Type Of Diluent Research Articles

Rapid screening of prednisolone acetate adulterants in health foods using colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay

In this study, a rapid detection method utilizing colloidal gold immunochromatography (CG-ICA) was developed for the detection of illegally added prednisone acetate in health foods. Initially, the preparation conditions of colloidal gold solution were optimized. The optimal potassium carbonate dosage, antibody diluent type, antibody dosage, probe labeling time, blocking time and BSA dosage were determined. Technical analysis was performed to ensure that the established CG-ICA exhibited satisfactory color development and inhibition rates. Under optimized conditions, the cut-off value of CG-ICA was 250 μg/kg. The assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 100 %, a false positive rate of 8 %, and a false negative rate of 0, indicating high specificity for prednisone acetate. The results obtained from testing actual samples were consistent with those obtained using LC-MS/MS, thereby verifying the reliability of the developed method. This method offers robust support for the rapid detection of illegally added prednisone acetate in health foods.

Solvent extraction of titanium(IV) from orthophosphoric acid media using Aliquat-336/kerosene and stripping with nitric acid

Titanium extraction from acidic solutions was investigated using Aliquat-336, considering factors like acid type and concentration for leaching, diluent type for solvent extraction, equilibration time, extractant concentration, phase ratio, and temperature. Kerosene exhibited superior performance as an aliphatic diluent for Aliquat-336 compared to other utilized diluents. The extraction efficiency was inversely proportional to the dielectric constant of the diluents. The quantitative Ti(IV) extraction efficiency from phosphoric acid (6 M H3PO4) leach liquor of ilmenite and rutile achived 98 % at room temperature (298 K) in 10 min after mixing with 0.1 M Aliquat-336 dissolved in kerosene at a phase volume ratio of 1:1 (Aq:Org). The exothermic extraction process occurred spontaneously. The proposed extraction mechanism using Aliquat-336/kerosene involves ion-pair association of the extractant with a Ti(IV) complex, confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The Ti(IV) ions were effectively stripped using HNO3 (3 M) with an aqueous:organic phase volume ratio of 1:1 at 25 °C after a contact time of 10 min in each step. The Aliquat-336/kerosene efficiently tested for Ti(IV) recovery from acidic Abu-Ghalaga ilmenite and rutile leachate. The findings indicate that, the phosphate medium is highly efficient in extracting Ti(IV), even with low concentration of Aliquat-336 in kerosene, especially in comparison to the impurities such as Fe, Cr, and Al. The EDX, XRD, and wet chemical analyses of the final product after the hydrolysis of stripped Ti(IV) from samples originating from the Abu-Ghalaga area and rutile samples, confirmed the formation of high-purity TiO2 (predominantly anatase phase). The SEM results showed particles with a regularly spherical structure and uniform size.

Extraction and Separation of zirconium using Aliquat 336 from Egyptian black sand

A solvent extraction method has been employed to extract and separate zirconium from the nitric acid medium using 6% tri-caprylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) [CH3(CH2)7]3N+(CH3) Cl- dissolved in kerosene as diluent. The relevant factors controlling the extraction process of zirconium using Aliquat 336 were studied. These factors include Aliquat 336 concentration, A:O phase ratio, contact time and diluent type. More than 99.6% of Zr was extracted by 6% Aliquat 336 at contact time 10 minutes, phase ratio O:A (v: v) 2:1 and the diluent were kerosene. Third phase formation was studied and dissolving it by using decanol as modifier was also done. Stripping of zirconium from loaded Aliquat 336 has been carried out using 4M H2SO4 as an effective stripping agent. The feasibility of using Aliquat 336 for separation of zirconium was assisted by stripping studies. The loaded zirconium onto Aliquat 336 has been stripped by stripping efficiency 94.18% when using 4M H2SO4 as an efficient eluting agent at 10 minutes contact time and phase ratio O:A (v: v) 1:1.

