Types Of Electromagnetic Fields Research Articles

Elektrik Alan Değeriyle Alışveriş Merkezi Personel ve Müşterilerinin Psikolojik Sağlamlık Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişki

In shopping malls, electrical field refers to the distribution and use of electricity throughout the building. This area includes the wiring and electrical systems that power lights, elevators, industrial ventilation systems, and various other equipment. The field of electricity also includes the distribution and use of electricity in mall stores and other commercial areas. Ensuring that the electrical area is properly designed and maintained is important to the safety and functionality of the shopping centre. The psychological effects of the electrical field are not fully understood and require further research. However, some studies have suggested that exposure to certain types of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted from electrical devices may have an effect on the human body. For example, some suggest that exposure to high levels of EMFs from power lines and other sources may increase the risk of certain types of cancer, while other studies have found no such link. Other studies have suggested that exposure to EMFs can affect sleep, cause headaches, and increase stress levels. However, the results of these studies are inconclusive and more research is needed to understand the potential psychological effects of the electric field. This study is based on the results of the research conducted in 3 indoor and outdoor shopping malls in Maltepe district of Istanbul. First, the electric field values of the centers were measured with the Wintact WT3121 device. In the study, a survey was conducted on 239 female, 229 male volunteer shoppers and 27 female and 27 male employees. As a result, while a significant electric field difference was observed in the indoor shopping mall and the outdoor shopping mall, it was determined that there was a relationship between the physical and cognitive distress of customers and employees and their psychological resilience levels. Key words: electric field, shopping mall, psychological resilience

Algebrodynamics: Shear-Free Null Congruences and New Types of Electromagnetic Fields

We briefly present our version of noncommutative analysis over matrix algebras, the algebra of biquaternions (B) in particular. We demonstrate that any B-differentiable function gives rise to a null shear-free congruence (NSFC) on the B-vector space CM and on its Minkowski subspace M. Making use of the Kerr–Penrose correspondence between NSFC and twistor functions, we obtain the general solution to the equations of B-differentiability and demonstrate that the source of an NSFC is, generically, a world sheet of a string in CM. Any singular point, caustic of an NSFC, is located on the complex null cone of a point on the generating string. Further we describe symmetries and associated gauge and spinor fields, with two electromagnetic types among them. A number of familiar and novel examples of NSFC and their singular loci are described. Finally, we describe a conservative algebraic dynamics of a set of identical particles on the “Unique Worldline” and discuss the connections of the theory with the Feynman–Wheeler concept of “One-Electron Universe”.

Study on Electromagnetic Radiation Characteristics Based on HTS Maglev Levitation Test Line

As a new type of magnetic levitation train with the characteristics of self-stabilization and self-suspension, high-temperature superconducting magnetic levitation has developed to the test line research stage. In order to promote the rapid development of high-temperature superconducting magnetic levitation train engineering, and the main electromagnetic radiation sources are clarified by analyzing their working principles and structures. Then Ansoft Maxwell EM was used to build a 3D magnetic levitation train electromagnetic environment simulation model to simulate and predict the electromagnetic radiation characteristics of the magnetic levitation train system. Finally, a field EMF test was carried out to verify and assess the impact on the EM environment in the system. The results show that the permanent magnet track on the ground and the synchronous linear motor are the primary electromagnetic radiation sources, and the generated fields are mainly low-frequency fields and static magnetic fields. The low-frequency magnetic field inside the train decreases with the increase of frequency and is partially shielded by the carriage; The static magnetic field cannot be weakened by the carriage, and the static magnetic field inside the car decreases with the increase of height. All types of electromagnetic fields are far below the requirements of the relevant electromagnetic environmental standard limits, and have no effect on the electromagnetic radiation safety of the personnel inside the train and the surrounding environment; In considering of the special people who have pacemakers, static magnetic field suppression measures are studied, and the results show that the trains with high magnetic permeability permalloy as the shielding layer at the bottom of the vehicle greatly lower the static magnetic field within the train.

