Types Of Energy Storage Systems Research Articles

Day-Ahead Optimization of Prosumer Considering Battery Depreciation and Weather Prediction for Renewable Energy Sources

In recent years, taking advantage of renewable energy sources (RESs) has increased considerably due to their unique capabilities, such as a flexible nature and sustainable energy production. Prosumers, who are defined as proactive users of RESs and energy storage systems (ESSs), are deploying economic opportunities related to RESs in the electricity market. The prosumers are contracted to provide specific power for consumers in a neighborhood during daytime. This study presents optimal scheduling and operation of a prosumer owns RESs and two different types of ESSs, namely stationary battery (SB) and plugged-in electric vehicle (PHEV). Due to the intermittent nature of RESs and their dependency on weather conditions, this study introduces a weather prediction module in the energy management system (EMS) by the use of a feed-forward artificial neural network (FF-ANN). Linear regression results for predicted and real weather data have achieved 0.96, 0.988, and 0.230 for solar irradiance, temperature, and wind speed, respectively. Besides, this study considers the depreciation cost of ESSs in an objective function based on the depth of charge (DOD) reduction. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, predicted output and the real power of RESs are deployed, and a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is used to solve the presented day-ahead optimization problem. Based on the obtained results, the predicted output of RESs yields a desirable operation cost with a minor difference (US$0.031) compared to the operation cost of the system using real weather data, which shows the effectiveness of the proposed EMS in this study. Furthermore, optimum scheduling with regard to ESSs depreciation term has resulted in the reduction of operation cost of the prosumer and depreciation cost of ESS in the objective function has improved the daily operation cost of the prosumer by $0.8647.

Optimum Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Sustainable Energy Supply to a Remote Island

Renewable energy technologies can not only help in mitigating the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but it can also be very useful for electricity generation at remote locations, where no other means of power are available. The present study focuses on the techno-economic optimum design of a small hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) consisting of wind-solar as primary energy sources. The HRES was modelled for a remote island (Deokjeok-do Island, South Korea) using real electricity consumption data for one complete year. A daily mean load of 24,720 kWh was entered at Deokjeok-do Island with a peak load of 2291.54 kW. Average annual values of wind speed and daily solar radiations were estimated to be 3.6 m/s (10 m height) and 4.13 kWh/m2, respectively. A total of 8760 simulations were performed to achieve the hourly load demand of the mentioned island. In order to deal with the surplus and electricity deficit, two different types of energy storage systems (ESS) were modelled i.e., battery and pumped hydro storage (PHS). Four different HRESs were also evaluated as the most suitable based on levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and net present cost (NPC). A detailed economic break-down of each component and the impact of different sensitivity variables on decision making have also been discussed in detail.

Impact of Incorporating Disturbance Prediction on the Performance of Energy Management Systems in Micro-Grid

The design and implementation of appropriate advanced control strategies is a key factor for the effective integration of micro-grids into the electrical network. In view of this, the study proposes an Adaptive Model-Based Horizon Control technique in the bid to addressing issues related to the Energy Management System in micro-grid operations. The main objective of the energy management system is to balance energy generation and demand through energy storage, so as to optimize the operation of the micro-grid with high penetrations of renewable energy sources. This paper further investigates the impacts of considering the prediction of disturbances on the performance of the Energy Management System based on the adaptive model predictive control algorithm in order to improve the operating costs of the micro-grid with hybrid-energy storage systems. The adaptive model predictive control algorithm solves the energy optimization problem in a renewable energy-based micro-grid with various types of energy storage systems that exchange energy with the host grid. More so, this optimization problem is resolved at each sampling period in order to determine the minimum running costs while satisfying demand and taking into account technical and physical constraints. The simulation results under different conditions have demonstrated how the use of an adaptive model predictive control based energy management system can enhance micro-grid operation, provided there is effective forecasting, and consequently minimized the running operating costs of micro-grid. More so, it is evident in the cost function, J, obtained from the three scenarios conducted, that the perfect knowledge of the disturbance prediction is essential for effective micro-grid operations.

