Types Of Drug Delivery Systems Research Articles

A REVIEW ON FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Development of microspheres is a promising technology for controlled release and drug targeting. Various types of microspheres such as bio-adhesive, magnetic, floating, radioactive and polymeric microspheres are developed for various purposes. Microspheres occupied a central place in novel drug delivery. There are various departments of medicine like cancer, pulmonary, cardiology, radiology, gynecology, and oncology etc., where numerous drugs are used and are delivered by various types of drug delivery system. Among them microspheric drug delivery system has gained enormous attention due to its wide range of application as it covers targeting the drug to particular site. The purpose of the review is to study the advantages, disadvantages of floating microspheres along with their formulation and evaluation parameters.

Proniosome: A Promising Approach for Vesicular Drug Delivery.

Different types of drug delivery systems are intended to deliver therapeutic agents to the appropriate site of interest to get desired pharmacological effect. In the field of drug delivery, the advancement of nanotechnology helps develop novel dosage forms such as liposome, noisome, and proniosome. Proniosomes are promising drug carriers, that are dry formulations, and after hydration, are converted to noisome dispersion. Dry proniosomal powder can deliver a unit dose of the drug with improved drug stability and solubility. By using this formulation, both the hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs can be delivered through different routes like oral, topical, transdermal, vaginal, etc. This review revolves on different features of proniosomes such as their structure, formulation materials of proniosomes, preparation methods, evaluation, and application.

New Strategies for Stroke Therapy: Nanoencapsulated Neuroglobin

Stroke is a global health and socio-economic problem. However, no efficient preventive and/or palliative treatments have yet been found. Neuroglobin (Ngb) is an endogen neuroprotective protein, but it only exerts its beneficial action against stroke after increasing its basal levels. Therefore, its systemic administration appears to be an efficient therapy applicable to stroke and other neurodegenerative pathologies. Unfortunately, Ngb cannot cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), making its direct pharmacological use unfeasible. Thus, the association of Ngb with a drug delivery system (DDS), such as nanoparticles (NPs), appears to be a good strategy for overcoming this handicap. NPs are a type of DDS which efficiently transport Ngb and increase its bioavailability in the infarcted area. Hence, we previously built hyaluronate NPS linked to Ngb (Ngb-NPs) as a therapeutic tool against stroke. This nanoformulation induced an improvement of the cerebral infarct prognosis. However, this innovative therapy is still in development, and a more in-depth study focusing on its long-lasting neuroprotectant and neuroregenerative capabilities is needed. In short, this review aims to update the state-of-the-art of stroke therapies based on Ngb, paying special attention to the use of nanotechnological drug-delivering tools.

Progress in the application of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering.

Sustained-release drug-loaded microspheres provide a long-acting sustained release, with targeted and other effects. There are many types of sustained-release drug microspheres and various preparation methods, and they are easy to operate. For these reasons, they have attracted widespread interest and are widely used in tissue engineering and other fields. In this paper, we provide a systematic review of the application of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering. First, we introduce this new type of drug delivery system (sustained-release drug carriers), describe the types of sustained-release drug microspheres, and summarize the characteristics of different microspheres. Second, we summarize the preparation methods of sustained-release drug microspheres and summarize the materials required for preparing microspheres. Third, various applications of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering are summarized. Finally, we summarize the shortcomings and discuss future prospects in the development of sustained-release drug microspheres. The purpose of this paper was to provide a further systematic understanding of the application of sustained-release drug microspheres in tissue engineering for the personnel engaged in related fields and to provide inspiration and new ideas for studies in related fields.

Insight into the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of therapeutic deep eutectic solvents based on matrine and fatty acids

• THEDESs based on matrine and fatty acids were developed. • Physicochemical properties of THEDESs were investigated. • Antibacterial and anti-cancer activities and cytotoxicity of THEDESs were studied. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), as a new type of green solvent, have shown great advantages of easy preparation, no purification needed after synthesis and great potential for application in various fields. Recently, a new type of drug delivery system called therapeutic deep eutectic solvent (THEDES) was developed when combining active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) into DES. Herein, we have constructed a series of new THEDES based on matrine (API) and fatty acids. Their physicochemical properties and bioactivities were investigated. In a temperature range from 298.15 K to 338.15 K, both density and viscosity declined with the increasing temperature. Besides, the density of THEDES decreased with the increasing alkyl chain length of fatty acids due to the enhancement of free volume, while the alkyl chain length displayed no influence on the viscosity of THEDES. Moreover, THEDESs showed better antibacterial activity on S. aureus as compared with matrine and the mixture solution of matrine and fatty acids at the same concentration. THEDESs also displayed better cell antiproliferative activities and higher cytotoxicity than that of matrine. Therefore, the results presented herein provides important basis for the further applications of matrine in the form of THEDES.

Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Compressed Coated Tablets of Simvastatin for Pulsatile Drug Delivery

Pulsatile drug delivery system is one type of drug delivery system, where the delivery device is capable of releasing drugs after a predetermined time-delay (i.e. lag time). This system has a peculiar mechanism of delivering the drug rapidly and completely after a "lag time," i.e., a period of "no drug release." These systems are beneficial for drugs having high first-pass effect drugs administered for diseases that follow chrono pharmacological behavior such as drugs having specific absorption sites in GIT, targeting to colon; and cases where nighttime dosing is required. The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate a press coated pulsatile drug delivery system of simvastatin in order to attain a time controlled release to lower the blood cholesterol level by releasing the drug with a distinct predetermined lag time of five hrs. Simvastatin is a water insoluble drug and its absorption is dissolution rate limited. The core formulations were composed of simvastatin and disintegrants like lycoat, SSG, ludiflash in different ratios and was coated with xanthan gum, guar gum, HPMC K4M, HPMC K15M as a release modifier. Press coated tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content, and in vitro drug release. Result of in vitro dissolution study of the prepared tablet suggested that, the release of drug from press coated tablets match with chrono-biological requirement of disease.

Ufasomes: An Emerging Vesicular System and A Comparative Study with Other Vesicular Carriers

In the advanced period, the drug delivery turns out to be more targeted and controlled by the utilization of different Novel drug delivery system (NDDS). In the present time the pace of drug delivery and site of activity can be predetermined by the vesicular drug delivery system for better action and more patient compliance. Liposomes, sphingosomes, cubosomes, ethosomes, niosomes, ufasomes, pharmacosomes etc are the recently evolved vesicular drug delivery system. In this review our focus will be the Ufasomes as the vesicular drug carrier. Ufasomes are the vesicular type of drug delivery system arranged by generally thin layer hydration method at different proportion of surfactant and cholesterol along with the API. Unsaturated Fatty acid and their salts are the primary surfactant utilized in this in the range of 4-7 pH as for the most part given as the topical form of drug delivery. They have the numerous positive considerations among the contenders as the strength, formulation cost and accessibility are significantly more than other vesicular system. The comparison between the mostly used and available carrier has been done to prove the dominance effect of the Ufasomes over them. This review inferred that Ufasomes are the promising vesicular drug delivery system for a scope of conceivable helpful applications.

A Gambogic Acid-Loaded Delivery System Mediated by Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction: A Promising Therapy Method for Malignant Cerebral Glioma.

BackgroundThe blood–brain barrier (BBB) inhibits the delivery of macromolecular chemotherapeutic drugs to brain tumors, leading to low utilization rates and toxic side effects to surrounding tissues and organs. Ultrasonic targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) technology can open the BBB, leading to a new type of drug delivery system with particular utility in glioma.PurposeWe have developed a new type of drug-loaded microbubble complex based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) that targets gambogic acid (GA) to the area of brain tumors through UTMD.MethodsGA/PLGA nanoparticles were prepared by the double emulsification method, and cationic microbubbles (CMBs) were prepared by a thin film hydration method. The GA/PLGA-CMB microbubble complex was assembled through electrostatic attractions and was characterized chemically. The anti-glioblastoma effect of GA/PLGA-CMB combined with focused ultrasound (FUS) was evaluated by biochemical and imaging assays in cultured cells and model mice.ResultsGA/PLGA-CMB combined with FUS demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on glioblastoma cell lines U87 and U251 as compared with controls (P<0.05). Tumor access and imaging analyses demonstrated that administration of GA/PLGA-CMBs combined with FUS can open the BBB and target the treatment of glioblastoma in a mouse model, as compared with control groups (P<0.05).ConclusionThe combination of PLGA-CMB with FUS provides an effective and biocompatible drug delivery system, and its application to the delivery of GA in a mouse glioblastoma model was successful.

