Dual Type Research Articles

Conformation traits of dairy cattle populations in selected Districts of Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia

Mammo M, Alemayehu K, Tassew A. 2017. Conformation traits of dairy cattle populations in selected Districts of Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. Biodiversitas 18: 1669-1679. The study was conducted in three selected districts of northwestern Amhara. The objective was to quantify the characteristics of conformation traits of dairy cattle populations at smallholder farmers' level. 279 cattle keepers were selected for measurement of conformation traits. About 105 indigenous cattle from each district and 42 crossbred female cattle were considered for measurement. SPSS (2007) was used to analyze qualitative data and SAS (2014) for quantitative data. The results revealed that the conformation trait measurements (cm) of indigenous cattle had significant variation (P< 0.001) on neck length for dairy type (54.07 ± 4.80) and meat type (51.96 ± 4.05) traits. The width at the point of the shoulder was 7.72 ±1.96, 6.60 ± 1.68 and 5.35 ± 1.61 for meat type, dual type and for dairy type cattle, respectively. A male cattle had significant variation over female except neck length. All qualitative traits were laid intermediate levels (4-6 point) except crossbred which was 63.64 %. About 30% of dairy type cattle had high rear udder depth and 43.33% dairy type cattle had strong central ligament. Crossbred cattle had 42.1% sickled rear leg. In general, about 57.5% dairy type cattle and 95.2% crossbred cattle have very angular shape as 75% of meat type cattle lack angularity. From this research, it could be concluded that there were significant differences of conformation traits between dairy type and beef type cattle from the cattle population considered in the study for developing specialized dairy or beef breed types. As well as indigenous dairy type cattle are comparable to other known dairy cattle breeds like Kanan, Fogera and Barka. However, farmers did not exercise in developing product specific and specialized breeds with their corresponding production system than multipurpose. Thus, selection and appropriate planed breeding program is crucial for future dairy cattle genetic improvement to match genotype and environment and meet producers’ production objectives. Hence, conformation traits can be a vital tool to make decisions on cattle selection and breed improvement.

Selective Bi-coordinate Method for Limit Non-Smooth Resource Allocation Type Problems

We propose a method of bi-coordinate variations for limit non-smooth optimization problems, which involve a single linear equality and box constraints. Here only approximation sequences are known instead of exact values of the cost function and parameters of the feasible set. It consists in making descent steps with respect to only two selected coordinates satisfying some special threshold rule. The method is simpler essentially than the usual gradient or dual type ones and differs from the previous known bi-coordinate ones suggested for the usual stationary and smooth problems. We establish its convergence under rather mild assumptions. Computational tests illustrate stable convergence properties of the proposed method.

Genetic impact on external and internal egg quality traits of Vanaraja and Gramapriya birds and their crosses in Bihar

Poultry farming is gaining strength in mitigating livelihood and nutritional security to the poor farmers which constitute 60% of the India’s population. Thus eggs of superior quality is prerequisite for profitable marketing and for hatchability too. The present study was conducted on two improved varieties, Vanaraja (dual purpose type) and Gramapriya (the layer type) chicken developed at PDP, Hyderabad and their crosses on random mating. The genetic groups taken were Gramapriya (male) x Gramapriya (female),Vanaraja(male) x Vanaraja(female), Gramapriya(male) x Vanaraja(female)and Vanaraja (male) x Gramapriya(female). 6 males and 30 females were taken from each genetic group and maintained separately under deep litter system with a mating ratio of 1 male : 5 females. To study the genetic effect on external and internal egg quality traits, a total of more than 50 eggs were collected at random from each of 4 genetic groups upto 28 weeks of age. The average shell thickness obtained to be ranged from 0.36 to 0.39 mm. The average albumen and yolk indices were found to be ranged from 7.396 to 8.656 and 41.749 to 43.888 respectively. The average shell weight and percentage of shell weight observed to be ranged from 4.147 to 5.627 g and 17.266 to 18.003% respectively.

Effects of Whey, Soy or Leucine Supplementation with 12 Weeks of Resistance Training on Strength, Body Composition, and Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue Histological Attributes in College-Aged Males.

