Types Of Lotteries Research Articles

Funding lotteries for research grant allocation: An extended taxonomy and evaluation of their fairness

Abstract Some research funding organizations (funders) are experimenting with random allocation of funding (funding lotteries), whereby funding is awarded to a random subset of eligible applicants evaluated positively by review panels. There is no consensus on which allocation rule is fairer—traditional peer review or funding lotteries—partly because there exist different ways of implementing funding lotteries, and partly because different selection procedures satisfy different ideas of fairness (desiderata). Here we focus on two desiderata: that funding be allocated by ‘merit’ (epistemic correctness) versus following ethical considerations, for example without perpetuating biases (unbiased fairness) and without concentrating resources in the hands of a few (distributive fairness). We contribute to the debate first by differentiating among different existing lottery types in an extended taxonomy of selection procedures; and second, by evaluating (via Monte Carlo simulations) how these different selection procedures meet the different desiderata under different conditions. The extended taxonomy distinguishes “Types” of selection procedures by the role of randomness in guiding funding decisions, from null (traditional peer review), to minimal and extensive (various types of funding lotteries). Simulations show that low-randomness Types (e.g. ‘tie-breaking’ lotteries) do not differ meaningfully from traditional peer review in the way they prioritize epistemic correctness at the cost of lower unbiased and distributive fairness. Probably unbeknownst to funders, another common lottery Type (lotteries where some favorably-evaluated proposals bypass the lottery) displays marked variation in epistemic correctness and fairness depending on the specific bypass implementation. We discuss implications for funders who run funding lotteries or are considering doing so.

Concentration of gambling spending by product type: analysis of gambling accounts records in Norway

Background Most previous studies on the distribution of gambling losses were based on self-reported data. In this study, we employed tracking data (i.e. electronic betting records) to examine the concentration of gambling losses and whether concentration varies by product type. Method Tracking data were provided by the Norwegian gambling monopolist, Norsk Tipping (NT). Data comprised of 14 different games for a random draw of 2% (N = 39 995) of all NT’s customers in 2019. We applied three measures of concentration of gambling losses: the mean to median ratio, the Gini coefficient, and the proportion of total losses accounted for by the upper 1%, 5% or 10% of those who gamble. Results Across the 14 games, the mean/median ratio was 2.22, ranging from 1.37 to 17.48 for the different games, whereas the overall Gini coefficient was 0.65, ranging from 0.55 to 0.90. The upper 1%, 5% and 10% of those who gamble accounted for 17.9% (range = 5.6 − 3 8.3%), 39.5% (range = 23.6 − 74.3%), and 52.2% (range = 37.9 − 86.9%) of the losses, respectively. High concentration of losses was especially pronounced for one type of lottery (Keno), two online casino games (KongKasino and Bingoria), and for two sports betting games (Oddsen and Tipping). These findings were consistent across measures. Conclusion Overall, the results lend strong support to the notion that a disproportionately large fraction of gambling losses are accounted for by a relatively small minority of people and that concentration of losses varies by product type.

Socioeconomic correlates of the lottery rollover effect in Toronto, Canada

Background In a lottery with a progressive jackpot, the rollover effect refers to an increase in revenue or engagement with an accumulating jackpot size. Using an ecological dataset of lottery ticket sales aggregated by postcode, we test two corollaries of the rollover effect. First, how does the rollover effect change in neighborhoods with higher or lower socioeconomic status? Second, how do fluctuations on a progressive-prize lottery affect the consumption of fixed-prize lottery tickets in the same neighborhoods, in line with economic notions of ‘substitution’ versus ‘complementarity’? Methods We used time-series data on ticket sales from 2012-2015 from 3 progressive-prize lotteries (Lotto 649, Lotto Max, and Lottario) in Toronto, Canada, aggregated for 95 forward-sortation area (FSA) postcodes. Regression models controlled for other cyclical fluctuations including day of week, month of year, and common paydays. Results Jackpot size positively predicted lottery ticket sales in all models, with a large effect size. There was a significant interaction between jackpot size and neighborhood SES, such that lottery sales in higher SES neighborhoods were more sensitive to jackpot size, although the effect sizes were negligible. Sales of fixed-prize lotteries were positively related to sales of progressive-prize lotteries, supporting complementarity. We observed a significant interaction between SES and progressive-prize sales, in which fixed-prize sales were more affected by progressive-prize sales in higher SES neighborhoods. Conclusion Both the effect of larger jackpots on ticket sales, and the effects of progressive-prize sales on a second lottery type, are attenuated within more disadvantaged (i.e. lower SES) neighborhoods.