Contemporary Technologies in Chronopharmaceutic Drug Delivery System

Traditional drug delivery methods aimed for a consistent or sustained medication output to maximize treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects. These dosage forms release medications in a controlled or varied manner. Illnesses are treated by administering drugs to patients in a variety of traditional dose patterns. All these dosage patterns should always be administered monotonously for retaining the drug concentration in a therapeutically effective spectrum. Chronotherapeutics, a type of drug delivery system, has become increasingly important in the treatment of chronic diseases in recent years. Today's environment necessitates chronopharmaceutical formulations that increase patient compliance, optimize medicine distribution at the target site, and minimize side effects to reduce mortality rates. A mechanism in which a medicament has been distributed rapidly after a specified lag interval or time gap in compliance with the circadian rhythm of sickness conditions is known as pulsative drug release. Pulsatile medication delivery is becoming more prevalent these days. The main benefit of this method of the medication delivery system is that the substance is only aired when it is required. Because of this, the risk of developing drug resistance, which is common in both preparations for both conventional and sustained release, is minimized. In addition, certain anticancer medications are quite hazardous. In both traditional and sustained release therapy, these medicines cause serious complications. There are now a plethora of FDA-approved chronotherapeutic medications on the market. This treatment is most useful when a long-term effect is just not necessary and medications are harmful. The most important aspect of this formulation's development is determining the circadian rhythm or an appropriate criterion that would set off the drug's release.

An Overview on Nano Niosomes: As an Optimistic Drug Delivery System in Targeted Drug Delivery

Targeted drug-delivery systems are used for the administration of pharmaceutical medicament enables the localization of drugs to diseased sites. Different types of drug-delivery systems uses carriers, like immunoglobulins, serum proteins, synthetic polymers, liposomes, nanoparticle and microspheres. Niosomes are an emerging type of novel vesicular systems. Now they are being fervent explored as potential carriers for targeted drug delivery. In addition to conventional, oral, and parenteral routes, they are liable to be delivered by ocular, transdermal, vaginal, and inhalation routes. Nano-niosomes are non-ionic surfactants based vesicles that are biodegradable, relatively nontoxic, more stable and inexpensive than liposomes. Other component, such as cholesterol, can be used to give the rigidity to the niosomes structure. The unique vesicular structure of niosomes, with their bilayer lamellae assembled by nonionic surfactants, is able to increase the bioavailability of a drug to a predetermined area for a period. The amphiphilic nature of niosomes promotes their efficiency in encapsulating hydrophobic or hydrophilic drugs. These nonionic vesicular carriers not only transport the pharmacological agents to target site or disease site, avoiding normal tissues and reducing toxicity in the rest of the body, but also protect drugs from degradation, increase the half-life, payload and solubility of drug and reduce renal clearance. This present review describe overview of niosomes formulation aspects, structure, types of niosomes, advantages, and disadvantages, method of preparation as well as some general observations on niosomes.

A Review on Pulsatile Drug Delivery System: Drug Scheduling based on Biological Rhythm

Advancement in chronopharmacology and the necessity of an appropriate technology for time specific and site specific drug delivery has led to the development of novel type of drug delivery systems as “chronotropic or Pulsatile drug delivery systems”. Rationale for designing pulsatile delivery systems is to release the drug at desired time, which results in improved therapeutic efficacy and patient-outcome. These systems are meant for treatment of those diseases that are caused due to circadian changes in body like asthma, peptic ulcer, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis and when zero order drug release is not desired. These pulsatile delivery systems a releases the drug within a short period of time, immediately after a predetermined lag time. The present article focuses on diseases requiring chronotropic systems and their chronological behaviour, various approaches, recent technologies for chronotherapy and currently available marketed formulations.

Dermal Delivery of Lipid Nanoparticles: Effects on Skin and Assessment of Absorption and Safety.

During the recent decades, dermal delivery has achieved visible popularity mainly due to the increase of chronic skin diseases and the demand for targeted delivery and patient compliance. Dermal delivery provides an attractive alternative to oral drug delivery, promoting the drug application directly at the site of action, resulting in higher localized drug concentration with reduced systemic drug exposure. Among several types of drug delivery systems used in dermal delivery are the lipid nanoparticles, which include solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). These lipid nanocarriers have attracted great interest and have been intensively studied for their use in dermal applications. Lipid nanoparticles increase the transport of active compounds through the skin by improving drug solubilization in the formulation, drug partitioning into the skin, and fluidizing skin lipids. Moreover, these nanocarriers are composed of biologically active and biodegradable lipids that show less toxicity and offer many favorable attributes such as adhesiveness, occlusion, skin hydration, lubrication, smoothness, skin penetration enhancement, modified release, improvement of formulation appearance providing a whitening effect, and offering protection of actives against degradation.This chapter focuses on the effects of lipid nanoparticles in dermal delivery, on the types of active compounds that are used in their formulation and application, some aspects related to their possible toxicity, and a description of the most commonly used techniques for the evaluation of drug absorption on the skin.