Formulation Variables Influencing the Development of Ketoconazole Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System

Background: Ketoconazole (KZ) is categorized as class II according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BSC) classification, which shows a strong pH-dependent solubility where its solubility is enhanced under an acidic medium (pH below 3). This strong pH dependence results in unpredictable absorption and a wide range of bioavailabilities. Objective: To prolong the gastric residence time of KZ’s tablet to enhance KZ’s solubility and hence its bioavailability for better therapeutic activity. Methods: To prepare mucoadhesive tablets, we use both direct and wet granulation methods. We employed various evaluation tests to assess the prepared tablets. These tests encompass a range of assessments, including weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, disintegration test, swelling study, mucoadhesive strength study, and in vitro drug release studies. Results: The study found that polymer viscosity, as well as polymer concentration, have a significant effect on mucoadhesive strength and drug release, whereas diluent type has a non-significant influence on drug release. We selected Formula 7, which employs xanthan gum as a mucoadhesive polymer in a 1:1 drug polymer ratio, as the optimum formula because it provides an accepted physico-mechanical property and releases 87% of the drug over 8 hours. Conclusions: Gastric mucoadhesive tablets may be an effective method of delivering active ingredients, as they provide a favorable environment that enhances their dissolution by extending their duration in the stomach, thereby increasing their bioavailability.

Effect of kyron T-134 and crospovidone as a fast disintegrating agent on formulation properties of fast dissolving tablet containing ketorolac and rizatriptan using direct compression method

Background and objective: Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) are "they are uncoated tablets that are supposed to be placed in the mouth and dispersed quickly before being swallowed" within minutes. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a combination of ketorolac and rizatriptan as orally fast-dissolving tablets using the most common and easiest method to treat migraine attacks with or without aura. To investigate the effects of various types of diluents and super disintegrants on wetting time, water absorption ratio, disintegration, and dissolution time of combined drugs (ketorolac and rizatriptan) as oral dissolving tablets prepared by direct compression technique. Methods: Pre-formulation experiments were carried out in order to rule out any physicochemical interactions between the two medications (ketorolac and rizatriptan) as well as between each drug and its excipients. Four different formulations of fast-dissolving tablets with different types and ratios of diluents and super disintegrants were created using the direct compression technique in order to improve the formulation. Organoleptic characteristics, weight variation, thickness, friability, hardness, disintegration duration, wetting duration, water absorption ratio, drug content, in-vitro dissolution, stability, and comparison tests have all been characterized. Results: According to FT-IR, the two drugs and excipients exhibit no physicochemical interactions. The ideal formula F4 contains crospovidone and Kyron T-134 at optimal concentrations of 2.5% and 2.5%, respectively, and provides the majority of pharmaceutical drugs to be released within the first five minutes, a strong stability profile, the shortest wetting time with the fastest disintegration time (10 sec), and a pleasant flavor (strawberry flavoring agent). Conclusion: Kyron T-134 with Crospovidone in a (1:1) ratio provided rapid disintegration. Ketorolac tromethamine and rizatriptan benzoate may be made into fast-dissolving oral tablets using Kyron T-134 and Crospovidone. Improving migraine compliance is a reasonable goal.

Design of Localized High-Concentration Electrolytes from the Perspective of Physicochemical Properties.

The physicochemical properties of electrolytes profoundly impact the energy density, rate performance, and manufacturability of rechargeable lithium batteries. Localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCEs), a novel electrolyte class, have attracted considerable interest, yet the impact of diluents on their physicochemical properties remains unclear, as most reports involve only a few samples. Here we prepared 345 electrolyte samples using 21 diluents and systematically investigated the effect of diluent type and content on the miscibility, density, viscosity, and ion conductivity of LHCEs. We found that the physicochemical properties of LHCEs are mainly affected by the diluents' density and viscosity, regardless of type. Notably, the ionic conductivity exhibits two typical variance trends, "volcano" and "descending," both correlating strongly with diluents' viscosity rather than dielectric constant, a parameter commonly employed in electrolyte design. This anomaly can be explained by the "plum pudding" solvation model, providing essential insights for developing lightweight, highly fluid, and conductive LHCEs.