We sought to determine the effects of L-leucine (LEU) or different protein supplements standardized to LEU (~3.0 g/serving) on changes in body composition, strength, and histological attributes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Seventy-five untrained, college-aged males (mean ± standard error of the mean (SE); age = 21 ± 1 years, body mass = 79.2 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly assigned to an isocaloric, lipid-, and organoleptically-matched maltodextrin placebo (PLA, n = 15), LEU (n = 14), whey protein concentrate (WPC, n = 17), whey protein hydrolysate (WPH, n = 14), or soy protein concentrate (SPC, n = 15) group. Participants performed whole-body resistance training three days per week for 12 weeks while consuming supplements twice daily. Skeletal muscle and subcutaneous (SQ) fat biopsies were obtained at baseline (T1) and ~72 h following the last day of training (T39). Tissue samples were analyzed for changes in type I and II fiber cross sectional area (CSA), non-fiber specific satellite cell count, and SQ adipocyte CSA. On average, all supplement groups including PLA exhibited similar training volumes and experienced statistically similar increases in total body skeletal muscle mass determined by dual X-ray absorptiometry (+2.2 kg; time p = 0.024) and type I and II fiber CSA increases (+394 μm2 and +927 μm2; time p < 0.001 and 0.024, respectively). Notably, all groups reported increasing Calorie intakes ~600–800 kcal/day from T1 to T39 (time p < 0.001), and all groups consumed at least 1.1 g/kg/day of protein at T1 and 1.3 g/kg/day at T39. There was a training, but no supplementation, effect regarding the reduction in SQ adipocyte CSA (−210 μm2; time p = 0.001). Interestingly, satellite cell counts within the WPC (p < 0.05) and WPH (p < 0.05) groups were greater at T39 relative to T1. In summary, LEU or protein supplementation (standardized to LEU content) does not provide added benefit in increasing whole-body skeletal muscle mass or strength above PLA following 3 months of training in previously untrained college-aged males that increase Calorie intakes with resistance training and consume above the recommended daily intake of protein throughout training. However, whey protein supplementation increases skeletal muscle satellite cell number in this population, and this phenomena may promote more favorable training adaptations over more prolonged periods.

11.26: The seismic design of a building having a dual type structural system in Romania

ABSTRACTThe March 4, 1977 earthquake was the last major seismic event that struck Romania. 1,600 persons were killed, over 11,000 were injured, and 33,000 buildings collapsed or were severely damaged. The great majority of these injuries were in masonry and reinforced concrete buildings. The few existing steel structures behaved very well during the earthquake, excepting the situation when inadequate structural concepts were met. Even if the number of steel buildings was not so high, steel was used especially for long span roofs of industrial buildings. Starting with that period, the design practice proved that steel is an excellent material for seismic‐resistant structures thanks to its performance in terms of strength and ductility. The bulk of the paper consists in presenting the design of a dual type structural system having in the horizontal plane the shape of the letter “Y” and in the vertical plane two basements, a ground floor and 14 stories. Trying to realize a building virtually immune to earthquake action the superstructure of the building, of composite type, was conceived to have two different parts: (a) a reinforced concrete structural subsystem formed by the three structural cores placed in the peaks of the equilateral triangle, their main role being that of assuring the lateral strength of the building to the seismic loads; (b) a steel structural subsystem, having a structural role mainly towards the gravity loads. The steel structural subsystem is placed in the central zone of the building and is connected to the three reinforced concrete cores placed in the peaks of the equilateral triangle. It consists of three moment resisting frames and composite type floor structures. The paper also contains information about the results of some in‐situ dynamic investigations performed after each stage during the construction, in order to validate the structural models of analysis and the contribution of the steel structural subsystem on the overall dynamic characteristics of the building.