Development of Cosmeceutical Based Drug Delivering Micro Patch System

Cosmeceutical is a compound word of Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical, which implies a drug delivery system that can efficiently deliver drugs by combining cosmetics and medicine. This study adopted a microneedle patch system, a type of drug delivery system(DDS). The results of producing and experimenting with polymers such as CMC and pullulan showed that systems using pullulan, which increase adhesion and viscosity and have excellent film-type performance, were optimal. And with the maximum goal of being able to apply various drugs, we applied Finasteride(a kind of hair loss treatment drug) at the present stage. As a result of the content evaluation, we were able to confirm that the content in a series of three patches was over 95%. In this study, a micro-patches system containing finastride is expected to deliver drugs quickly, conveniently and efficiently to hair loss patients.

Advances in Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Agents for Cancer Treatment

Presently, most of the treatment strategies for cancer are focused on the surgical removal of cancerous tumors, along with physical and chemical treatment such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, respectively. The primary issue associated with these methods is the inhibition of normal cell growth and serious side effects associated with systemic toxicity. The traditional chemotherapeutics which were delivered systemically were inadequate and had serious dose limiting side effects. Recent advances in the development of chemotherapeutics have simultaneously paved the way for efficient targeted drug delivery. Despite the advances in the field of oncogenic drugs, several limitations remain, such as early blood clearance, acquired resistance against cytotoxic agents, toxicity associated with chemotherapeutics, and site-specific drug delivery. Hence, this review article focuses on the recent scientific advancements made in different types of drug delivery systems, including, organic nanocarriers (polymers, albumins, liposomes, and micelles), inorganic nanocarriers (mesoporous silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes), aptamers, antibody-drug conjugates, and peptides. These targeted drug delivery approaches offer numerous advantages such as site-specific drug delivery, minimal toxicity, better bioavailability, and an increased overall efficacy of the chemotherapeutics. Graphical abstract.

New nanocarriers based on Porous Clay Heterostructures (PCH) designed for methotrexate delivery

In this paper, two types of porous clay heterostructures were proposed as drug delivery systems for loading of methotrexate (MTX), an antitumor drug used to treat a wide range of diseases. The inorganic porous heterostructured materials, characterized by different textural properties, morphologies and structural properties were synthesized using a montmorillonite as starting clay in which silica precursor was polymerized in various conditions. The properties of porous materials were evaluated by various techniques (FTIR, XPS, XRD, elemental analysis, zeta potential, TEM, BET analysis and UV-VIS). BET results suggested that these materials exhibit superior textural properties than starting clay used in the synthesis. The drug encapsulation efficiency of inorganic hosts was influenced by the textural properties. TEM and XRD analysis indicated that the inorganic hosts were characterized by a highly intercalated-exfoliated structures. The prepared MTX delivery systems were characterized by different drug release profiles that are strongly influenced by the PCHs properties. The proposed inorganic hosts are opening the path for a new type of drug delivery systems. The high encapsulation efficiency, textural and structural properties recommend these types of materials as a potential nanostructured host for methotrexate drug.

Sequence Does Not Matter: The Biomedical Applications of DNA-Based Coatings and Cores.

Biomedical applications of DNA are diverse but are usually associated with specific recognition of target nucleotide sequences or proteins and with gene delivery for therapeutic or biotechnological purposes. However, other aspects of DNA functionalities, like its nontoxicity, biodegradability, polyelectrolyte nature, stability, thermo-responsivity and charge transfer ability that are rather independent of its sequence, have recently become highly appreciated in material science and biomedicine. Whereas the latest achievements in structural DNA nanotechnology associated with DNA sequence recognition and Watson–Crick base pairing between complementary nucleotides are regularly reviewed, the recent uses of DNA as a raw material in biomedicine have not been summarized. This review paper describes the main biomedical applications of DNA that do not involve any synthesis or extraction of oligo- or polynucleotides with specified sequences. These sequence-independent applications currently include some types of drug delivery systems, biocompatible coatings, fire retardant and antimicrobial coatings and biosensors. The reinforcement of DNA properties by DNA complexation with nanoparticles is also described as a field of further research.

Pharmaceutical Applications of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Emulsions for Micro-/Nanoparticle Formation.