Comparative Analysis of the Business Strategies of China Welfare Lottery and China Sports Lottery

There are two famous and major systems on the lottery market in our country which are China Sports Lottery and the China Welfare Lottery, The China Sports Lottery is a written voucher issued to raise funds for the development of sports, printed with numbers, graphics or words, for people to buy voluntarily and obtain the right to win in accordance with specific rules. The China Welfare Lottery aims to raise funds for social welfare, to develop welfare services for the disabled, the elderly and orphans, and to help people in need. In this essay, firstly this paper discusses the development course, the management system and the present situation and the present situation of the China Sports Lottery and the China Welfare Lottery, and then I analyze the market volume of China Sports Lottery and the China Welfare Lottery, respectively. After that, this paper elaborates on the secret of how Sports Lottery and Welfare Lottery to earn money. Thirdly, this paper illustrates the pros and cons of the China Sports Lottery and the China Welfare Lottery. Finally, this paper pointed out the target groups of two different types of lotteries and the guarantee of lottery marketing strategy put forward the corresponding measures.

The relationship between sexual performance and feelings of loneliness with the mediating role of marital boredom

Aim: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between sexual performance and loneliness with the mediating role of marital boredom. Methods: The research method was correlation type. The statistical population of the present study was all married women with family differences who referred to counseling centers in Tehran in 2022. The sample of the research was 200 of these married women, which was done in the form of two-stage cluster and simple random sampling of the lottery type. The research tools were: Pines Marital Boredom Scale (1996), Social Emotional Loneliness Questionnaire of DiTomaso et al. (2004) and Rosen et al. Sexual Performance Questionnaire (2000). The obtained information was analyzed using the method of path analysis and path analysis. Results: Path analysis results showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between sexual performance and marital boredom, between loneliness and marital boredom, and between sexual performance and loneliness (P<0.001). Also, the results indicated that marital boredom plays a mediating role in the relationship between sexual performance and loneliness (P<0.001). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the model of the relationship between sexual performance and loneliness with the mediator role of marital boredom has a good fit.

Penerapan Hukum Pidana Materil Terhadap Tindak Pidana Perjudian Online Jenis Togel Online Di Nagari Cupak Oleh Polres Solok Arosuka

The progress of the times is followed by the increasingly sophisticated information technology, behind the convenience and convenience of internet services, deviant behaviors are born by utilizing advanced technology as a tool to achieve goals by committing crimes. The phenomenon of online gambling and its impact on individuals, especially players, tends to lead to the negative side. Online gambling is a type of online lottery that occurs in Jorong Pasar Baru Nagari Cupak, Gunung Talang District, Solok Regency. The perpetrator with the initials RN uses a cellphone as a means to play online lottery type gambling, the RN player plays online lottery type online gambling which is on the side of the road and close to residential areas. The research method used is empirical legal research, where this type of research is a legal research that examines the law whose concept is real behavior. Based on the results of the research that the author did that in the case of online gambling crimes at the Solok Arosuka Police, he applied Article 303 of the Criminal Code and Article 303 of the Criminal Code to the perpetrators and not based on Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Law No. -Information and Electronic Transaction Law.

The scratch card gambler: a hidden reality.