Electron trapping in twisted light driven graphene quantum dots

In this paper, we present a theoretical perspective concerning the scattering of electrons on a twisted light (TL) driven graphene quantum dot (GQD). Relatively recently discovered, TL is a novel type of electromagnetic field which carries a finite orbital angular momentum oriented on the propagation direction, besides its spin. This striking property of TL is due to its spatial structure. It is well known that the localization of electrons in a GQD is forbidden by the Klein tunneling, an effect that manifests by the perfect transmission of electrons through a potential barrier, regardless of its magnitude. Here we demonstrate that, for a suitable choice of the scattering regimes, there emerge scattering resonances characterized by trapping states of the incident electron inside the GQD for finite periods of time. The most interesting result is the prediction regarding the possibility to control the trapping times using a TL irradiation. Also, we mention that the investigation was performed for a frequency of the TL within the infrared spectrum.

DNMT1 and miRNAs: possible epigenetics footprints in electromagnetic fields utilization in oncology.

Many studies were performed to unravel the effects of different types of Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on biological systems. Some studies were conducted to exploit EMFs for medical purposes mainly in cancer therapy. Although many studies suggest that the EMFs exposures can be effective in pre-clinical cancer issues, the treatment outcomes of these exposures on the cancer cells, especially at the molecular level, are challenging and overwhelmingly complicated yet. This article aims to review the epigenetic mechanisms that can be altered by EMFs exposures with the main emphasis on Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF). The epigenetic mechanisms are reversible and affected by environmental factors, thus, EMFs exposures can modulate these mechanisms. According to the reports, ELF-EMF exposures affect epigenetic machinery directly or through the molecular signaling pathways. ELF-EMF in association with DNA methylation, histone modification, miRNAs, and nucleosome remodeling could affect the homeostasis of cancer cells and play a role in DNA damage repairing, apoptosis induction, prevention of metastasis, differentiation, and cell cycle regulation. In general, the result of this study shows that ELF-EMF exposure probably can be effective in cancer epigenetic therapy, but more molecular and clinical investigations are needed to clarify the safe and specific dosimetric characteristics of ELF-EMF in practice.

Promising wireless applications in the construction industry

Wireless technology such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and other are used in many areas of the economy [1-3]. Experts know the advantages and disadvantages of wireless technology. The advantages include the fact that, firstly, the mobile work of employees is ensured, and secondly, wireless control of technical and household appliances and technological processes is possible. The disadvantages of technology include the fact that the proper level of information security is not always ensured. In addition, when using this technology should be done difficult work associated with determining the possible impact of other wireless networks, as well as different types of electromagnetic fields. In the field of construction, wireless solutions are associated with the projects “Smart Home” and “Smart City”. Meanwhile, with the help of wireless technologies, other solutions are possible to improve the efficiency of work in the construction industry. The purpose of this work is to consider such solutions, to study the possibility of their application in the construction industry and to develop practical conclusions and recommendations based on this research.

Defect‐Mediated Anisotropic Lattice Expansion in Ceramics as Evidence for Nonthermal Coupling between Electromagnetic Fields and Matter

Electromagnetic (EM) fields can trigger a range of surprising responses in materials. Microwave radiation (MWR), a type of EM field in the frequency range of 0.3–300 GHz, can lower the synthesis temperature required for ceramics such as TiO2 and induces mixed amorphous–crystalline phase compositions. To better understand the effects of MWR on matter, structural changes during microwave heating and MWR‐assisted synthesis using in situ synchrotron X‐ray diffraction are studied. Anisotropic expansion–contraction of lattice parameters under microwave‐radiation is observed, which contradicts the results from conventional thermal heating. When as‐received TiO2 powders are heated with MWR, an instantaneous decrease in the intensities of diffraction peaks indicates decrystallization/amorphization. High‐resolution electron microscopy supports these observations. Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy indicate increased defect‐generation under microwave exposure. Molecular dynamics simulations on the anatase phase of TiO2 suggests that introducing an oxygen vacancy can lead to the formation of an interstitial–vacancy pair resulting in anisotropic expansion–contraction of the lattice. These unique responses of ceramics under externally applied fields provide direct evidence for nonthermal coupling between EM fields and matter. Understanding such nonthermal, field‐driven processes has implications in engineering low‐temperature processes for integrating ceramics with polymers for flexible electronics, energy harnessing, and storage applications.

