Types Of Dietary Fiber Research Articles

Optimization of Chemical Extraction Conditions of Dietary Fiber from Cistanche deserticola Residues and Its Structural Characteristics and Physicochemical and Functional Properties.

Cistanche deserticola residues are by-products of the industrial production of Cistanche deserticola, which are currently often discarded, resulting in the waste of resources. In order to achieve the efficient utilization of Cistanche deserticola, dietary fiber from Cistanche deserticola residues was extracted chemically and the optimization of the extraction conditions was performed, using the response surface methodology to study the effects of the NaOH concentration, extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid-liquid ratio on the yield of water-soluble dietary fiber (SDF). The structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of the dietary fiber were also investigated. The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows: NaOH concentration of 3.7%, extraction temperature of 71.7 °C, extraction time of 89.5 min, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:34. The average yield of SDF was 19.56%, which was close to the predicted value of 19.66%. The two dietary fiber types had typical polysaccharide absorption peaks and typical type I cellulose crystal structures, and the surface microstructures of the two dietary fiber types were different, with the surface of SDF being looser and more porous. Both dietary fiber types had good functional properties, with SDF having the strongest water-holding capacity and the strongest adsorption capacity for nitrite, cholesterol, sodium cholate, and glucose, while IDF had a better oil-holding capacity. These results suggest that Cistanche deserticola residues are a good source of dietary fiber and have promising applications in the functional food processing industry.

Functional profiling of gut microbial and immune responses toward different types of dietary fiber: a step toward personalized dietary interventions

ABSTRACT Dietary fiber plays a crucial role in maintaining gut and overall health. The objective of this study was to investigate whether different types of dietary fiber elicited specific changes in gut microbiota composition and the production of short-chain fatty acids. To test this, a longitudinal crossover study design was employed, in which healthy adult women consumed three distinct dietary fiber supplements: Inulin (fructo-oligosaccharide), Vitafiber (isomalto-oligosaccharide), and Fibremax (mixture of different fiber) during a one-week intervention period, followed by a 2-week washout period. A total of 15 g of soluble fiber was consumed daily for each supplement. Samples were collected before and after each intervention to analyze the composition of the gut microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing and fecal levels of short-chain fatty acids measured using nuclear magnetic resonance. Phenotypic changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied in subsets of participants with higher SCFA levels post-intervention using spectral flow cytometry. The results revealed substantial stability and resilience of the overall gut bacterial community toward fiber-induced changes. However, each supplement had specific effects on gut bacterial alpha and beta diversity, SCFA production, and immune changes. Inulin consistently exerted the most pronounced effect across individuals and certain taxa were identified as potential indicators of SCFA production in response to inulin supplementation. This distinguishing feature was not observed for the other fiber supplements. Further large-scale studies are required to confirm these findings. Overall, our study implies that personalized dietary fiber intervention could be tailored to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria to maximize SCFA production and associated health benefits.

148 Evaluation of Multicarbohydrase Supplementation in Soluble and Insoluble Fiber-Based sow Diets on Markers of Immune Function, Inflammation, and Oxidative Status at mid and Late Gestation