In-use stability of Rituximab and IVIG during intravenous infusion: Impact of peristaltic pump, IV bags, flow rate, and plastic syringes

This study investigates the impact of intravenous (IV) infusion protocols on the stability of Intravenous Immunoglobulin G (IVIG) and Rituximab, with a particular focus on subvisible particle generation. Infusion set based on peristaltic movement (Medifusion DI-2000 pump) was compared to a gravity-based infusion system (Accu-Drip) at different flow rates. The impacts of different diluents (0.9 % saline and 5.0 % dextrose) and plastic syringes with or without silicone oil (SO) were also investigated. The results from the aforementioned particular case demonstrated that peristaltic pumps generated high levels of subvisible particles (prominently < 25 µm), exacerbated by increasing flow rates, specifically in formulations lacking surfactants. Other factors, such as diluent type and syringe composition, also increased the number of subvisible particles. Strategies that can help overcome these complications include surfactant addition as well as the use of SO-free syringes and a gravity infusion system, which aid in reducing particle formation and preserving antibody monomer during administration. Altogether, these findings highlight the importance of the careful selection of formulations and infusion protocols to minimize particle generation during IV infusion both for patients’ safety and treatment efficacy.

Liquid-liquid extraction equilibrium study of vanadium(V) from nitrate medium by technical grade D2EHPA dissolved in kerosene

The extraction behaviour of vanadium (V) from nitric acid solutions was studied using technical grade D2EHPA in kerosene as an extractant. The effects of aqueous pH, the concentration of vanadium (V) and nitrate ion in the aqueous phase, and the concentration of D2EHPA in the organic phase were investigated. The extraction equilibration time was 30 min. Metal ion dependencies appeared non-ideal due to the non-constancy of the aqueous phase acidity and the equilibrium extractant concentration. Two types of extraction mechanisms originated from the study of pH dependency. The study conceded that the extraction of vanadium (V) occurred via ion exchange or chelation type of extraction when the pH(eq) &lt;2.50. On the other hand, the solvated ion-pair extraction mechanism occurs when the pH(eq) was above 2.50. The extractant dependencies showed that vanadium (V) species were extracted by one molecule of D2EHPA. The salting-out effect was observed from the effect of nitrate ion concentration. The effect of various types of diluents on vanadium (V) extraction with technical grade D2EHPA was studied; kerosene appeared to be a suitable diluent. The temperature dependence data revealed that the system was exothermic with the ΔH value of -12.34 kJ/mol. The loading capacity was 6.11 g vanadium (V) per 100 g extractant. The H2SO4 (0.5 mol/L) was the right stripping agent for the extracted species.

Preparation and properties of UV curing varnish suited for various substrates

UV-curing varnish has gained widespread application in the field of surface treatment due to its advantages such as low-temperature curing, easy fading, and environmental friendliness. The aim of this study is to develop a high-performance UV-curing varnish compatible with various substrates. Five prepolymers, Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA), Poly (methyl methacrylate-random-acrylic acid) P(MMA-r-AA), Poly (methyl methacrylate-random-glycidyl methacrylate-random-styrene) (P(MMA-r-GMA-r-St)), Poly (methyl methacrylate-random-butyl acrylate-random-glycidyl methacrylate) (P(MMA-r-BA-r-GMA)) and Poly (butyl acrylate-random acrylic acid-random glycidyl methacrylate-random styrene)(P(BA-r-AA-r-GMA-r-St)), were synthesized by free radical polymerization. The film-forming effect of prepolymer on 13 substrates such as glass, coated paper, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol terephthalate and low density polyethylene was investigated. Based on the results, the two prepolymers with the best film-forming properties were selected and combined with five distinct diluents and two types of photoinitiators to produce multiple UV-curing varnish formulations. The effects of the types of prepolymer, the types and contents of photoinitiator, the types of diluent and the ratios of prepolymer to diluent on the photocuring rate of UV curing varnish were investigated. The structures of prepolymer were characterized by Fourier infrared spectrometer. The experimental results show that PMMA and P(MMA-r-GMA-r-St) have better film-forming effects on 13 substrates. When the prepolymer is P(MMA-r-GMA-r-St), the photoinitiator is ITX, the photoinitiator content is 75 mg/mL, diethylenetriamine:GMA = 1:3 (diluent), and the ratio of prepolymer to diluent is 1:4, the photocuring rate of UV curing varnish is the fastest.