Impacts of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (50-Hz) on growth performance and survival rate of common carp, Cyprinus carpio fingerlings

All organisms are probably exposed to different types of electromagnetic fields (EMFs). This study is an attempt to evaluate the effect of extremely low-frequency EMFs (50 Hz) on some growth parameters and survival rate of common carp fingerling. The fry (n = 120, averaged 16.76 ± 0.88 g in initial weight) was exposed to ELF-EMF at four intensities of 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 mT only once for 2 h and then reared for 60 days. The obtained results revealed that all growth indices were significantly (p < 0.05) improved by increasing in the EMFs intensity. 2 mT treatment indicated the highest final weight (43.95 ± 0.27 g), weight gain (6.83 ± 0.10 g), weight gain rate (20.94 ± 0.13 %), daily growth rate (0.38 ± 0.00 g day-1), specific growth rate (1.26 ± 0.01 % day-1) and the lowest food conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Survival rate had significantly (p < 0.05) increased in all exposed treatments compared to the control group. In co

The universal C*-algebra of the electromagnetic field II. Topological charges and spacelike linear fields

Conditions for the appearance of topological charges are studied in the framework of the universal C*-algebra of the electromagnetic field, which is represented in any theory describing electromagnetism. It is shown that non-trivial topological charges, described by pairs of fields localised in certain topologically non-trivial spacelike separated regions, can appear in regular representations of the algebra only if the fields depend non-linearly on the mollifying test functions. On the other hand, examples of regular vacuum representations with non-trivial topological charges are constructed, where the underlying field still satisfies a weakened form of "spacelike linearity". Such representations also appear in the presence of electric currents. The status of topological charges in theories with several types of electromagnetic fields, which appear in the short distance (scaling) limit of asymptotically free non-abelian gauge theories, is also briefly discussed.

Force-Free Electromagnetic Fields within Spinor Framework

The article deals with spinor representation of the force-free electrodynamics. The equations of the force-free electromagnetic field describe the physics of pulsars and black holes whose magnetospheres are filled with magnetically dominated relativistic plasma. The paper is a brief pedagogical introduction to the mathematics of the subject, based on 2-spinor calculi. The objective is to present the nonlinear theory of force-free fields in a compact and elegant form that the spinor framework provides. First, the algebraic classification of the Maxwell tensor is presented. Then, the reduced system of differential equations is obtained for two types of electromagnetic field and the basic features of the solutions are described. The null force-free field is connected with the shear-free geodesic null congruence in a space-time and is derived from a linear equation for a complex function. The magnetic force-free field is associated with the time-like 2-surface that represents the world-sheet of magnetic field line. The simplified system includes 4 linear differential equations for a real function. The article is educational in nature and there are no new solutions of force-free equations obtained.

Low intensity microwave frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) produce extensive brain damage and widespread neuropsychiatric effects

Low intensity microwave/lower frequency EMFs have been shown to act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Pathophysiological effects of such exposures are produced through excessive Ca2+ signaling and elevated peroxynitrite. VGCCs are found at very high densities in neurons and such EMFs produce diverse effects in animal brains. Elevated VGCC activity increases susceptibility to various neuropsychiatric effects in humans. Fourteen different neuropsychiatric effects in humans, considered established, have been repeatedly reported to occur following exposures to microwave frequency EMFs:Sleep disturbance/insomnia, headache, fatigue/tiredness, depression/depressive symptoms, dysesthesia, concentration/attention/cognitive dysfunction, dizziness/vertigo, memory changes, restlessness/tension/anxiety/stress/agitation/feeling of discomfort, irritability, loss of appetite/body weight, skin tingling/burning/inflammation/dermographism, nausea, EEG changes. Twenty additional apparent neuropsychiatric effects of such exposures will be listed (not considered established); these 20 suggest, however, that the neuropsychiatric effects go well beyond the 14 established effects. Various types of EMFs have been reported to produce neuropsychiatric effects including living near cell phone antennae, heavy cell phone usage, occupational exposure to radar, UHF or VHF transmission, smart meter radiation, WiFi field exposure, digital television signal exposure, living near a radio station antenna, or living near a short wave broadcasting antenna. Conclusions The ever-increasing human exposures to such EMFs threatens us with near universal widespread neuropsychiatric effects and should be viewed as a major threat to the survival of human civilization. Current safety guidelines are based only on thermal effects and are therefore without any scientific merit.