Scratch cards-otherwise known as scratch tickets or instant lotteries-are a highly accessible type of lottery, due to its relative accessibility and affordability. In Portugal, the popularity of scratch cards has experienced substantial growth, with almost no regulatory reaction whatsoever. This study aims to describe the sociodemographic characteristics of scratch card gamblers, prevalent gambling habits, and their perceptions regarding scratch card gambling. This study also determines the constancy of pathological scratch card gambling, and the possible impact of regulatory measures. We found that about half of the participants studied were at risk of pathological gambling and scratch cards seem to have a clear potential for enticing higher spending in vulnerable consumers, compared to other forms of gambling games. Perception biases regarding gambling are frequent and almost no one afflicted seeks help. Regulatory measures are crucial to regulate potential problematic behaviors, specifically in high-risk persons. There is an urgent need to act, made clear by both present findings and numerous precedent warnings regarding scratch card gambling hazards.

Penegakan Hukum terhadap Tindak Pidana Perjudian Toto Gelap

This study aims to analyze the legal rules regarding the crime of gambling to analyze what factors encourage the occurrence of illegal toto gambling crimes, especially in Deli Serdang Regency. The research method used is descriptive method, with a case approach and legislation, with interview data collection instruments and documentation studies, while the data analysis technique uses qualitative descriptive. The results of the study show that the legal regulation of lottery gambling is based on article 303 of the Criminal Code and article 303 bis and the UTE Law article 27 paragraph (2), with criminal threats in article 45 paragraph (2), as well as Law no. 7 of 1974 concerning Gambling Control in Article 1 that gambling in any form is a crime. The factors that encourage the occurrence of gambling crimes in Deli Serdang Regency are: the hope of getting a win, the influence of the environment, lottery gambling is easy for everyone to do, it doesn't take much time to do it, lottery clerks are available in many places, the development of information technology make it easier for players to send guesses for lottery gambling numbers, as well as weak supervision by the police. Law enforcement against lottery type gambling at the Lubuk Pakam District Court is still not firm.

Relationships between socio-economic status and lottery gambling across lottery types: neighborhood-level evidence from a large city.

Lottery gambling participation tends to be higher among lower socio-economic status (SES) individuals, but it is unclear how this relationship differs as a function of lottery type. We estimated how the relationship between SES and lottery gambling rates varies across different types of lottery gambling: fixed-prize, progressive-prize (jackpot) and instant-win (scratch card) lottery tickets in a large Canadian city. Neighborhood-level lottery purchase data obtained from the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Commission were analysed in conjunction with demographic data. Mixed-effects regression was used to assess simultaneously how neighborhood-level SES predicts per-person lottery gambling rates across fixed-prize, progressive-prize lottery and instant-win lotteries. Neighborhoods in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the years 2012-15. Per-capita sales in dollars (CAD) of fixed-prize lottery, progressive-prize lottery and instant-win tickets in Toronto postal codes. SES was estimated as a composite of income, years of education and white-collar employment. Lower-SES neighborhoods engaged in higher rates of lottery gambling overall [β=-0.084, standard error (SE)=0.24, P=0.0007]. The predictive effect of SES varied significantly by lottery type (fixed-prize: β=-0.105, SE=0.004, P<0.0001, instant-win: β=-0.054, SE=0.004, P<0.0001; relative to progressive-prize). The predictive effect of SES was strongest for fixed-prize lotteries and weakest for progressive-prize lotteries, such that we did not observe a significant predictive effect of SES for progressive-prize lotteries (β=-0.031, SE=0.024, P=0.198). People in lower socio-economic status neighborhoods in Toronto, Canada appear to engage in more lottery gambling than those in higher socio-economic status neighborhoods, with the difference being largest for fixed prize lotteries followed by instant win lotteries, and no clear difference for progressive prize lotteries.