Abstract Carbohydrase supplementation in soluble and insoluble fiber-based diets can improve the health, gastrointestinal function, and livability of growing pigs. However, its efficacy in sow diets is incompletely understood. The experimental objective was to investigate the effects of soluble (20% sugar beet pulp) versus insoluble (20% reduce oil corn DDGS) dietary fiber with or without multicarbohydrase supplementation on systemic markers of gut barrier integrity, inflammation, and oxidative stress of sows at mid and late gestation. On d 28 of gestation, 36 confirmed gestating sows (186 ± 4.6 kg BW) were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets (n = 8) in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Factors included fiber type of either insoluble fiber (IF; 16.91 IDF%) or soluble fiber (SF; 5.26 SDF%) and with (+) or without (-) enzyme supplementation (0.05%, Rovabio Advance P10; Adisseo, Antony, France). Diets were fed from d 28 to d 109 of gestation at a feeding level of 2.4 kg/d. On d 50 and d 99 of gestation, before an 8-d metabolism collection period, serum and plasma were collected via jugular venipuncture and analyzed for malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), and a 13-plex cytokine array. Data were analyzed as repeated records using a linear mixed model (PROC Mixed, SAS 9.4) with block as a random effect, and fiber type, enzyme supplementation, and collection period and their interaction as fixed effects. Relative to mid gestation, serum malondialdehyde concentrations were greater in late gestation (5.53 vs. 7.52 μmol/mL; Period P = 0.015), and a similar effect was observed for plasma TAC (5.81 vs. 6.59 mmol/L; Period P = 0.008). Sows fed SF tended to have increased circulating Interleukin (IL)-10 (4.97 vs. 8.59 ng/mL; Fiber P = 0.096) and had increased serum IL-6 (0.65 vs. 1.40 ng/mL; Fiber P = 0.032). Multicarbohydrase supplementation decreased serum IL-4 (17.97 vs. 9.67 ng/mL; Enzyme P = 0.012). Irrespective of collection period, multicarbohydrase supplementation increased Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-stimulating factor in sows fed IF but reduced it in those fed SF (220, 430, 550, 260 pg/mL for IF-, IF+, SF-, and SF+, respectively; Fiber×Enzyme P = 0.042). Sows fed SF+ had increased serum IL-1 receptor antagonist (2.12, 2.20, 2.69, 4.18 ng/ml for IF-, IF+, SF-, and SF+, respectively; Fiber×Enzyme P = 0.035), and IL-2 (1.53, 1.67, 1.64, 2.89 ng/mL for IF-, IF+, SF-, and SF+; Fiber×Enzyme P = 0.042). In the presence of IF, multicarbohydrases increased serum LBP, but not when supplemented with SF (9.68, 10.90, 10.02, 9.68 ng/mL for IF-, IF+, SF-, and SF+, respectively; Fiber×Enzyme P = 0.028). Circulating IL-8 (0.24 vs. 0.10 ng/mL) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (1.26 vs. 0.60 ng/ml) were reduced in sows fed multicarbohydrases (Enzyme P < 0.05). Collectively, supplementing multicarbohydrases may reduce systemic endotoxin and inflammatory pressures throughout gestation, but mechanisms are unique to dietary fiber type.

Impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota composition, function and gut-brain-modules in healthy adults – a systematic review protocol

Background: The gut microbiota has been extensively implicated in health and disease. The functional outputs of the gut microbiota, such as microbial metabolites, are considered particularly important in this regard. Significant associations exist between alterations in the relative abundance of specific microbial taxa and mental health disorders. Dietary fiber has the potential to alter gut microbiota composition and function, modifying bacterial enzymatic function and the production of metabolites. As many taxa of microorganisms have enzymes capable of producing or degrading neurochemicals i.e. neuroactive gut brain modules, new predictive tools can be applied to existing datasets such as those harvested from dietary fiber interventions. We endeavor to perform a systematic review in order to identify studies reporting compositional gut microbiota alterations after interventions with dietary fiber in healthy individuals. We aim to also extract from the selected studies publicly available microbial genomic sequence datasets for reanalysis with a consistent bioinformatics pipeline, with the ultimate intention of identifying altered gut brain modules following dietary fiber interventions. Methods: Interventional trials and randomized controlled studies that are originally published, including cross-over and non-crossover design and involving healthy adult humans will be included. A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE, two electronic databases, will be completed. Discussion: Various types of dietary fiber have an impact on the gut microbiota composition, with some promoting the growth of particular taxa while others are reduced in relative abundance. Our search focuses on the impact of this food component on the microbiota of healthy individuals. Compositional gut microbial changes have been reported and our review will compile and update these observations after reanalysis of their datasets with a consistent bioinformatic pipeline. From this it may be possible to predict more detailed functional consequences in terms of neuroactive gut brain modules, of the compositional alterations in gut microbial taxa.