Quasinormal modes for subtracted rotating and magnetized geometries

We obtain explicit separable solutions of the wave equation of massless minimally coupled scalar fields in the subtracted geometry of four-dimensional rotating and Melvin (magnetised) four-charge black holes of the STU model, a consistent truncation of maximally supersymmetric supergravity with four types of electromagnetic fields. These backgrounds possess a hidden SL(2,R) x SL(2,R) x SO(3) symmetry and faithfully model the near horizon geometry of these black holes, but locate them in a confining asymptotically conical box. For each subtracted geometry we obtain two branches of quasi-normal modes, given in terms of hypergeometric functions and spherical harmonics. One branch is over-damped and the other under-damped and they exhibit rotational splitting. No black hole bomb is possible because the Killing field which co-rotates with the horizon is everywhere timelike outside the black hole. A five-dimensional lift of these geometries is given locally by the product of a BTZ black hole with a two-sphere. This allows an explicit analysis of the minimally coupled massive five-dimensional scalar field. Again, there are two branches, both damped, however now their oscillatory parts are shifted by the quantised wave number $k$ along the fifth circle direction.

Electrodynamics of black holes in STU supergravity

External magnetic fields can probe the composite structure of black holes in string theory. With this motivation we study magnetised four-charge black holes in the STU model, a consistent truncation of maximally supersymmetric supergravity with four types of electromagnetic fields. We employ solution generating techniques to obtain Melvin backgrounds, and black holes in these backgrounds. For an initially electrically charged static black hole immersed in magnetic fields, we calculate the resultant angular momenta and analyse their global structure. Examples are given for which the ergoregion does not extend to infinity. We calculate magnetic moments and gyromagnetic ratios via Larmor's formula. Our results are consistent with earlier special cases. A scaling limit and associated subtracted geometry in a single surviving magnetic field is shown to lift to $AdS_3\times S^2$. Magnetizing magnetically charged black holes give static solutions with conical singularities representing strings or struts holding the black holes against magnetic forces. In some cases it is possible to balance these magnetic forces.

Cancer induction pathways and HF-EMF irradiation

The response of cells to different types of electromagnetic fields can be induced by low-level (athermal) high frequency (HF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure associated with mobile phone technologies. There are many examples of biological effects involving the epigenome. EMF could trigger protein activation mediated by ligands, such as Ca2+, that alter the conformation of binding proteins, especially the NADPH plasmic membrane oxidase, so inducing increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may alter proteomic functions. Classical antiapoptotic and procarcinogenic signaling mechanisms that are commonly found activated in human malignancies and in inflammation mainly involve the transcription factor NF-κB. The microenvironment that exists during chronic inflammation can contribute to cancer progression. The data support the proposition that long term HF-EMF exposure caused by improper use of cell phones may potentially cause cancer.

Analgesic effect of the electromagnetic resonant frequencies derived from the NMR spectrum of morphine

Exposure to various types of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) affects pain specificity (nociception) and pain inhibition (analgesia). Previous study of ours has shown that exposure to the resonant spectra derived from biologically active substances' NMR may induce to live targets the same effects as the substances themselves. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential analgesic effect of the resonant EMFs derived from the NMR spectrum of morphine. Twenty five Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control group; intraperitoneal administration of morphine 10 mg/kg body wt; exposure of rats to resonant EMFs of morphine; exposure of rats to randomly selected non resonant EMFs; and intraperitoneal administration of naloxone and simultaneous exposure of rats to the resonant EMFs of morphine. Tail Flick and Hot Plate tests were performed for estimation of the latency time. Results showed that rats exposed to NMR spectrum of morphine induced a significant increase in latency time at time points (p < 0.05), while exposure to the non resonant random EMFs exerted no effects. Additionally, naloxone administration inhibited the analgesic effects of the NMR spectrum of morphine. Our results indicate that exposure of rats to the resonant EMFs derived from the NMR spectrum of morphine may exert on animals similar analgesic effects to morphine itself.

Modeling of the influence of electromagnetic fields on the thermomechanical behavior of deformable bodies

On the basis of the laws of conservation of energy and momentum of the electromagnetic field, by using the statistical approach and the formalism of equivalent tensions, we deduce the expressions for the densities of energy of electromagnetic fields accumulated in polarized and/or magnetized deformable bodies (reversible part) and absorbed by the bodies (irreversible part), as well as the expressions for the densities of ponderomotive (bulk) and surface forces and moments of forces. We compare these expressions (and, hence, the energy and force factors of the field) with the data available in the literature and analyze them for various materials and types of electromagnetic fields extensively used in engineering. The proposed factors are used for the determination of temperature fields and mechanical stresses caused by the analyzed electromagnetic actions according to the asymmetric theory of thermomechanics.