РОЗРАХУНОК КОМБІНОВАНИХ ГІДРОСТАТИЧНИХ ПІДШИПНИКІВ ЗДВОЄНОГО ТИПУ ПРИ СТАЦІОНАРНОМУ ЗОВНІШНЬОМУ НАВАНТАЖЕННІ

The relevance of the application of combined hydrostatic bearings of the twin type in various units and power plants is shown, the loads in which reach ten tons. The most complicated modes of operation of rotor supports associated with starting and stopping are described. The current method for improving the liquid friction regime at nuclear power plants, associated with the use of auxiliary containers with a working fluid, which are set at a certain height, provides the working fluid to the bearings by gravity and thus improves the friction regime. The design of a combined bearing is proposed that improves the operation of turbines in the start-up and shutdown modes and allows for the abandonment of additional containers with working fluid, and also increases the reliability and durability of turbine operation. It is the objective of this work, which consists in calculating characteristics of a combined hydrostatic bearing tandem type, providing reliable operation of the turbine in all possible modes of its operation. Shows a structural scheme of the combined hydrostatic bearing tandem type and the principle of its operation is described in case of overloads, failure of hydraulic fluid supply system as well as to start and stop modes, these modes are included in the operation of hydrostatic bearings instead of bearings. Theoretical dependences have been developed that allow determining the main characteristics of a combined hydrostatic bearing of a dual type with a stationary external load. It is shown that the basis for determining the characteristics of the bearing is the function of the distribution of pressure along the working surface of the bearing, by means of which the bearing capacity of the bearing, the flow rate of the working fluid and the loss of power for friction are determined. A mathematical model is presented, brought to a kind adapted for numerical realization. The most rational numerical methods for implementing mathematical dependencies are applied. A generalization of the mathematical model to the case of non-laminar flow of a working fluid is carried out using the turbulence coefficients proposed by V. N. Konstantinesku. The analysis of the results of calculation of combined hydrostatic bearings of a twin type in a wide range of external loads and bearing diameters is given

Hybrid TiO2–Ruthenium Nano‐photosensitizer Synergistically Produces Reactive Oxygen Species in both Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely used to treat diverse diseases, but its dependence on oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) diminishes the therapeutic effect in a hypoxic environment, such as solid tumors. Herein, we developed a ROS‐producing hybrid nanoparticle‐based photosensitizer capable of maintaining high levels of ROS under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Conjugation of a ruthenium complex (N3) to a TiO2 nanoparticle afforded TiO2‐N3. Upon exposure of TiO2‐N3 to light, the N3 injected electrons into TiO2 to produce three‐ and four‐fold more hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide, respectively, than TiO2 at 160 mmHg. TiO2‐N3 maintained three‐fold higher hydroxyl radicals than TiO2 under hypoxic conditions via N3‐facilitated electron–hole reduction of adsorbed water molecules. The incorporation of N3 transformed TiO2 from a dual type I and II PDT agent to a predominantly type I photosensitizer, irrespective of the oxygen content.

Hybrid TiO2 -Ruthenium Nano-photosensitizer Synergistically Produces Reactive Oxygen Species in both Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely used to treat diverse diseases, but its dependence on oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) diminishes the therapeutic effect in a hypoxic environment, such as solid tumors. Herein, we developed a ROS-producing hybrid nanoparticle-based photosensitizer capable of maintaining high levels of ROS under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Conjugation of a ruthenium complex (N3) to a TiO2 nanoparticle afforded TiO2 -N3. Upon exposure of TiO2 -N3 to light, the N3 injected electrons into TiO2 to produce three- and four-fold more hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide, respectively, than TiO2 at 160 mmHg. TiO2 -N3 maintained three-fold higher hydroxyl radicals than TiO2 under hypoxic conditions via N3-facilitated electron-hole reduction of adsorbed water molecules. The incorporation of N3 transformed TiO2 from a dual type I and II PDT agent to a predominantly type I photosensitizer, irrespective of the oxygen content.

Critical operating factors of a jetting dispenser driven by piezostack actuators: statistical analysis of experimental results

In this work, critical operating factors of a jetting dispenser driven by a dual type of the piezostack actuators are experimentally identified. As a first step, geometrical information and working principle of the jetting dispenser are briefly addressed. Subsequently, in order to investigate jetting performance eight important operating (or working) factors of the dispenser such as exciting stroke and frequency are chosen based on two levels for each factor. Then, in order to reduce the number of experiments, one-sixteenth fractional factorial design method is adopted and an experimental apparatus to measure the weight of a single dot is established. After measuring the weight of a single dispensed dot under each test condition, the effect of each operating factor on the jetting performance is analyzed using a statistical program. The main effects and interaction effects on the average and standard deviation of the weight of a single dispensed dot are then analyzed and discussed in details. In addition, the analysis of variance results for average single dot weight is undertaken to determine the specific values of the critical factors which can provide optimal jetting performances. Consequently, critical operating factors for a small amount and small weight variation of a single dot are identified, which directly represent the performances of a non-contact jetting dispenser driven by piezostack actuators such as dotting accuracy and dotting speed.