Facile compliance-based pump for blood physiometer

The biomechanical properties of blood are considered promising label-free biomarkers for early disease detection. Disposable pumps have been suggested as replacements for bulky and expensive syringe pumps. However, they have limitations, including initial air bubble removal, simple stop-and-run flow control, and quantification of many rheological properties. In this study, a compliance-based pump (CP) is developed by fitting a blood-loaded syringe, an air-compliance unit, and a needle into each port of a three-way valve. When blood is loaded into the microfluidic channel from the CP, the initial air bubbles are removed from the channels. By manipulating the three-way valve, blood flow is stopped immediately. Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation index (AI) is obtained by analyzing microscopic blood images. The air-compliance unit induces a transient blood flow. The time-resolved micro-particle image velocimetry technique is employed to obtain the blood velocity. The flow rate and time constant are obtained by assuming the flow rate as Q (t) = Q1 exp(−t/λ1) + Q2 exp(t/λ2) and conducting nonlinear regression analysis. The proposed method is employed to obtain the properties (AI, Q1, Q2, λ1, and λ2) of suspended bloods (hematocrit = 30%–70%, 5–30 mg/ml dextran solution, and heat-shocked RBCs). It is also used to detect four different types of suspended blood prepared by adding two types of RBCs (normal or hardened RBCs) to two types of diluents (1 × phosphate-buffered saline or dextran). In conclusion, the proposed method can be used to detect differences in suspended blood by manipulating the CP and consistently analyzing microscopic blood images.

Improving the Performance of Photoactive Terpene-Based Resin Formulations for Light-Based Additive Manufacturing.

Photocurable liquid formulations have been a key research focus for the preparation of mechanically robust and thermally stable networks. However, the development of renewable resins to replace petroleum-based commodities presents a great challenge in the field. From this perspective, we disclose the design of photoactive resins based on terpenes and itaconic acid, both potentially naturally sourced, to prepare photosets with adjustable thermomechanical properties. Biobased perillyl itaconate (PerIt) was synthesized from renewable perillyl alcohol and itaconic anhydride via a scalable solvent-free method. Photoirradiation of PerIt in the presence of a multiarm thiol and photoinitiator led to the formation of networks over a range of compositions. Addition of nonmodified terpenes (perillyl alcohol, linalool, or limonene) as reactive diluents allowed for more facile preparation of photocured networks. Photosets within a wide range of properties were accessed, and these could be adjusted by varying diluent type and thiol stoichiometry. The resins showed rapid photocuring kinetics and the ability to form either brittle or elastic materials, with Young's modulus and strain at break ranging from 3.6 to 358 MPa and 15 to 367%, respectively, depending on the chemical composition of the resin. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) were influenced by thioether content, with temperatures ranging from 5 to 43 °C, and all photosets displayed good thermal resistance with Td,5% > 190 °C. Selected formulations containing PerIt and limonene demonstrated suitability for additive manufacturing technologies and high-resolution objects were printed via digital light processing (DLP). Overall, this work presents a simple and straightforward route to prepare renewable resins for rapid prototyping applications.