Influence of different types of electromagnetic fields on skin reparatory processes in experimental animals

Wound healing is a very complex process, some phases of which have only recently been explained. Magnetic and electromagnetic fields can modulate this process in a non-thermal way. The aim of this research was to compare the influence of constant and pulsed electromagnetic fields and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on wound healing in experimental animals. The experiment was conducted on 120 laboratory rats divided into four groups of 30 animals each (constant electromagnetic field, pulsed electromagnetic field, LLLT and control group). It lasted for 21 days. Under the influence of the constant electromagnetic field the healing of the skin defect was accelerated in comparison with the control group. The difference was statistically significant in all the weeks of the experiment at the P < 0.01 level. Accelerated healing was also observed under the influence of the pulsed electromagnetic field (P < 0.05). In the group of animals exposed to LLLT, the healing of the skin defect was faster than in the control group. The statistical significance was at the P < 0.05 level. Different types of electromagnetic fields have a promoting effect on the wound healing process.

Short-term effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields after physical exercise are dependent on autonomic tone before exposure

The therapeutic application of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) can accelerate healing after bone fractures and also alleviate pain according to several studies. However, no objective criteria have been available to ensure appropriate magnetic field strength or type of electromagnetic field. Moreover, few studies so far have investigated the physical principles responsible for the impact of electromagnetic fields on the human body. Existing studies have shown that PEMFs influence cell activity, the autonomic nervous system and the blood flow. The aim of this study is to examine the instantaneous and short-term effects of a PEMF therapy and to measure the impact of different electromagnetic field strengths on a range of physiological parameters, especially the autonomic nervous systems, determined by heart rate variability (HRV) as well as their influence on subjects' general feeling of well-being. The study comprised experimental, double-blind laboratory tests during which 32 healthy male adults (age: 38.4+/-6.5 years) underwent four physical stress tests at standardised times followed by exposure to pulsed magnetic fields of varying intensity [HPM, High Performance magnetic field; Leotec; pulsed signal; mean intensity increase: zero (placebo), 0.005, 0.03 and 0.09 T/s]. Exposure to electromagnetic fields after standardised physical effort significantly affected the very low frequency power spectral components of HRV (VLF; an indicator for sympathetically controlled blood flow rhythms). Compared to placebo treatment, exposure to 0.005 T/s resulted in accelerated recovery after physical strain. Subjects with lower baseline VLF power recovered more quickly than subjects with higher VLF when exposed to higher magnetic field strengths. The application of electromagnetic fields had no effect on subjects' general feeling of well-being. Once the magnetic field exposure was stopped, the described effects quickly subsided. PEMF exposure has a short-term dosage-dependent impact on healthy subjects. Exposure to PEMF for 20 min resulted in more rapid recovery of heart rate variability, especially in the very low frequency range after physical strain. The study also showed the moderating influence of the subjects' constitutional VLF power on their response to PEMF treatment. These findings have since been replicated in a clinical study and should be taken into consideration when PEMF treatment is chosen.

Effects of Weak, Low-Frequency Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (BEMER Type) on Gene Expression of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Chondrocytes: An In Vitro Study

In vitro effects of electromagnetic fields appear to be related to the type of electromagnetic field applied. Previously, we showed that human osteoblasts display effects of BEMER type electromagnetic field (BTEMF) on gene regulation. Here, we analyze effects of BTEMF on gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes. Primary mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and the chondrocyte cell line C28I2 were stimulated 5 times at 12-h intervals for 8 min each with BTEMF. RNA from treated and control cells was analyzed for gene expression using the affymetrix chip HG-U133A. A limited number of regulated gene products from both cell types mainly affect cell metabolism and cell matrix structure. There was no increased expression of cancer-related genes. RT-PCR analysis of selected transcripts partly confirmed array data. Results indicate that BTEMF in human mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes provide the first indications to understanding therapeutic effects achieved with BTEMF stimulation.

Parametric resonance in neutrino oscillations in periodically varying electromagnetic fields

It is shown that a parametric resonance may arise in neutrino oscillations in varying electromagnetic fields. For two types of electromagnetic fields—an amplitude-modulated electromagnetic wave and a transverse magnetic field that is constant in time, but which has an amplitude periodically varying in space—the probabilities of the νi ↔ νj neutrino transitions are found, and it is shown that the probability amplitudes increase with time for a specific choice of the parameters of external electromagnetic fields.