Socio-economic factors and management practices followed in eastern Uttar Pradesh for rearing of Jaunpuri goat

The present investigation was undertaken to study the management practices and socio-economic factors affecting the farming of Jaunpuri goat in two districts of its native tracts in eastern Uttar Pradesh. viz., Allahabad and Jaunpur. Ten villages from Jaunpur and fifteen villages from Allahabad district were randomly selected for the present investigation. The findings revealed that most of the goat farmers in Jaunpur and Allahabad district were of marginal type in their land holding capacity with 47.61 and 68.18% respectively and they earned more than Rs.5000 per annum from goatery. Besides the goatery, the other professions of goat rearers are 60% farming, 33.33% labor, 6.67% small business in Jaunpur and 58.82% labour, 41.18% farming in Allahabad district. The literacy of the head of the Jaunpuri goat rearing family was 66.67 and 68.18 % respectively in the Jaunpur and Allahabad district and most of farmers have 6-8 members per family. The farmers of both districts used to house their goats mostly during night time. The result indicated that 70.48 and 80.91% farmers from Jaunpur and Allahabad districts keep their animal in the house during night. However, 29.52 and 19.09% of the farmers used to keep their animals in the goat shed both day and night. The overall percentages of close and open type house were 27.91 and 72.09%, respectively in Jaunpur and Allahabad district. Most goat sheds were Kuccha type, because of the poor economic status of goat farmer in these districts. The Jaunpuri goat is dual type of goat which produces milk and meat both. Thus the present findings indicated that in both the districts the farmers reared this breed for dual purpose.

A new model for flow in shale-gas reservoirs including natural and hydraulic fractures

In this work, we construct a new coupled Multiscale/Discrete Fracture Model for compressible flow in a multiporosity shale gas reservoir containing networks of natural and hydraulic fractures. The geological formation is characterized by four distinct length scales and levels of porosity. The window of observation of the finest (nanoscale) portraits the nanopores within organic matter containing adsorbed gas. At the microscale, the medium is formed by two solid phases: organic, composed by kerogen aggregates, and inorganic (clay, quartz, calcite). Such phases are separated by the network of partially-saturated interparticle pores where microscopic free gas flow influenced by Knudsen effects along with gas diffusion in the immobile water phase occur simultaneously. The upscaling of the local flow to the mesoscale gives rise to a nonlinear homogenized pressure equation in the shale matrix which lies adjacent to the system of natural fractures. Homogenization of the coupled matrix/preexisting fractures to the macroscale leads to a microstructural model of dual porosity type. Such homogenized model is subsequently coupled with the hydrodynamics in the network of induced fractures which, in the context of the discrete fracture modeling, are treated as (n − 1), (n = 2, 3) lower dimensional objects. In order to handle numerically the nonlinear interaction between the different flow equations, we adopt a superposition argument, firstly proposed by Arbogast (1996), in each iteration of a fixed-point algorithm. The resultant governing equations are discretized by the finite element method and numerical simulations of gas production in stratified arrangements of the fracture networks are presented to illustrate the potential of the multiscale approach.