Effects of Different Types of Dietary Fibers on Lipid Metabolism and Bile Acids in Weaned Piglets.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary fiber on the serum biochemistry, bile acid profile, and gut microbiota in piglets. Twenty-four pigs (initial body weight: 10.53 ± 1.23 kg) were randomly divided into three treatments with eight replicate pens of one pig per pen for 21 d. The dietary treatments consisted of the following: (1) a fiber-free diet (NS); (2) a fiber-free diet + 3% fructooligosaccharides (SI); (3) a fiber-free diet + 3% dietary fiber mixture (fructooligosaccharides, long-chain inulin, and microcrystalline cellulose at the ratio 1:1:1; MIX). The results showed that compared with the NS group, the 3% SI diet reduced the serum total cholesterol (TC) concentration of the piglets (p < 0.05). The metabolomics results showed that the 3% SI diet increased the level of taurohyocholic acid (THCA) and α-muricholic acid, and the 3% MIX diet increased the level of THCA and cholic acid (p < 0.05). The use of 3% SI or MIX decreased the glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) level in the bile of the piglets (p < 0.05). The correlation analysis shows that the GDCA was positively related to the TC. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that UCG-002 and Holdemanella were enriched in the SI group, while Bacteroides was enriched in the MIX group. The microbial function prediction indicated that SI supplementation tended to elevate the relative abundance of gut bacteria capable of expressing bile acid-metabolizing enzymes. To sum up, the regulatory effect of dietary fiber on lipid metabolism is related to bile acids in piglets. Compared with MIX, SI is more likely to regulate bile acids through the gut microbiota.

Type and Amount of Dietary Fiber Influence the Hindgut Synthesis of Organic Acids from Fermentable Material of Both Total and Nondietary Origin in a Pig Model of the Adult Human

BackgroundOrganic acid synthesis by the hindgut microbiota is commonly believed to be mainly of fermentable material of dietary origin. ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the hindgut organic acid synthesis from fermentable material of dietary (mainly fiber) or nondietary origin for different types and amounts of dietary fiber in growing pigs used as a model for adult humans. MethodSeven fiber-containing diets were formulated: 4 fiber types (cellulose, gum acacia, oligofructose, and pectin) at 6% of the diet and 3 (gum acacia, oligofructose, and pectin) at 3% as the sole fiber source. Ileal cannulated female pigs (n = 14; Landrace/Large white) were fed the fiber-containing diets (n = 6 pigs/diet) for 11 days (fiber phase) followed by 3 days on a fiber-free diet (fiber-free phase), using a replicated Youden square. Ileal digesta for each phase were collected and fermented in vitro with a pooled fecal microbial inoculum prepared from feces collected during the fiber phase to determine the organic acids synthesized from fermentable material of dietary (fiber phase) and nondietary (fiber-free phase) origins. ResultsThe total amount of each individual organic acid synthesized during in vitro hindgut fermentation differed (P ≤ 0.05) across the types and amounts of dietary fiber intake. For example, the amount of acetate was 3.6-fold higher (P ≤ 0.05) for pigs fed the 6% pectin-containing diet than those fed the 6% oligofructose-containing diet. The nondietary substrate contributed between 36% (hexanoate) and 70% (succinate) to the total hindgut organic acid synthesis. The adaptation to the different fiber-containing diets led to different amounts of some organic acids of nondietary origin. ConclusionsThe total amount of organic acids synthesized in the hindgut by the resident microbes is influenced by the type and amount of dietary fiber consumed. This study quantifies the interaction between both dietary and nondietary fermentable materials in hindgut fermentation.