Progress in control and coordination of energy storage system‐based VSG: a review

Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is an important concept toward frequency stabilisation of the modern power system. The penetration of power electronic-based power generation in power grid reduces the total inertia, and thus increases the risk of frequency instability when disturbance occurs in the grid. VSG produces virtual inertia by injecting appropriate active power value to the grid when needed. This virtual inertia can stabilise the grid frequency in case of a power imbalance between generation and loads or any disturbances that affected frequency stability. Its intensive research can see the importance of VSG in inertia control and various intelligent controller techniques. Owing to the importance of VSG in the modern power grid, this study provides a comprehensive review on the control and coordination of VSG toward grid stabilisation in terms of frequency, voltage and oscillation damping during inertia response. A review on the type of energy storage system used for VSG and their benefits is also presented. Finally, perspective on the technical challenges and potential future research related to VSG is also discussed in this study.

A Single-Level Rule-Based Model Predictive Control Approach for Energy Management of Grid-Connected Microgrids

A single-level rule-based model predictive control (RBMPC) scheme is presented for optimizing the energy management of a grid-connected microgrid composed of local production units, renewable energy sources, local loads, and several types of energy storage systems (ESSs). The single-level controller uses two different models that yield different descriptions of the microgrid and use different sampling times. The model with a smaller sampling time provides a more detailed description of the microgrid, in order to keep track of the fast dynamics, while the model with a higher sampling time provides a less detailed description and is used for making long-term predictions when it is not needed anymore to track the fast dynamics. Moreover, we propose a novel RBMPC method that assigns the value to the binary decision variables in the hybrid microgrid model, e.g., ON or OFF status of the generators and charging or discharging mode of ESSs, through if–then–else rules, which rely on the price of electricity and the local net imbalance. The standard method of applying model predictive control (MPC) to a hybrid model results in a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. Our proposed rule-based method is able to convert the standard MILP problem into a linear one. We compare our approach through simulations to the MILP approach and show that our method yields almost no loss in performance while providing a significant reduction in the computation time.

Configuration method of hybrid energy storage system for high power density in More Electric Aircraft

For the safe flight of More Electric Aircraft (MEA), the hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which includes battery (Bat) and super-capacitor (SC), are used to smooth the pulse power and feedback energy in electrical power system of MEA. This paper addresses the combination of HESS by taking into account their characteristics to realize high power density in this particular application. The proposed configuration method can decrease the weight of HESS by selecting the type of energy storage system, energy storage cells and appropriate combination. Moreover, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), which has great capability for analyzing signals, is chosen as a frequency approach to allocate the load power to Bat and SC in HESS. A simple theory proposed in this paper can solve two critical parameters, wavelet basis and decomposition level, in DWT. The case studies and results validate the feasibility and advantages of the configuration method.

Environmental impacts of energy storage waste and regional legislation to curtail their effects – highlighting the status in Jordan

Abstract The need for energy storage systems (ESS) is increasing with expanding demand for energy and with newly emerging renewable energy technologies. Following this growth in ESS, the environmental impacts of such technologies are crucial and must be carefully studied and evaluated. Multiple aspects to disposal and after-use treatment of different ESS can have adverse effects on the environment and the ecological systems. Scientists, governmental agencies, and non-governmental organizations are attempting to address issues of disposal of ESS waste as well as their environmental impact. This paper lists the types of ESS and the environmental impacts associated with each type; while also highlighting the disposal and recycling of batteries and the corresponding regulations governing their disposal in different regions. The European Union's Directive 2006/66/EC, the United States of America's Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the Australian's Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act are all statuets for ESS waste classification and management. The EU and the US have implemented and enforced those regulations while they are less so in Australia. Jordan, a country located in the Middle Eastern region and part of the Basel Convention, faces an ESS waste management problem where the Ministry of Environment claims to follow the EU rules and regulation, yet none are implemented or enforced. This is made worse by the decreasing number of batteries disposed of at specialized landfills where spent batteries are stored, which there is only one of its kind in Jordan. While recycling technology is known, social awareness is vital in encouraging the Jordanian population to properly dispose of ESS waste and to incentivise safe collection, treatment, and recycling.