Reaching Out to Big Losers: How Different Types of Gamblers are Affected by a Brief Motivational Contact Initiated by the Gambling Provider

Telephone and letter-based motivational interventions with high expenditure gamblers have significant short and long term positive effects on gambling and use of responsible gambling tools. This report examines how different subtypes of gamblers, based upon patterns of play, are differentially affected. A randomized controlled trial design with three conditions (n = 1003 in each): feedback intervention by letter, telephone or a no-contact control condition. Subtypes of gamblers were derived by latent class analyses (LCA) based upon gambling behavior pre intervention. The participants were customers of Norsk Tipping gambling platforms. 1003 statistical triplets from the top 0.5% of customers based upon annual expenditure, matched on sex, age, and net losses. Primary outcome measure was gambling theoretical loss (TL), derived from the Norsk Tipping customer database. The LCA identified six subtypes: High Casino, High Sport, High Lottery, High Video lottery terminal (VLT), Lottery/Mix and Bingo/Casino. There were almost no differences in change in TL between the six subtypes of gamblers receiving the letter or telefone interventions respectively. However, the choice of contact by letter or telephone did have different effects for the different gambling subtypes. Sending a letter seems like a cost effective alternative to telephone contact for the High Lottery type, but telephone contact performs better for High Casino, High Sport and High VLT customers. Responsible gambling interventions can be improved by subtyping of gamblers.

Higher moments, extreme returns, and cross–section of cryptocurrency returns

This study examines the cross–sectional return predictability of the higher moments of 84 cryptocurrencies computed using intraday data. We document strong evidence that volatility and kurtosis are positively related to future returns while the return predictability of skewness is negative. Further analysis indicates that the extreme positive returns but not the extreme negative returns significantly impact the return predictability of higher moments. The evidence implies that cryptocurrency investors have lottery–type preferences and are not concerned much about crash risk.

Economic shocks and lottery sales: an examination of Maine State lottery sales

ABSTRACT Most U.S. states earn significant amount of revenues from lottery sales. However, they are also criticized for promoting the lotteries because they have been seen as taking advantage of poor populations. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of various economic factors on lottery sales by using zip-code level sales within the state of Maine. The results show that an increase of 1% in unemployment rate results in a 0.38% increase in draw lottery sales, but it has no significant impact on instant lottery sales. This highlights the importance of differentiating between two major types of lotteries.

Applying for jobs in the lab: The effect of risk attitudes and reference points

Applying for jobs resembles entering a lottery, where there is an up-front cost of entering and a large potential award gained with some probability. Reference-dependent models predict that the risk attitudes people have toward these types of lotteries will depend on what reference point they use. In this paper, we consider whether a job-application setting in the laboratory can give rise to strong loss aversion and application avoidance. We test for this in a real-effort experiment where we observe application decisions for a job paying a bonus conditional on different levels of an application fee. We also implement a neutral monetary lottery with the same consequential decisions. Our experimental evidence reveals substantial reluctance to take on risk in job applications, but to an extent similar to that found in lottery entry decisions. We do not find support for application avoidance.

Skewness Preference and IPO Underpricing: International Evidence

This paper examines the impact of expected skewness on IPO underpricing based on a comprehensive set of 17,051 IPOs from 23 countries between 1990 and 2013. We find that IPOs with high expected skewness have significantly higher first-day return around the world, confirming the previous results based on U.S. IPOs. Such preference for skewness is more pronounced in countries with relatively higher gambling propensity, a larger number of non-religious population, a more individualistic culture, and a higher newspaper circulation. Moreover, IPOs with high expected skewness significantly underperform those with low expected skewness over a longer horizon, which is exacerbated under a stronger gambling tendency and individualism. Our results provide additional empirical support for skewness preference and pricing of lottery type assets in an international setting.

Gambling behavior: Instant versus traditional lotteries

This study sought to determine the main attributes of the frequency of participation by gamblers in different types of lotteries (i.e., traditional vs. instant). The results are based on a survey of occasional or regular buyers of lottery tickets. The data were collected from 748 voluntary respondents while they were gambling in stores.The present study used the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method to examine gambling participation. The research model focused on how gamblers' motivations and demographic and socioeconomic profiles combine to form different configurations affecting gambling activities. The analysis revealed that lotteries should not be treated as a homogeneous product. For instance, instant lotteries are popular among younger individuals, females, and individuals from lower income and educational groups with self-esteem motivations. National lottery gamblers are older and driven by safety motivations. The Euromilhões game attracts males with financial motivations. Therefore, different types of lotteries appeal to heterogeneous demographics and motivations.