Oat beta-glucan reduces colitis by promoting autophagy flux in intestinal epithelial cells via EPHB6-TFEB axis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, mainly including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Epidemiological findings suggest that inadequate dietary fibers intake may be a risk factor for IBD. Oat beta-glucan is a type of fermentable dietary fiber and has been proved to reduce experimental colitis. However, the mechanism remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the role and possible mechanism of oat beta-glucan in reducing experimental colitis. We used a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice acute colitis model to explore the potential mechanism of oat beta-glucan in reducing experimental colitis. As a result, oat beta-glucan upregulated the expressions of Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte receptor B6 (EPHB6) and transcription factor EB (TFEB), promoted autophagy flux and downregulated the expressions of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The role of the EPHB6-TFEB axis was explored using a lipopolysaccharide-induced HT-29 cells inflammation model. The results revealed that EPHB6 regulated the expression of TFEB, and knockdown of EPHB6 decreased the protein level of TFEB. When EPHB6 or TFEB was knocked down, autophagy flux was inhibited, and the anti-inflammatory effect of sodium butyrate, a main metabolite of oat beta-glucan in the gut, was blocked. In summary, our findings demonstrated that oat beta-glucan reduced DSS-induced acute colitis in mice, promoted autophagy flux via EPHB6-TFEB axis and downregulated the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in IECs, and this effect may be mediated by butyrate.

Dissecting the impact of dietary fiber type on atherosclerosis in mice colonized with different gut microbial communities

Dietary fiber consumption has been linked with improved cardiometabolic health, however, human studies have reported large interindividual variations in the observed benefits. We tested whether the effects of dietary fiber on atherosclerosis are influenced by the gut microbiome. We colonized germ-free ApoE−/− mice with fecal samples from three human donors (DonA, DonB, and DonC) and fed them diets supplemented with either a mix of 5 fermentable fibers (FF) or non-fermentable cellulose control (CC) diet. We found that DonA-colonized mice had reduced atherosclerosis burden with FF feeding compared to their CC-fed counterparts, whereas the type of fiber did not affect atherosclerosis in mice colonized with microbiota from the other donors. Microbial shifts associated with FF feeding in DonA mice were characterized by higher relative abundances of butyrate-producing taxa, higher butyrate levels, and enrichment of genes involved in synthesis of B vitamins. Our results suggest that atheroprotection in response to FF is not universal and is influenced by the gut microbiome.

Use of Dietary Fibers in Reducing the Risk of Several Cancer Types: An Umbrella Review.

(1) Background: Numerous meta-analyses have shown that a high intake of dietary fiber plays a protective role in preventing the development of various types of cancer. However, previous studies have been limited by focusing on a single type of dietary fiber and variations in outcome measures, which may not be effectively applied to provide dietary guidance for the general population. (2) Object: We summarized the meta-analysis of dietary fiber and cancer, and provided references for residents to prevent cancer. (3) Methods: Systematic search of relevant meta-analyses on the association between dietary fiber and cancer occurrence in PubMed, Web of Science and other databases was conducted from the time of database construction to February 2023. The method logical and evidence quality assessments were performed by applying the criteria in the "A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews-2" (AMSTAR2) scale and the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Expert Report, respectively. (4) Results: Our analysis included 11 meta-analyses, and the AMSTAR 2 assessment revealed that the overall methodological quality was suboptimal, with two key items lacking sufficient information. Nonetheless, our findings indicate that a high intake of dietary fiber is associated with a reduced risk of several types of cancer, including esophageal, gastric, colon, rectal, colorectal adenoma, breast, endometrial, ovarian, renal cell, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. The majority of these associations were supported by a "probable" level of evidence. (5) Conclusions: Dietary fiber intake has different protective effects on different cancers.

Preparation, Physicochemical Properties, and Structural Characterization of Resistant Starch-Aspirin-Loaded Microspheres.