Decentralised primary and secondary control strategies for islanded microgrids considering energy storage systems characteristics

One of the main subjects of Microgrid (MG) islanded operation is its stability. Using the Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) in MGs, the stability can be improved. To ensure the proper operation of the ESSs, their State of Charge (SoC) should be monitored and controlled. In this paper, a new decentralized control method based on the conventional droop method is proposed which considers different types of ESSs used in islanded MG, i.e. ESSs with high power density and high energy density. In the proposed method, the ESS units are divided into two main categories. The master ESS is the main primary frequency control unit and the other ESSs respond to active and reactive power variations of the load and participate in the secondary control of frequency. For each of these categories, a new control method is proposed. The proposed method, including the primary and secondary control, is decentralized, and based on local measurements. Moreover, in the proposed method, a SoC equalization of ESSs is considered. To assess the stability of the MG, a small signal stability model is developed. Three scenarios are simulated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in MG frequency control and ESSs SoC balancing.

A Novel Control Method Based on Droop for Cooperation of Flywheel and Battery Energy Storage Systems in Islanded Microgrids

Recently, microgrids (MGs) have provided different advantages for electrical power systems, but they have created some challenges too. One of the most important challenges is the stability of the MG in islanded operations. To overcome this challenge, energy storage systems (ESSs) can play an effective role. On the other hand, each ESS has distinct characteristics that make them suitable for specific applications in the MG. The suitable cooperation among them can ensure reliable operation of the MG. Moreover, it affects the operation of ESSs and their lifetime. In this paper, cooperation between two types of ESSs (flywheel and battery) is studied. The flywheel ESS, which has high power density, is used during MG transient responses, and the battery ESS responds to long-term load changes. A new control method, based on droop equations, is proposed for each ESS unit. Then, the genetic algorithm is used to obtain the optimal controller coefficients. The simulation results show suitable cooperation between ESS units and stable operation of the MG. Finally, to analyze the proposed method's impact on the stability, a root locus analysis is presented.

Simultaneous MgO Coating and Mg Doping of Co-Free Cathode Material for High-Voltage Sodium-Ion Batteries

Over the past two decades, advancements in Li-ion battery (LIB) technologies have contributed immensely to changing our daily lives. Recently, another type of energy storage system, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), have received significant attention mainly because of the abundance of sodium resources in the Earth's crust, which could thereby greatly reduce costs. Encouraged by previously conducted research activities in this field, we have adopted an effective strategy for simultaneous MgO coating and Mg doping to produce substantially improved high voltage stability compared to the previously reported results in the literature on Na[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2 cathodes. The MgO coating layer effectively suppressed the unfavorable side reactions during cycling while the partial Mg doping into the bulk Ni sites improved the structural stability by moderating the extent of the irreversible multiphase transformation. As a result, the combination of a MgO coating with Mg doping provides enhanced electrochemical performance and structural stability of Na[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2 within the voltage range of 2.0–4.2 V. The practical acceptability of the simultaneous MgO coating and Mg doping of the Na[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2 cathode was obviously verified using scaled-up pouch-type full cells with hard carbon anodes. Moreover, the use of earth's abundant and inexpensive Mg and Na elements, and a simple practical strategy are highly desirable for developing high-energy and low-cost SIBs. Although the practical use of the MgO-NM55 cathode in SIBs will require further work, the methodology used in this study will be helpful in developing an efficient design of high performance cathode materials for SIBs.