Риск и принятие экономических решений

The study examines the parameters of decision making among traders. The risk seeking is studied as professionally important criteria in this group. The aim of the research is to study peculiarities of traders’ decision-making, as well as to identify the characteristics of decision-making of risk-seeking traders. The study has been made based on 630 professional traders. As research methods, the author used specially developed technique according to the type of lottery, which revealed the following parameters of decisions – the tendency for risk-seeking and risk-avoid, a hypothetical benefit, the time to get benefit. The article has also studied the subjective success of traders and their socio-demographic characteristics. The result revealed that the most traders followed a combined strategy and relayed on their own experience. And the risk was associated with high rates of a hypothetical win, which was delayed in time.

Individual classification of strong risk attitudes: An application across lottery types and age groups.

Empirical evaluations of risk attitudes often rely on a weak definition of risk that concerns preferences towards risky and riskless options (e.g., a lottery vs. a sure outcome). A large body of work has shown that individuals tend to be weak risk averse in choice contexts involving risky and riskless gains but weak risk seeking in contexts involving losses, a phenomenon known as the reflection effect. Recent attempts to evaluate age differences in risk attitudes have relied on this weak definition, testing whether the reflection effect increases or diminishes as we grow older. The present work argues that weak risk attitudes have limited generalizability and proposes the use of a strong definition of risk that is concerned with preferences towards options with the same expected value but different degrees of risk (i.e., outcome variance). A reanalysis of previously-published data and the results from a new study show that only a minority of individuals manifests the reflection effect under a strong definition of risk, and that, when facing certain lottery-pair types, older adults appear to be more risk seeking than younger adults.

Subjective Probability Does Not Exist

We show that the rationality arguments used to establish the existence of subjective probabilities depend essentially on the identification of acting-as-ifyou-believe and actually believing. We show that these two ideas, the pretense of knowledge about probabilities, and actual knowledge about probabilities, can easily be distinguished outside the restricted context of choice over special types of lotteries. When making choices over Savage-type lotteries, rational agents will act as if they know their subjective probabilities for uncertain events, but they will reveal their ignorance in other decision making contexts. This means that subjective probabilities cannot be assumed to exist, except when there is objective warrant for them.

Positive vs. Negative Incentives for Compliance: Evaluating a Randomized Tax Holiday in Uruguay

Developing states face enduring obstacles to generating tax revenue through sanctions for non-compliance. Can they boost compliance by instead offering positive inducements to citizens who pay their tax bills? We study the effects of a randomized lottery in Montevideo, Uruguay, in which the municipal government raffles tax holidays to good taxpayers who are current on past payments -- a type of lottery that is increasingly popular among municipal governments in the developing world. To compare the influence of negative incentives for tax compliance, such as fines and punishment for non-payment, with the positive inducement provided by the lottery, and to assess the program's incentive effects on delinquent taxpayers, we also use field and survey experiments in which we inform eligible and ineligible taxpayers about the rebate lottery, which has not been effectively advertised by the government. Taking advantage of access to over-time individual tax payment records as well as survey data, we find weak effects of the government's program on tax compliance, as well as citizens' attitudes towards taxation and governance. Our results underscore the structural difficulties of eliminating non-compliance through either negative or positive inducements.

What floats your boat? Preference revelation from lotteries over complex goods

We examine a type of lottery used to distribute some publicly held resource access rights. The lottery provides participants with the opportunity to choose among a set of simple gambles over multi-attribute goods. Participant choices result in an endogenous distribution of success rates over gambles that reflects tradeoffs between the relative desirability of the available goods and the probability of winning. When lottery winnings are multi-attribute goods, lottery outcomes provide sufficient information to estimate hedonic prices, marginal utility, and marginal rates of substitution among attributes. We develop a model for characterizing preferences from this information set. We apply our model to Idaho׳s Four Rivers Whitewater Recreation Lottery, which allows applicants to apply for one permit among a large set of alternative river/day combinations that provide varying river and weather characteristics. This lottery structure shows promise as a foundation for economic experiments for preference revelation.