease in the CNS, followed by intellectual deficits and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Research using mouse models suggests that morphological brain alterations might arise from the interaction of different cellular types, and hyperexcitability in the early postnatal period might be transient. Moreover, the increased excitation-to-inhibition ratio might represent a transient compensatory adjustment to stabilize the developing network rather than a primary factor for the development of ASD symptoms. The inhomogeneous results suggest region-specificity as well as an evolving picture of functional alterations along development. Furthermore, ASD symptoms and epilepsy might originate from different but potentially overlapping mechanisms, which can explain recent observations obtained in patients. Potential treatment is determined not only by the type of medicament, but also by the time point of treatment.

Increasing Effect of Water Clarifiers on the Treatment of Polymer-Containing Oil Production Sewage

Abstract Residual anionic polyacrylamide in polymer-flooding oil production wastewater results in the formation of a thermodynamically stable system. In this study, the effects of three different types of medicaments, namely, cationic, anionic and nonionic agents, in dynamic treatments, such as adding a position, dosage and combined processes of chemical addition, on the oil removal rate of sewage were examined. In the treatment with a single agent, the oil removal rate of the cationic agent CQY-1 and the nonionic agent CHF-2 was ≥ 97.8%. The charge characteristics of different ionic agents for the combined dosing treatment indicated that the oil removal rate was better than that of a single agent; the combined dosing ratio was 50 mg/L CHP-1 and 50 mg/L CHP-2. At 80 mg/L CQY-1, the oil removal rate of the dynamic process was ≥ 98.8%, and the dosage of CQY-1 was reduced from 200 mg/L to 50–150 mg/L, which corresponded to a decrease of 25.0%–75.0%. Therefore, the combined dosing process effectively reduced the single dosage.

Comparative Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effect of Mangosteen, Triphala, Chitosan, and 2% Chlorhexidine on Mono- and Dual-Species Biofilms of - and Candida albicans: An in Vitro Study.

Objective:The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine gel, 0.5% chitosan, ethanol extract of mangosteen pericarp, and Triphala used as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in mono- and dual-species biofilms.Methods:Bioactive components in the ethanol extract of mangosteen pericarp and Triphala were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Quantitative assessment of the biofilm formations of E. faecalis and C. albicans and as a dual-species in the presence of test medicaments was carried out using a crystal violet (CV) assay in a microtiter plate. Following this, 246 single-rooted premolar teeth were collected, and root specimens were prepared. C. albicans and E. faecalis mono- and dual-species biofilms were grown in the root specimens. At the end of 21 days, the samples were divided into five groups and subjected to different types of medicaments: Control group- distilled water; Chlorhexidine group- 2% chlorhexidine gel; Chitosan group- 0.5% chitosan; Mangosteen group- ethanol extract of mangosteen pericarp; and Triphala group- ethanol extract of Triphala. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were assessed on the first and fifth day after medicament placement.Results:Microbial population reduction was measured by one-way analysis of variance, followed by post-hoc Tukey’s multiple comparison test (P<0.05). Chlorhexidine showed maximum log reduction in CFUs of microorganisms, followed by chitosan, which showed a similar log reduction (P>0.05) for both mono- and dual-species biofilms. However, in the mangosteen and Triphala extract groups, the CFU/mL for dual-species on both days did not have a significant reduction in count (P<0.05) when compared to chlorhexidine and chitosan.Conclusion:Chlorhexidine showed maximum antimicrobial activity, followed by chitosan, on both mono- and dual-species biofilms. Mangosteen and Triphala had good antimicrobial action on the mono-species biofilm.

Clinical Outcomes of Immature Teeth Treated with Regenerative Endodontic Procedures—A San Antonio Study