Biocontrol of toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus isolated from the root tubers of safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. F) using its rhizospheric mycoflora

Miraculous herb safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. F), family liliaceae, is well recognized for its immense potential as an aphrodisiac. The root tubers of this herbal drug were found to be invested with Aspergillus flavus during field and storage. Therefore, the present study was designed to explore the ability of 26 co-existing rhizospheric mycoflora to inhibit A. flavus invasion and subsequent aflatoxin contamination of safed musli. The interaction of these moulds with highly toxigenic strain (CB55) of A. flavus was evaluated by dual culture method and type of interaction was graded. Most likely antagonistic effects were shown by fifteen (15) moulds, out of which Type ‘C’ interaction was evidenced in the case of six moulds; A. clavatus, A. terreus, Botryotrichum piluliferum, Candida albicans, Cephalosporium acremonium, and Cunninghamella sp. Further, ‘D’ type interaction was displayed by seven moulds which include A. niger, Colletotrichum sp., Drechslera sp., Mucor haemalis, Mycelia sterilia, Rhizopus arrhizus and Stachybotrys atra and ‘E’ type interaction was noted in the case of Trichoderma viride and Trihcothecium roseum. Regarding human health it is critical to use an ecofriendly approach to control the invasion of toxigenic moulds with root tubers of safed musli.

The terminal vibration of laser spot tail in dual channel type linear CCD

A special phenomenon about laser spot tail in dual channel type linear CCD is studied. In the CCD, the charges packets in odd and even number pixels are respectively transferred by two channels, in which, the threshold difference of surface full well induces the length difference of spot tails. So, the terminal vibration of spot tail is caused. A simulation of this phenomenon is given and qualitatively validated by the experiment results of laser irradiating a dual channel type linear CCD. In the experiment, the phenomenon has been used to estimate relative size of surface full well thresholds in two channels of CCD.

Experimental Verification of a Self-Triggered Solid-State Circuit Breaker Based on a SiC BIFET

In this work, the feasibility of the Bipolar-Injection Field Effect-Transistor (BIFET) [5] in two different Dual Thyristor type circuits [4] for an application as solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) is experimentally verified. The Dual Thyristor type circuits are assembled from discrete silicon JFETs and a silicon carbide BIFET and are electrically characterized at various temperatures. The current-voltage characteristic shows the expected regenerative self-triggered turn-off capability under over-currents and the option to control the turn-off current by a passive resistor network. The issue with the adverse positive temperature coefficient of the trigger-current can be solved by putting the SiC BIFET in a cascode arrangement with a silicon Dual Thyristor. In this configuration the SiC BIFET provides the high voltage blocking capability and the silicon Dual Thyristor with its negative temperature coefficient controls the trigger-current. Transient analyses of both circuits indicate fast switching times of less than 50 μs seconds. It is demonstrated for the first time, that the SiC BIFET, due to its normally-on behaviour, used in a Dual Thyristor type circuit is a promising concept for self-triggered fuses in high current and high voltage applications.

Composition Related Electrical Active Defect States of InGaAs and GaAsN

This paper discusses results of electrically active defect states - deep energy level analysis in InGaAs and GaAsN undoped semiconductor structures grown for solar cell applications. Main attention is focused on composition and growth condition dependent impurities and the investigation of their possible origins. For this purpose a widely utilized spectroscopy method, Deep Level Transient Fourier Spectroscopy, was utilized. The most significant responses of each sample labelled as InG2, InG3 and NG1, NG2 were discussed in detail and confirmed by simulations and literature data. The presence of a possible dual conduction type and dual state defect complex, dependent on the In/N composition, is reported. Beneficial characteristics of specific indium and nitrogen concentrations capable of eliminating or reducing certain point defects and dislocations are stated.

Optimized acoustic biochip integrated with microfluidics for biomarkers detection in molecular diagnostics.

The development of integrated platforms incorporating an acoustic device as the detection element requires addressing simultaneously several challenges of technological and scientific nature. The present work was focused on the design of a microfluidic module, which, combined with a dual or array type Love wave acoustic chip could be applied to biomedical applications and molecular diagnostics. Based on a systematic study we optimized the mechanics of the flow cell attachment and the sealing material so that fluidic interfacing/encapsulation would impose minimal losses to the acoustic wave. We have also investigated combinations of operating frequencies with waveguide materials and thicknesses for maximum sensitivity during the detection of protein and DNA biomarkers. Within our investigations neutravidin was used as a model protein biomarker and unpurified PCR amplified Salmonella DNA as the model genetic target. Our results clearly indicate the need for experimental verification of the optimum engineering and analytical parameters, in order to develop commercially viable systems for integrated analysis. The good reproducibility of the signal together with the ability of the array biochip to detect multiple samples hold promise for the future use of the integrated system in a Lab-on-a-Chip platform for application to molecular diagnostics.