Micro-/nanoparticle formulations containing drugs with or without various biocompatible excipients are widely used in the pharmaceutical field to improve the physicochemical and clinical properties of the final drug product. Among the various micro-/nanoparticle production technologies, emulsion-based particle formation is the most widely used because of its unique advantages such as uniform generation of spherical small particles and higher encapsulation efficiency (EE). For this emulsion-based micro-/nanoparticle technology, one of the most important factors is the extraction efficiency associated with the fast removal of the organic solvent. In consideration of this, a technology called supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions (SFEE) that uses the unique mass transfer mechanism and solvent power of a supercritical fluid (SCF) has been proposed to overcome the shortcomings of several conventional technologies such as solvent evaporation, extraction, and spray drying. This review article presents the main aspects of SFEE technology for the preparation of micro-/nanoparticles by focusing on its pharmaceutical applications, which have been organized and classified according to several types of drug delivery systems and active pharmaceutical ingredients. It was definitely confirmed that SFEE can be applied in a variety of drugs from water-soluble to poorly water-soluble. In addition, it has advantages such as low organic solvent residual, high EE, desirable release control, better particle size control, and agglomeration prevention through efficient and fast solvent removal compared to conventional micro-/nanoparticle technologies. Therefore, this review will be a good resource for determining the applicability of SFEE to obtain better pharmaceutical quality when researchers in related fields want to select a suitable manufacturing process for preparing desired micro-/nanoparticle drug delivery systems containing their active material.

Comparison of PLA-Based Micelles and Microspheres as Carriers of Epothilone B and Rapamycin. The Effect of Delivery System and Polymer Composition on Drug Release and Cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells.

Co-delivery of epothilone B (EpoB) and rapamycin (Rap) increases cytotoxicity against various kinds of cancers. However, the current challenge is to develop a drug delivery system (DDS) for the simultaneous delivery and release of these two drugs. Additionally, it is important to understand the release mechanism, as well as the factors that affect drug release, in order to tailor this process. The aim of this study was to analyze PLA–PEG micelles along with several types of microspheres obtained from PLA or a mixture of PLA and PLA–PEG as carriers of EpoB and Rap for their drug release properties and cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells. The study showed that the release process of EpoB and Rap from a PLA-based injectable delivery systems depends on the type of DDS, morphology, and polymeric composition (PLA to PLA–PEG ratio). These factors also affect the biological activity of the DDS, because the cytotoxic effect of the drugs against MDA-MB-231 cells depends on the release rate. The release process from all kinds of DDS was well-characterized by the Peppas–Sahlin model and was mainly controlled by Fickian diffusion. The conducted analysis allowed also for the selection of PLA 50/PLA–PEG 50 microspheres and PLA–PEG micelles as a promising co-delivery system of EpoB and Rap.

Development and evaluation of buccal patches of theophylline

Buccal patches are the types of formulations in which the drug is administered through buccal mucosa. these patches are or placed in between the gums and the for the pharmacological response. The main advantage of these patches is there is no first pass metabolism takes place and easily absorb in systemic circulation through themucosa .the main objective of this drug delivery system is to elevate or increase the bioavailability of the drug. the review informs about the steps involve in the preparation of buccal patch and to promote the awareness towards this type of drug delivery system. This article intends to analyze the overall profile of Buccal Patches and scope of future advances.

New Biodegradable Drug Delivery System for Patients with Dry Eye.

PurposeThis study aimed to develop a new type of drug delivery system (DDS) for treatment of dry eye.MethodsA new lens-type biodegradable DDS was manufactured using gelatin methacryloly, antibiotics, and conjunctival epithelial cells as bio-inks in a Bio X 3D Bioprinter. Gelatin methacryloly was used as a base, and the conditions were analyzed to maintain the overall shape by using a mixture of 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.3% hyaluronic acid. In addition, an experiment was conducted to measure the appropriate concentration by evaluating its cytotoxicity according to the concentration of antibiotics mixed therein to prevent infection. The degree of degradation according to the storage temperature and post-processing of the new lens-type biodegradable DDS was measured.ResultsOptimal conditions were maintained when using a nozzle pressure of 80 kPa and speed of 4 mm/sec, nozzle pressure of 50 kPa and speed of 3 mm/sec, nozzle pressure of 60 kPa and speed of 8 mm/sec for 0.1%, 0.15%, and 0.3% hyaluronic acid concentrations, respectively. Degradation did not occur at 4°C and all the lenses were degraded at 37°C within 24 hours. In addition, the degradation rate was delayed according to the ultraviolet crosslink treatment time. Tobramycin 1% was used as an antibiotic during manufacture.ConclusionsA new lens-type biodegradable DDS that can control the degree of degradation was designed using a 3-dimentional bioprinter. This DDS will contribute to ease of treatment, protection of the cornea, and regeneration of the epithelium in patients with dry eye.