BACKGROUND Resistant starch is a novel type of dietary fiber that can be considered as a natural polymer carrier with potential development prospects in the field of oral colonic release preparations since it can be degraded by bacteria in the large intestine. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, oral resistant starch-drug-loaded microspheres were prepared by spraydrying, and the response surface method was used to optimize the process based on the encapsulation efficiency. RESULTS The optimal preparation process conditions for the resistant starch-aspirin-loaded microspheres were as follows: core material: wall material ratio of 1: 1.98, chitosan solution concentration of 1.98%, and spray drying air inlet temperature of 130.45°C resulted in a reliable entrapment efficiency of 68.96%. Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the encapsulated aspirin-starch microspheres did not differ significantly from the original resistant starch material. The ultrastructure of the drug-loaded microspheres was evenly wrapped with the capsule core and appeared as smooth spheres. The combination of resistant starch, aspirin, and chitosan resulted in a cross-linking reaction that reduced the overall gelatinization temperature compared with the original starch material alone. The light transmittance of the drug-loaded microspheres was slightly higher than that of the original resistant starch, while digestibility was similar to that of the resistant starch, indicating that the release would exist in the environment of the large intestine. CONCLUSIONS This study provides pivotal insights into the development of resistant starch in the field of colonic release preparations.

The Effect of Copper Nanoparticles and a Different Source of Dietary Fibre in the Diet on the Integrity of the Small Intestine in the Rat

The aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis regarding the effect of recommended (6.5 mg/kg) or enhanced (13 mg/kg) level of CuNPs in the diet in combination with different types of dietary fibre-cellulose (control), inulin, pectin or psyllium-on selected biological parameters of intestinal integrity in rats. Rats were randomly divided into 10 groups. The first two groups were fed a control diet that contained cellulose, and a mineral mixture with standard or enhanced content of CuCO3. Experimental groups were fed a diet supplemented with CuNPs (6.5 or 13 mg/kg) and combined with different types of fibre (cellulose, pectin, inulin or psyllium). After the feeding period, blood and small intestine samples were collected for further analysis. Replacing CuCO3 by CuNPs in the diet positively reduced the level of lactic acid and apoptosis markers in the small intestine; however, it also resulted in the intensification of DNA oxidation. The most beneficial effect on DNA repair mechanisms is related to inulin, while pectin has the greatest ability to inhibit inflammatory processes that induce the apoptotic death of cells in the small intestine. Our results suggest that dietary fibre supplementation protects the small intestine against potentially harmful, oxidative effects of CuNPs by intensifying the intestinal barrier.

Time-course effects of different fiber-rich ingredients on energy values, microbiota composition and SCFA profile in growing pigs.

This study was to investigate time-course effects of different types of dietary fiber on the energy values, fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration in growing pigs. A total of 24 barrows (initial body weight, 19.8±0.5kg) were assigned to 4 dietary treatments based on body weight (BW) in a completely randomized design, including a basal diet (CON) and 3 fiber-rich diets replacing corn, soybean meal and soybean oil in the CON diet with 20% sugar beet pulp (SBP), defatted rice bran (DFRB) or soybean hull (SBH), respectively. Fresh feces were sampled on d 7, 14 and 21, followed by 5d total feces and urine collections. The results showed that there were no differences in DE and ME between any of the fiber ingredients on d 7, 14 or 21. However, fiber inclusion decreased the DE and ME of the diet (P<0.05) regardless of the time effect. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed distinctly different microbial communities on the DFRB diet and SBH diet across different times (P<0.05) and the fecal microbiota of the 4 diet groups demonstrated notably distinct clusters at each time point (P<0.05). With adaptation time increased from 7 to 21d, cellulose-degrading bacteria and SCFA-producing bacteria (e.g., Ruminococcaceae _UCG-014, Rikenellaceae _RC9_gut_group and Bifidobacterium) increased in the fiber inclusion diets, and pathogenic genera (e.g., Streptococcus and Selenomonas) were increased in the basal diet (P<0.05). Furthermore, the gut microbiota of growing pigs adapted more easily and quickly to the SBP diet compared to the DFRB diet, as reflected by the concentration of propionate, butyrate, isovalerate and total SCFA which increased with time for growing pigs fed the DFRB diet (P<0.05). Collectively, our results indicated at least 7d adaptation was required to evaluate the energy values of fiber-rich ingredients, as the hindgut microbiota of growing pigs may need more time to adapt to a high fiber diet, especially for insoluble dietary fiber.