Laminar burning velocity of NH3 + N2 + O2 and NH3 + Ar + O2 flames at ultra-lean and rich conditions

Ammonia (NH3) has received increasing attention as a carbon-free alternative fuel. The laminar burning velocities (SL) of NH3-containing flames have been extensively investigated, resulting in the development, updating, or optimization of many mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to test the validity of the available mechanisms by measuring the SL of ammonia flames at ultra-lean (ϕ = 0.3–0.6) and rich (ϕ = 1.5–1.8) conditions, which were not covered by literature experiments and thus outside the validation targets of the literature mechanisms. The measurements were conducted using the heat flux method at 1 atm and 298 K, with careful evaluation of uncertainties in laminar burning velocities, oxygen ratios, and equivalence ratios. In addition to NH3 + O2 + N2, we also tested NH3 + O2 + Ar flames to provide data at broader conditions. Simulations were carried out using eleven kinetic mechanisms that have been validated against the NH3 laminar burning velocities when first published, and none of them reproduces well the present experimental data with mixed behavior observed, indicating the necessity of SL measurements with different oxygen ratios and diluent types, as well as that there is still space for mechanism updating. A-factor reaction sensitivity analyses were also conducted using the eleven mechanisms, providing uncertainty ranges of rate constants based on their variations in the different mechanisms. Our analyses suggest that future mechanism updating should focus on especially on the temperature dependences of the sensitive reactions with large rate constant uncertainties. In addition, mechanism updating targeting fuel-rich side data will be more challenging than the lean side due to a larger number of large-uncertainty reactions.

Solvent Extraction of Manganese and Zinc from Chloride Leach Solution of Spent Zn–C Batteries with DEHPA in Benzene Diluent

The applicability of utilizing solvent extraction processes of manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) from chloride leachate of spent zinc–carbon (Zn–C) batteries has been studied by using di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (DEHPA) as an extractant agent. The effect of five factors (equilibrium pH, O/A ratio, temperature, extractant concentration, and diluent type) were investigated. According to the results gained, the appropriate solution pH level for DEHPA was found to be 6.5. With DEHPA (20%, v/v), 77.50% Mn and 100% Zn were extracted, within 15 min contact time at a 1:1 aqueous/organic ratio and 50 °C temperature. Also, a McCabe–Thiele diagram was drawn and one single-step extraction for Zn and a two-stage process for Mn were needed to achieve the highest extraction efficiency. ΔH as a thermodynamic parameter was calculated and found to be 18.39 kJ/mol for Mn and − 245.50 kJ/mol for Zn, respectively, indicating that the extraction process was endothermic for Mn and exothermic for Zn. A desirable stripping of Mn and Zn from the loaded organic phase could be obtained using a stripping solution of 6 M HCl.Graphical

Removal of furosemide from water by emulsion liquid membrane: Influence of experimental conditions and real water matrices

This work investigates the removal of furosemide (FSM) from low pH aqueous phase by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). The influence of various experimental conditions on FSM permeation rate and subsequent emulsion stability, such as surfactant concentration, diluent type, stripping solution concentration, feed solution pH, stripping solution/membrane solution volume ratio, emulsification time and speed, stirring rate, initial FSM concentration, and emulsion/feed solution volume ratio, was evaluated. The ability to extract FSM in different natural complex matrices was examined. The ELM system is formed by Span 80 (5% w/w) as surfactant, hexane as diluent, NaOH (0.01 N) as stripping agent, stripping solution/membrane solution volume ratio of 1/1, treatment volume ratio of 20/200, and mixing rate of 200 rpm. The treatment process demonstrates complete removal of FSM within a remarkably short time span of 20 min. In seawater and natural mineral water, the extraction efficiency is 94.3% and 96.8%, respectively, after 20 min. Additionally, the stripping efficiency of FSM is reported to be excellent (100%), demonstrating the remarkable ability of ELM to remove and recover FSM from water. For these reasons, the ELM technique is a particularly interesting process for treating FSM-contaminated water.