High yielding and trait specific genotypes and genetic associations among yield and yield contributing traits in Jatropha curcas L.

Jatropha curcas L., an important oilseed crop of the family Euphorbiaceae is valued for its oil as a fuel oil and biodiesel/aviation fuel feedstock. The adaptability and robustness of the plant makes it eminently suitable for integrating into small farm agroforestry systems and as an intercrop, especially in marginal and drought-stressed areas. Profitable cultivation of the crop is hampered by the lack of cultivars with stable and high yield. Variance components, heritabilities and genetic associations of yield and its determinants were estimated in 57 accessions from nine countries. The accessions exhibited significant variation and the coefficient of variation showed higher PCV than GCV for all the traits. Broad sense heritability and genetic advance were high for seed yield and height from base to branching and low for kernel oil content. Pearson correlation coefficients showed positive significant correlation of fruit shape and number of female flowers per inflorescence with seed yield. Cluster analysis based on 20 mixed traits grouped the accessions into five clusters with all the non-toxic accessions forming a separate cluster while the toxic accessions were grouped in four clusters. Seed yield recorded over 5 years indicated a significant yield increase by the 5th year and the high yielding toxic accessions, JP47 and JP40 gave average seed yields (g plant−1) of 2574 and 1613 and maximum yields (g plant−1) of 2943 and 1940, respectively. This is a significant step towards identification of trait specific genotypes with high seed yield, high test weight, pistillate nature, dual purpose edible types, which could be successfully utilized for genetic improvement of the crop through selection and hybrid breeding.

Kinetic Modelling of Hydrogenation of Cardanol over Pd/C Catalyst

The catalytic hydrogenation of cardanol was studied in a stirred three-phase-slurry reactor using palladium on carbon, often referred to as the Pd/C catalyst (5% loading of palladium is supported on activated carbon powder). The effects of various process parameters were examined. The kinetics of hydrogenation, which proceeds through three parallel–series reactions, was investigated. The reaction was observed to be of first order with respect to both hydrogen and cardanol. A simple second-order series reaction model was well fitted to the experimental data. Also, the Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson approach was used to interpret the possible mechanistic behaviour of the reaction. It was observed that the reaction follows dual site, competitive and dissociative type of adsorption of hydrogen. Surface reaction of the adsorbed reactants was identified as the overall rate controlling step. Various rate constants and adsorption equilibrium constants for the different steps were also estimated. Different thermodynamic parameters associated with these constants were obtained to assess their physical significance. Also, these constants were evaluated statistically using the F-test and t-test.

Performance Evaluation of Type-3 PLLs Under Wide Variation in Input Voltage and Frequency

This paper presents a detailed analysis of Type-3 phase locked loop (PLL) under wide variation in input voltage and frequency. Using small signal modeling, the performance of both single loop and dual loop Type-3 PLL for variation in input voltage and frequency is studied. The analysis shows that for the same bandwidth, both the single loop and dual loop Type-3 PLLs exhibit similar dynamics provided the supply voltage is balanced. However, under voltage sag conditions, dual loop PLL shows improved dynamic response without affecting its stability. Further, the tracking time is reduced as the feed forward frequency is a function of supply frequency. To improve the filtering characteristics under frequency deviations, a dual loop Type 3 adaptive PLL which accurately tracks the phase and frequency of the input signal under wide frequency deviations is developed. Simulations are carried out in MATLAB and experimentally verified by implementing in ALTERA cyclone II Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) board.

Analysis and Restraining of Eddy Current Damping Effects in Rotary Voice Coil Actuators

Rotary voice coil actuators (RVCAs) have been widely used for precision motion control applications and have drawn more and more attention in recent years. In this paper, the eddy current damping effects of RVCAs of both dual and single magnetic circuit types are studied, the electromotive forces in rotor frame arms of the RVCAs are analyzed and verified by FEM calculation, then corresponding restraining measures are proposed. Especially, influencing factors of magnetic field margin effect and influence of magnetic field structure on the margin effect are analyzed in detail, which are the unique problems in RVCAs. The research results are good references for practical engineering applications of this type of motor.