Different dietary fibers unequally remodel gut microbiota and charge up anti-obesity effects

Supplementation of certain bioactive dietary fibers could alleviate obesity induced by a high-fat diet, whereas whether the responses of different polysaccharides are consistent remains unclear. Consequently, we selected ten representative types of bioactive dietary fibers, including β-glucan, arabinoxylan, glucomannan, xanthan gum, guar gum, apple pectin, carrageenan, arabinogalactan, inulin, xylan and compared their anti-obesity effects through combining the physiology, genomics, and metabolomics with the obese rat model. We found that supplementation with β-glucan, arabinoxylan, xanthan gum, guar gum, apple pectin, carrageenan, inulin and xylan significantly reduced the bodyweight and dyslipidemia, whereas glucomannan and arabinogalactan did not affect serum lipids and bodyweight control in obese rats, respectively. Besides, apple pectin, β-glucan and arabinoxylan improved the greater biomarkers (15, 17 and 18 kinds) which were relevant to obesity, and the bioactive dietary fibers associated with elevated glycerophospholipids levels and regulation of glycerophospholipid metabolism. Moreover, the abundance of beneficial bacteria Akkermansia, Butyricimonas, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Prevotella were enriched by dietary fibers with various degrees, furthering exhibited benefits on obesity. It was also found that increased Butyricimonas (including glucomannan, xanthan gum, guar gum, xylan, apple pectin, arabinogalactan) and Prevotella (except for xanthan gum and inulin) showed negative with dyslipidemia factors notably (TC, TG, LDL-C), positive with glycerophospholipids (like phosphatidylcholine), therefore promoted the improvement of host metabolism and relief in dyslipidemia. In brief, our study revealed that different dietary fibers have an impact on gut microbiota then mediating metabolic benefits in obese rats, and these interactions could be considered as targets for diet personalized.

Dietary fibre and health: the story so far.

The present paper reviews progress in research on dietary fibre and human health over the past five decades. There is now convincing evidence from prospective cohort studies that diets low in dietary fibre are associated with increased risk of common non-communicable diseases including CVD, type 2 diabetes and colorectal cancer. These findings provide strong support for hypotheses proposed by Denis Burkitt 50 years ago, based on very limited evidence but with considerable imagination and insight. For the first two to three decades of this period, research on dietary fibre was hampered by the lack of consensus about the definition, and measurement, of this complex and diverse dietary component and by the lack of appropriate tools for investigating the gut microbiome that is central to understanding mechanisms of action. Recent technical and scientific advances in microbiome research (based on fast, low-cost, DNA sequencing) are facilitating investigation of the associations between dietary fibre, the gut microbiome and human health. Current challenges include the need for agreement about the characteristics of a healthy gut microbiome. Although the health benefits attributed to higher dietary fibre intake are likely to be shared with most types of dietary fibre, one should anticipate that different sources of dietary fibre and the other components (resistant starch and non-digestible oligosaccharides) that make up dietary fibre will have characteristically different effects on human physiology and disease risk. In conclusion, population-level intakes of dietary fibre are low and there is a public health priority to develop and implement more effective interventions to increase intake.