Non-isothermal curing kinetics of soybean oil-based resins: Effect of initiator and reactive diluent

Soybean oil has been utilized as a raw material to develop biobased polymer to replace petroleum-based counterparts due to its abundance, renewability, and molecular designability. Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) is a commercially available product and has been used in coatings, plasticizers, and composites. The curing of AESO resins normally refers to the free-radical polymerization of CC bonds, which is closely related to the types of initiators and reactive diluents (RDs). In this work, the processing parameters and curing kinetic mechanism of AESO resins were investigated based on the extrapolation method, Kissinger, Crane, and Friedman equations, and the influences of initiators and RDs on the curing of the resins were explored. Results indicated that the types of initiators significantly affected the processability and curing kinetics of AESO resins, and the curing temperatures and reaction activation energy of the resins were strongly associated with the decomposition temperature and activation energy of the initiators. The number of CC bonds and molecular structure of RDs considerably influence the curing characteristics of the resins. The addition of RDs endowed the reaction more complexity, and the activation energy significantly depended on the level of CC conversion.

Elimination of rare earth (neodymium (III)) from water by emulsion liquid membrane process using D2EHPA as a carrier in kerosene

The present paper highlights the process for the purification of water, which contains Neodymium (III).The applicability of the Liquid Surfactant Membrane (LSM) process for the removal and the concentration of Nd (III) was investigated. The LSM consists of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid as a carrier, commercial kerosene as an organic solvent, span 80 as an emulsifying agent, and sulphuric acid as a stripping phase. The important factors studied which affect the removal Nd (III) are the concentrations of surfactant (1–9% w/w), carrier (0.05–0.9% w/w), internal phase (0.05–1 N H2SO4), pH of feed solution, stirring speed (100 −400 rpm), external phase concentration and type of diluent. The results showed that it is possible to remove 95% of Nd (III) after 15 min contact time by using ELM at the optimum operating conditions. The application of this new membrane matrix based on sulphuric acid used as inner phase, sorbitan monooleate as a surfactant, and D2EHPA as an extractant in kerosene as a diluent has been proven effective for extracting Neodymium (III) ions in water.

Trace-scale extraction of carrier-free tungsten radioisotope as a homolog of Sg using ionic liquid from acid solutions: Kinetic study

This study aimed to find a rapid extraction system for the preparation of a Seaborgium (Sg) aqueous chemistry experiment in the future. A new approach for extraction of 181W tracer as a lighter homolog of (Sg) by ionic liquids is explored. A natural tantalum target was activated by a beam of 9 MeV proton at Cologne University to produce carrier-free 181W. The preliminary batch extraction experiments of the carrier-free 181W from HCl and H2SO4 solutions have been evaluated. Different batch extraction parameters such as feed acidity, diluent type, ionic strength (KCl feed) and reducing agent as a function of time were explored. The obtained results demonstrated that the highest distribution of carrier-free 181W from 0.001 M acidic solutions using the used ionic liquid is observed. A significant rapid kinetic for the extraction of trace-scale using the used ionic liquid is achieved within 5 sec. The preliminary results are necessary to design the upcoming aqueous experiments of Sg. The next goal will be on-line experiments with the centrifuge system SISAK to develop the aqueous chemistry extraction of Sg using the most promising and adequate experimental setup.