All Coconut Sprout Sodium Ion Hybrid Capacitor

Electrochemical Energy storage systems play a vital role in many applications like electronics, automotive, aerospace, smart electric grids etc. There are mainly two types of energy storage systems known as batteries and supercapacitors. The first one offers high energy density, and the later one is well known for its power density. Hybrid ion capacitor (HIC) is a new class of energy storage device, a combination of battery and supercapacitor1. Commonly anode part in HIC is taken from a battery, and the cathode part will be from a capacitor and in principle, the duo offers intermediate energy and power density in comparison with batteries and supercapacitors2 3. Sodium based hybrid capacitors are extensively explored today due to large abundance and low cost of sodium4. Here in we report for the first-time, fabrication of a hybrid sodium ion capacitor, in which the cathode, anode and separator are derived from a single precursor called coconut sprout (CS). Graphene-like carbon derived from CS, employed as an intercalating anode, provides a specific capacity of 181.09 mAhg- 1. High surface area (BET surface area of 2000 m2g-1) ion adsorption cathode part obtained by KOH activation of CS delivers a capacity of 90.15 mAhg- 1. Combination of CS derived anode, cathode and separator give rise to a capacitor works in a potential window of 1.5 -4.0V. The all sprout capacitor could deliver an energy density of 88.12 Whkg-1 at power density 273.26 Wkg-1 and energy density of 25.07 Whkg-1 at power density 7078 Wkg-1. This green, all sprout hybrid capacitor retained 65% of its initial capacity after 5000 cycles, while cycled at a current density of 1Ag-1. The spongy sprout separator showed excellent chemical and mechanical stability even after 10000 cycles of charge and discharge. Though the performance is not outstanding, low cost single precursor, facile synthesis route, minimal environmental impact of the device makes it a promising candidate among eco-friendly electrochemical systems. Reference (1) Amatucci, G. G.; Badway, F.; Du Pasquier, A.; Zheng, T. An Asymmetric Hybrid Nonaqueous Energy Storage Cell. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2001, 148 (8), A930. (2) Ding, J.; Wang, H.; Li, Z.; Cui, K.; Karpuzov, D.; Tan, X.; Kohandehghan, A.; Mitlin, D. Peanut Shell Hybrid Sodium Ion Capacitor with Extreme Energy-Power Rivals Lithium Ion Capacitors. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8 (3), 941–955. (3) Sivakkumar, S. R.; Pandolfo, A. G. Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Capacitors Assembled with Pre-Lithiated Graphite Anode and Activated Carbon Cathode. Electrochim. Acta 2012, 65, 280–287. (4) Ding, J.; Hu, W.; Paek, E.; Mitlin, D. Review of Hybrid Ion Capacitors : From Aqueous to Lithium to Sodium. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 6457–6498.

Two-Step Multi-Objective Management of Hybrid Energy Storage System in All-Electric Ship Microgrids

The all-electric ship (AES) usually employs battery energy storage systems (ESSs) in the shipboard microgrid. However, the battery-only storage usually experiences frequent deep discharging or charging to meet the sudden load variations in a voyage, which may lead to significant degradation of battery lifetime. This paper, hybridizes two types of ESSs and proposes a two-step multi-objective optimization method for hybrid ESS (HESS) management. The first step regulates the HESS with the onboard diesel generators to simultaneously optimize both the economic and environmental objectives, and the second step is to split the active power of HESS into two individual ESSs for minimizing the battery cycle degradation. The first step is formulated as a bi-level optimization model through constraint decomposition. Then, a normal boundary intersection method combining with the column-and-constraint generation algorithm is developed to solve the proposed model. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the HESS can effectively resolve the power-density shortage of the battery-only system, and its integration into AES is able to extend the battery lifetime and improve both the economic and environmental indices.

A comprehensive work package for energy storage systems as a means of frequency regulation with increased penetration of photovoltaic systems

Grid frequency deviation occurs due to the power mismatch and is corrected by a series of control actions carried out by the generators. At present, the correction of the frequency deviation is limited by the ramp rates of generators, which depend on the inertia of their rotating masses. Under the increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources, the task of frequency regulation becomes more demanding in terms of response times due to the frequent power mismatches and reduction of system inertia. An energy storage system (ESS) can be an effective means of regulating the frequency due to its general fast response characteristics. A comprehensive work package is developed in MATLAB/Simulink and Matpower to study how ESS can handle the rapid changes of frequency continuously within a specified window of its state of charge (SOC). This paper includes an IEEE 24-Bus grid network modeling, the sizing of ESS and also proposes ESS controllers with offset control algorithms as the sustainable solution for frequency regulation. As such, the modularity design of the test system allows various types of ESS or loads to be tested. The locations for ESS to be placed on the network are also identified for the best frequency regulation response without causing any grid voltage violations. Meanwhile, the scenarios of high penetration of photovoltaic systems and undersized ESS are also investigated. The results indicate that ESS is able to maintain the grid frequency under the intermittency of photovoltaic systems continuously.