Unlocking the Potential of High-Amylose Starch for Gut Health: Not All Function the Same

High-amylose starch has unique functional properties and nutritional values in food applications. This type of starch is generally resistant to enzymatic digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, and contains an increased fraction of resistant starch (RS), which is a type of dietary fiber. The digestion and fermentation of high-amylose starch in the gut are of current research interest, as the processes are related to its nutritional functionality. This review summarizes recent in vitro and in vivo studies on the digestion and fermentation of high-amylose starches from different botanical sources and those that have been obtained by modifications. The RS content and fermentation properties are compared among high-amylose starches. This review aims to provide a current understanding of the relationship between high-amylose starch structures and fermentation-related nutritional properties. The results of these studies suggest that both modifications and food processing of high-amylose starch result in distinct fermentation products and nutritional properties. The review provides insight into the potential future applications of diverse high-amylose starches as bioactive compounds to modulate colonic fermentation.

Influence of fiber type and carbohydrase supplementation on nutrient digestibility, energy and nitrogen balance, and physiology of sows at mid and late gestation.

Carbohydrase supplementation in grow-finish pig diets improves energy, nutrient digestibility, and gastrointestinal function, but their efficacy in gestation diets is understudied. The experimental objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a multicarbohydrase to improve digestion, energetics, and various physiological functions in gestating sows fed soluble and insoluble fiber diets. On day 28 of gestation, 36 sows (186 ± 4.6 kg body weight), blocked by parity, were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments (n = 9). Factors included fiber type of insoluble (IF; 20% dried distiller grains with solubles) or soluble fiber (SF; 20% sugar beet pulp) and with (+) or without (-) enzyme (0.05%, Rovabio Advance P10; Adisseo, Antony, France). Diets were fed from days 28 to 109 of gestation at a feeding level of 2.1 kg (SID-Lys 11 g/d and 4.5 net energy-Mcal/d). Two separate 9-d metabolism periods were conducted on days 50 to 59 (mid) and 99 to 108 (late) of gestation. During each period, days 1 to 3 served as an adaptation period, days 4 to 7 total urine and feces were collected (96-h) and followed by a 48-h lactulose-mannitol study. Serum and plasma were collected on days 50 and 99. Data were analyzed as repeated records using a linear mixed model with block as a random effect and fiber type, enzyme, and period and their interactions as fixed effects. Sows fed SF+ had increased serum IL-1ra (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.035), and IL-2 (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.042). In the presence of IF, multicarbohydrases increased serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, but not when supplemented with SF (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.028). Circulating IL-8 and TNF-α were decreased in sows fed multicarbohydrases (P < 0.05). Multicarbohydrase supplementation increased the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), dry matter, and neutral detergent fiber by 2.8%, 3.4%, and 8.3%, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared to IF-, the ATTD of hemicellulose was 5.3% greater in sows fed IF+ but did not differ from SF- and SF+ (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.037). Sows fed IF+ had the greatest ATTD of insoluble dietary fiber (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.011). Sows fed multicarbohydrases excreted less energy in their urine (519 vs. 469 GE kcal/d; Enzyme P = 0.033) and in their feces (985 vs. 900 GE kcal/d; Enzyme P = 0.003). This resulted in an improvement in both digestible energy (Enzyme P < 0.01) and metabolizable energy (Enzyme P = 0.041), irrespective of fiber type. In conclusion, multicarbohydrase supplementation increased the digestibility and energetic contribution of fiber, irrespective of adaptation time or fiber type, but modulation of inflammatory responses was unique to dietary fiber type.

Биологические и технологические аспекты обогащения продуктов пищевыми волокнами

Epidemiological studies demonstrate the health benefits of high dietary fiber intake. However, the propaganda high fiber intake by increasing the proportion of fruits and vegetables in the diet are ineffective. Dietary fiber can be used in fortified foods. This review shows the current data on the technological possibilities of fortification with dietary fiber of cereals, dairy products and meat products. The data on successful and unsuccessful results of enrichment of individual food products with different types of dietary fiber are presented. Key words: healthy diet, fortified foods, dietary fiber, fortification technologies

Galactomannans are the most effective soluble dietary fibers in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