Novel Extraction of Phosphorus using Interaction of Tricaprylylmethylammonium Chloride (TOMAC) with Biodegradable Mixture of Vegetable Oils

This work addresses the development of green formulation for phosphorus compound removal from aqueous solution via solvent extraction process. Several types of extractants, diluents and stripping agents were experimentally investigated and the best formulation was determined. Additionally, other parameters investigated were extractant and stripping agent concentrations. Results showed that TOMAC, a mixture of palm oil (PO) and sunflower oil (SO) as well as sodium chloride (NaCl) turned out to be the best extractant, diluent and stripping agent, respectively. Almost 100 % of 50 ppm of phosphorus were successfully extracted under optimum conditions of 0.3M TOMAC in a mixture of 50% PO + 50% SO. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the intermolecular bonding formation between phosphorus, vegetable oils and TOMAC molecules. Meanwhile, almost 96.5% of phosphorus can be recovered using 1.0M NaCl in two stages of stripping process. Stoichiometric studies showed that about one mole of TOMAC and NaCl were involved during the extraction and stripping reaction of phosphorus, respectively. It can be concluded that the solvent extraction with new green formulation containing TOMAC in interaction with vegetable oils seems to be one of the novel sustainable approaches in removing phosphorus from agricultural wastewater.

Comparison of Semen Diluted Basis (Tris-Egg Yolk) with Diluted Commercial Semen (Andromed®) in Frozen Goat Semen on Sperm Quality by CASA

The process of producing frozen goat semen involves a preparation of semen diluents, which is complicated. Since it involves a rapid temperature reduction, the quality of the sperm deteriorates. This study aimed to determine the comparison of semen diluted basis (Tris-egg yolk) with diluted commercial semen (Andromed®) in frozen goat semen on sperm quality by Computer aided sperm analysis (CASA) after thawing at 0, 1 and 3h. by using 1 Goat (Boer) semen. The semen was collected by means of an artificial vagina diluted with both types of semen diluent. Then the semen was preserved by a freezing method. The results showed that the preliminary assessment of fresh semen quality was good and suitable for use in frozen semen production. Additionally, it was found that frozen goat semen diluted basis (Tris-egg yolk) and diluted commercial semen (Andromed®) had no significant difference in motility, progressive motility, VAP, VSL, VCL, ALH, BCF (HZ), STR (%) and LIN (%) at 0h. However, at 1h, the motility and the progressive motility of Andromed® were 87.20±2.71% and 46.98±6.03%, while those of Tris-egg yolk were 68.55±11.5% and 34.20±4.42% respectively which these values were significantly different (P&lt;0.05). At 3h, the motility and the progressive motility of Andromed® were 73.45±3.04% and 31.58±6.63%, while those of Tris-egg yolk were 10.43±1.63% and 1.37±0.06% respectively which these values were significantly different (P&lt;0.01). In addition, at 1 and 3h, the VAP, VSL, VCL, ALH, and STR values of Andromed® diluted sperm were higher than those of Tris-egg yolk. From this study, it was found that commercial semen diluent (Andromed®) helps to maintain the quality of frozen goat semen and reduce the steps of semen diluent preparation. It can also be applied in farms or agencies.

Influence of diluent on antimicrobial activity of cinnamon bark essential oil vapor against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica on a laboratory medium and beef jerky

The influence of chemical diluents on the antimicrobial activity of plant essential oil (EO) vapors was evaluated. We first determined if vapors generated from 22 chemical diluents not containing EO had antimicrobial activities. Ethyl ether vapor retarded the growth of S. aureus. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimal lethal concentrations (MLCs) of cinnamon bark EO vapor, which was diluted in and generated from 21 diluents, against S. aureus and S. enterica were determined. Cinnamon bark EO vapor showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower MICs against S. aureus when diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, ethyl acetate, or jojoba oil, and against S. enterica when diluted in DMSO, ethanol, or jojoba oil, compared to those in other diluents. We compared antimicrobial activities of cinnamon bark EO vapor diluted in DMSO, ethanol, ethyl acetate, or jojoba oil against S. aureus and S. enterica on beef jerky as a food model. Antimicrobial activity was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher when vaporized from DMSO. These results indicate that antimicrobial activity of cinnamon bark EO vapor may vary significantly (P ≤ 0.05) depending on the type of diluent from which it is vaporized. These observations provide basic information when developing food and food-contact surface decontamination strategies using EO vapors.