A control strategy for hybrid energy storage based on double-layer fuzzy controller integrated with second-ahead control thought

With the continuous increase in the penetration of renewable energy resources, such as wind power, into power grids, fluctuations in power output introduce significant challenges to the power grid's safe and reliable operation. The hybridization of energy storage technologies effectively stabilizes fluctuations from wind power. This paper proposes a hybrid energy storage control strategy based on an adaptive wavelet decomposition and fuzzy control theory. Firstly, to meet the fluctuation requirements for the power output from wind farms, a wavelet packet decomposition approach is used to determine the grid-connected wind power and power allocation for different energy storage techniques by considering the power output characteristics and lifecycles. Secondly, the use of prediction results from the energy storage power output combined with a two-layer fuzzy controller enables advanced control of the energy storage system and optimal operation of the power output for different types of energy storage systems. The results show that the proposed strategy can effectively be applied to suppress the second-level wind power fluctuations and allocate the output of the hybrid energy storage system. Furthermore, this approach eliminates possible limit violation phenomena while operating the energy storage device to achieve optimal coordination for different energy storage systems considering the lifecycles of the energy storage device.

Sensorless control of PMSM for DC micro‐grid flywheel energy storage based on EKF

As a new type of energy storage system, the flywheel energy storage system has been playing an important role in the field of DC micro-grid. Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is widely used in flywheel energy storage system. In this study, the 2D static magnetic field and transient magnetic field of a permanent magnet synchronous motor are analyzed in Ansoft. The sensorless control strategy of PMSM is applied widely to reduce the system cost and optimize the system. Extended Kalman filter (EKF) is used to estimate the position signal in real time and online, which not only could reduce the complexity of system, but also could improve the stability of system operation. Finally, a simulation model is built in MATLAB/Simulink to verify the correctness of the proposed sensorless control strategy.

Comprehensive Performance Assessment on Various Battery Energy Storage Systems

With the increasing development of renewable resources-based electricity generation and the construction of wind-photovoltaic-energy storage combination exemplary projects, the intermittent and fluctuating nature of renewable resources exert great challenges for the power grid to supply electricity reliably and stably. An energy storage system (ESS) is deemed to be the most valid solution to deal with these challenges. Considering the various types of ESSs, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive assessment framework for selecting appropriate energy storage techniques in establishing exemplary projects combining renewable resources-based electricity generation and an ESS. This paper proposes a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) model combining a fuzzy-Delphi approach to establish the comprehensive assessment indicator system, the entropy weight determination method, and the best-worst method (BWM) to calculate weights of all sub-criteria, and a Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) comprehensive evaluation model to choose the optimal battery ESS. In accordance with the comprehensive evaluation results, the Li-ion battery is the optimal battery ESS to apply to wind-photovoltaic-energy storage combination exemplary projects. Based on the discussion on the comprehensive evaluation results, policy implications are suggested to improve the applicability of battery ESSs and provide some references for decision makers in related fields.

Dynamic Modeling of California Grid-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage

The variability of renewable energy sources, specifically for large scale integration into the electricity sector, has brought increased attention to the requirements for energy storage systems. To mitigate the intermittency of renewable energy, many different energy storage technologies, such as pumped hydro, compressed air energy storage, batteries, flow batteries, hydrogen energy storage, capacitors, and flywheels are available. Some of these energy storage systems (e.g., batteries, flywheels) are best suited for short-term storage and highly dynamic operation, while others (e.g., pumped hydro, flow batteries, hydrogen) can accomplish massive and seasonal storage of renewable electricity sources. The integration of high levels of renewable power will require the features of both of these types of energy storage systems. The current work focuses upon hydrogen energy storage as it may contribute to large capacity and seasonal energy storage. Studies show that hydrogen energy storage in areas like California, where the viability of very high levels of grid connected renewable energy generation is promising can highly increase the solar and wind market penetration. Hydrogen energy storage systems generate hydrogen from water using an electrolyzer dynamically powered by using inexpensive or otherwise curtailed renewable energy, storing the hydrogen, and subsequently using the hydrogen for various purposes (e.g., to produce electricity via a fuel cell for power generation or transportation applications). In this work, the dynamics of hydrogen energy storage (HES) integrated with large-scale renewable power using the capabilities of the existing California natural gas infrastructure were investigated. The dynamics associated with the grid demand, renewable power, temperature, pressure, and HES capacity for one week of November and August were analyzed in detail while an aggregated analysis of the entire state for the whole year were simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. First, the solar and wind resources, considering spatially resolved resource availability at each hour during the year, were analyzed to simulate large-scale implementation of combined solar and wind power resources sufficient to meet the entire annual California electric energy demand. At each hour the excess power from the renewable sources is directed to a model solid oxide electrolyzer (SOE) system to produce hydrogen. The hydrogen is pressurized through two stages of compressors and then stored in a model of the existing natural gas underground storage resources. When the grid demand is greater than the available renewable power, hydrogen can be dispatched from the storage resources to return power to the grid through a model solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). In one scenario, the eleven California underground storage resources with a total working capacity of 9,579,527,832 m3 are dynamically filled and discharged to enable 100% renewable power delivery to the state for the entire year. This case required the introduction of solar and wind resources that are 11.16 times the existing capacity to meet California throughout the year. In a second simulation, constraints of hydrogen delivery to the storage resources through the natural gas system when it is produced next to the renewable energy resource (typically in the desert) are accomplished. It is found that the dynamics for transferring hydrogen to the underground storage resource through a long natural gas transmission pipeline and the dynamics associated with volume flow rate, pressure and temperature are reasonable for accomplishing HES at this local resource.

Dynamic Modelling of a Solar Water Pumping System with Energy Storage

This paper describes the dynamic modelling of a system used for extraction of groundwater for irrigation using an alternative source of energy. The system is designed based on data of an existing project in Lalmonirhat, Bangladesh. The system comprises a 38.4 kWp solar photovoltaic array, inverter, AC motor, and pump set, which can discharge a maximum of 1,930 m3 of water per day. MATLAB simulation is performed with two types of energy storage system: (i) electric energy using a battery bank and (ii) stored water in a large water tank. A large battery bank and a transformer are needed in the former one, which turns out as a costly solution. The latter one requires a boost converter and a large water tank to store around 2,000 m3 of water, which is also a costly solution. A combination of both systems yields an efficient and economical solution. The effectiveness of these three systems is compared with conventional diesel engine system.

Scalable Energy Management for Low Voltage Microgrids Using Multi-Agent Storage System Aggregation

This paper proposes multi-agent energy storage system aggregation as a means of scaling energy management to low voltage microgrids with distributed energy storage systems. Based on this concept, a hierarchical control strategy is developed for an AC microgrid with distributed battery and ultracapacitor energy storage systems. On the tertiary control level, the energy management problem is made scalable by considering each type of energy storage system in aggregate. This addresses the “curse of dimensionality,” since additional energy storage systems do not increase the optimization problem dimension, and allows nonlinear energy storage models to be used for optimization, accounting for variable efficiency, self-discharge, and lifetime degradation. On the secondary control level, multi-agent state of charge balancing, reactive power sharing, frequency restoration, and voltage restoration are combined, to aggregate energy storage systems for the tertiary control. This includes the novel use of multi-agent sliding mode control for state of charge balancing between AC microgrid energy storage systems. Unlike a linear state of charge balancing strategy, circulating currents are prevented, increasing efficiency and reducing lifetime degradation. An RTDS Technologies real-time digital simulator was used to verify the performance of the proposed control strategy.

Techno-economic feasibility of integrating energy storage systems in refrigerated warehouses

This work evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of integrating the cold energy storage system and the electrical energy storage system in a refrigerated warehouse for shifting the power consumption. A dynamic model has been developed in TRNSYS®. Based on the dynamic simulation, the performance and benefit of those two types of energy storage systems were compared. Results showed that, the integration of a cold energy storage can reduce the electricity consumption and operational cost by 4.3% and 20.5%, respectively. Even though integrating a battery system will increase the electricity consumption by 3.9%, it can reduce the operational cost by 18.7%. The capacity of the energy storage systems, the battery price and the peak electricity price had been identified as key parameters affecting the performance and benefit. To achieve a payback period less than 3 year, for the integration of a cold energy storage system, the peak electricity price should be increased by 25% from the current level, while for the integration of a battery system, the battery price should drop to 0.7 kRMB/kWh.