BackgroundSoluble dietary fibers are known to reduce the levels of blood glucose and lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes). Although several different dietary fiber supplements are utilized, to our knowledge, no previous study has ranked their efficacy yet. ObjectivesWe performed this systematic review and network meta-analysis to rank the effects of different types of soluble dietary fibers. MethodsWe performed our last systematic search on November 20, 2022. Eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) included adult patients with type 2 diabetes and compared the intake of soluble dietary fibers with that of another type of dietary fiber or no fiber. The outcomes were related to glycemic and lipid levels. The Bayesian method was used to perform a network meta-analysis and calculate the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) curve values to rank the interventions. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system was applied to evaluate the overall quality of the evidence. ResultsWe identified 46 RCTs, including data from 2685 patients who received 16 types of dietary fibers as intervention. Galactomannans had the highest effect on reducing the levels of HbA1c (SUCRA: 92.33%) and fasting blood glucose (SUCRA: 85.92%). With regard to fasting insulin level, HOMA-IR, β-glucans (SUCRA: 73.45%), and psyllium (SUCRA: 96.67%) were the most effective interventions. Galactomannans were ranked first in reducing the levels of triglycerides (SUCRA: 82.77%) and LDL cholesterol (SUCRA: 86.56%). With regard to cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels, xylo-oligosaccharides (SUCRA: 84.59%) and gum arabic (SUCRA: 89.06%) were the most effective fibers. Most comparisons had a low or moderate certainty of evidence. ConclusionsGalactomannans were the most effective dietary fiber for reducing the levels of HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study was registered at PROSPERO as ID CRD42021282984.

The Potential Health Benefits of Resistant Starch on Human Metabolism- A Narrative Review

Resistant starch, also known as water-soluble dietary fiber, has the advantages of both water-soluble and insoluble fibers. The characteristic of resistant starch is that resistant starch is difficult to be absorbed by the small intestine, so it will not increase blood sugar and has the effect of controlling blood sugar. Like dietary fiber, it is decomposed after entering the large bowel and becomes food for beneficial bacteria in the intestine, which contributes to intestinal health. Its functions include: delaying gastric emptying, preventing a sharp rise in blood sugar, lowering blood cholesterol, and the functions of insoluble dietary fiber include: increasing stool volume, promoting intestinal peristalsis, preventing constipation and hemorrhoids, preventing colorectal diverticulitis and colorectal cancer. The term resistant starch appeared in 1982, also known as difficult-to-digest starch or the third type of dietary fiber. Resistant starch cannot be decomposed by human digestive enzymes until the colon end. The heat generated by the fermentation and utilization of intestinal bacteria is much lower than that of ordinary starch, and the maximum heat generated per gram is no more than 2.8 kcal (ordinary starch is 4 kcal).

Functional constipation and the effect of prebiotics on the gut microbiota: a review.

Functional constipation is a significant health issue impacting the lives of an estimated 14 % of the global population. Non-pharmaceutical treatment advice for cases with no underlying medical conditions focuses on exercise, hydration and an increase in dietary fibre intake. An alteration in the composition of the gut microbiota is thought to play a role in constipation. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that selectively stimulate the growth of a limited number of bacteria in the colon with a benefit for host health. Various types of dietary fibre, though not all, can act as a prebiotic. Short-chain fatty acidsproduced by these microbes play a critical role as signalling molecules in a range of metabolic and physiological processes including laxation, although details are unclear. Prebiotics have a history of safe use in the food industry spanning several decades and are increasingly used as supplements to alleviate constipation. Most scientific research on the effects of prebiotics and gut microbiota has focussed on inflammatory bowel disease rather than functional constipation. Very few clinical studies evaluated the efficacy of prebiotics in the management of constipation and their effect on the microbiota, with highly variable designs and conflicting results. Despite this, broad health claims are made by manufacturers of prebiotic supplements. This narrative review provides an overview of the literature on the interaction of prebiotics with the gut microbiota and their potential clinical role in the alleviation of functional constipation.