IntroductionFactors that influence clinical outcomes for regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are unknown. This retrospective study aimed to assess tooth healing, root development, pulp vitality, and esthetics post-REPs and categorize them into clinician- and patient-centered outcomes. Furthermore, this study identified significant predictors affecting such outcomes. MethodsImmature permanent teeth diagnosed with pulp necrosis treated with REPs between 2008 and 2018 with a minimum of 1-year follow-up were included. Outcomes included success and survival rates, changes in root development using 2-dimensional radiographic root area (RRA) and 3-dimensional measurements, pulp vitality, and tooth discoloration. Predictor variables of success included age, sex, etiology of pulp necrosis (PN), type of medicament, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) concentration, type of biomaterial used over the blood clot, and preoperative apical diagnosis. Statistical analyses included Cox proportional hazard analyses and generalized regression models. ResultsFifty-one teeth with an average of 2.1 years of follow-up satisfied the criteria. The survival rate was 92%. The success rate was 84.3% with age, etiology of PN, type of medicament, and NaOCl concentration being significant predictors of failure. Root development occurred in 91.4% of cases with age, sex, etiology of PN, type of medicament, NaOCl concentration, and apical diagnosis being significant predictors for RRA change. Positive pulp sensibility responses were associated with greater RRA change, and, finally, the type of biomaterial was a significant predictor for tooth discoloration after treatment. Conclusions: REPs provide a high survival rate. Patient and clinical factors may affect outcomes, and this knowledge may help to define the criteria for optimal treatment planning of REPs.

Effectiveness of different intracanal irrigation techniques in removing intracanal paste medicaments

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of different intracanal irrigation techniques in removing intracanal medicaments prior to obturation. A total of 168 single roots were prepared with ProTaper® rotary files and medicament pastes applied (Ledermix®, Odontopaste®, Doxypaste and Pulpdent®), left in for 2 weeks, then removed using filing followed by one of four methods: irrigation with an open-ended notched irrigation needle (Appli-Vac) either at the working length or 5 mm from the canal orifice, or the Max-I-probe or EndoActivator® at the working length. Following the removal of medicaments, the roots were split into two and the internal surfaces photographed, for digital image analysis of the overall percentage of residual medicament. With the exception of canals irrigated 5 mm apical to the root canal orifice, all four irrigation techniques achieved an average of 95% for removal of Ledermix®, Odontopaste® and Doxypaste. Calcium hydroxide paste was the most difficult medicament to remove, with no difference between irrigation techniques. Up to 27% of the Pulpdent® material remained after irrigation. No irrigation technique could completely remove all traces of medicaments. The position of the irrigational needle and the type of medicament used are key factors, which influence the effectiveness of irrigation in removing medicaments.

Postcraniotomy headache

Although pain after craniotomy is a clinically significant problem that has a continuously expanding literature, it is still a source of concern and controversy. Postcraniotomy headache (PCH) has been neglected for years. It is assessed regularly by only a few neurosurgical centers, and its frequency and severity tend to be underestimated by medical staff; hence, PCH is often undertreated and poorly managed. Various patient and surgical factors have an impact on the severity and incidence of PCH; thus, effective analgesic protocols are hard to define, which could explain the absence of available therapeutic guidelines. According to recent studies, certain surgical measures and the use of local anesthetics are promising in the prevention of PCH. NSAIDs seem to have inadequate analgesic effects, whereas opioids have a wide range of drawbacks; nevertheless, both types of medicaments are regarded as cornerstones of a balanced and adequate multimodal therapy. The purpose of this review is to collect the currently available knowledge about the incidence, assessment, pathophysiological mechanism, and predictors of acute and chronic PCH. Therefore, a broad search of the literature has been carried out to collect evidence of potential prevention and treatment strategies.

PHARMACEUTICS, ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF AYURVEDIC MARINE DRUGS: A REVIEW

Ayurveda is the ancient thought and treatise that deals with the knowledge of living a healthy life. There are several types of medicaments that are being used in the Ayurvedic mode of treatment. The source of these drugs is diverse and belongs to different category. The category ranges from plants and animals to minerals, and encircles around different types of species of plants and animals with vivid habitats. In the course of last thirty years, marine organisms have been proven to be a rich source of wide range of worthy compounds for medicine. In Ayurveda th ere is a wide range of marine drugs like Mukta, V aratika, P raval, A gnijvar, S amudra phena, etc that are useful in the management of numerous diseases like paralysis, hyperacidity, cance r, dyspepsia, eye diseases, etc . This review makes a humble effort to s ummarize and gather knowledge about different types of marine drugs that are described and explained in Ayurvedic system of medicine, its traditional processing and chemistry, ethno pharmacology and pharmacological role .

Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-based Micro and Nanoparticles for the Controlled Drug Delivery of Vitamins

Controlled drug delivery systems and polymeric carriers have undergone significant development in recent years. Polymers like polylactides (PLA), polyglycolides (PGA), poly(lactide-co-glycolides) (PLGA), are approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as materials that can be used in medicine and pharmacy. Owing to their biodegradable nature, polymer materials, such as copolymer poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide), are widely used in various medical applications; controlled release of delivering drugs, carriers in the tissue engineering, fixation of bone fractures, chirurgical strings, etc. Polymeric particles are used for the controlled delivery of several types of medicaments, including anticancer agents, antihypertensive agents, immunomodulatory drugs, hormones, vitamins and macromolecules, such as nucleic acid, proteins, peptides, antibodies, etc. Preparation of poly(lactideco- glycolide) submicron spheres poses serious challenges. The present review attempts to address some important issues related to micro/ nanoparticle-based delivery systems comprising poly(lactide-co-glycolide), with a special reference to PLGA for the controlled delivery of vitamins. A range of topics is discussed, including formulation aspects of micro- and nanoparticles, the effects of particle size and size distribution, most commonly used incorporation techniques, surface modification with stabilizers, surface functionalization, and factors affecting degradation and drug release rate.

Karakteristike korišćenja lekova stanovništva Srbije

The consumption of drugs and help remedies is progressively growing within the total health expenditures. Consequently, expenditures for drugs are growing, too. The objective of the paper is observing the characteristic of drugs usage by Serbia's population. The Institute of Public Health of Serbia made a survey in the whole territory of Serbia in 2000 and 2006 in order to reach such goal. The results have shown that people mostly buy drugs in private pharmacies (50. 7%) and get them per the doctor's prescription, too. (45.15%) About 1.3 % citizens cannot buy medicaments because they are too expensive for them. About 59% citizens pay for drugs, so incurring the costs. The urban population has the higher expenditures for buying drugs than suburban population, also females than males (43.8%: 35.1%) and richer population than the poors. Costs for medicaments rise with aging. 29.1% citizens of Serbia (and even 40.7% citizens of Belgrade) use drugs by themselves, without having doctor's prescriptions. Analgetics, vitamins and minerals are used in such way more often than other types of drugs. The population mostly uses medicaments for headache, hypertension, vitamins, minerals, drugs for heart diseases, sedatives, whereas the other types of medicaments, excluding antibiotics, are rarely used. People in Belgrade more often use all types of medicaments than population in Vojvodina, and females than males.

Molecules acting on receptor level at weaning, durably influence liver glucocorticoid receptors

In the experiments the effect of late hormonal imprinting to the liver glucocorticoid receptors were studied. Three-week-old (weanling) female rats were treated with five molecules acting at receptor level and four weeks later receptor kinetic analysis was done on liver glucocorticoid receptors. The tricyclic antidepressant, histamine and serotonin receptor blocker mianserin positively influenced receptor density and negatively receptor affinity. Vitamin D3 and the environmental pollutant benzpyrene elevated receptor density. Mifepristone (RU 486) which is bound by progesterone- and glucorticoid-receptor without postreceptorial effects was ineffective as well, as the H1 receptor blocker chlorpheniramine. The results demonstrate that receptor-level-acting foreign molecules can durably influence the binding capacity of glucocorticoid receptors, however, this is not a general phenomenon and it is not dependent on the type of receptors (membrane or cytosol). Those molecules were effective which 1. have receptor in the same receptor family (vitamin D3) and have postreceptorial effect, or 2. have a structure similar to steroids (benzpyrene) or 3. deeply influenced steroid receptors in earlier experiments (mianserin). This effect should be considered before administering such type of medicaments.

Concepts of depression: sporadic revolutions of continuous evolution.

The classification of depressive disorders has been changing ever since the first descriptions of mood disorders were produced some 2500 years ago. The interest in their classification has recently been revived as a result of the introduction of new types of medicaments for the treatment of the disorders belonging to the spectrum of mood disorders and of the emphasis that has been given to the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, and in particular depression in primary health care services. The currently used systems of classification contain a relatively large number of categories reserved for depressive disorders and it is to be hoped that the experience and information obtained by the use of these classifications, as well as the results of research into the psychopathology and the effects of treatment of mood disorders, will make it possible to arrive at a simplified and better classification of these conditions. It is likely that this improvement will be incremental, that the development of significantly better classifications will take time and the result of this developmental process will be a classification that will reflect consensus of the mental health professions based on the best available evidence. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.