Types Of Cybercrimes Research Articles

Cybercrime in Nordic countries: a scoping review on demographic, socioeconomic, and technological determinants

Knowledge of factors contributing to cybercrime threats is needed to plan effective prevention strategies to combat the increasingly common occurrence of cybercrime. This scoping review summarizes current status of the literature published on the demographic, socioeconomic, and technological determinants of cybercrime offenders and victims in Nordic countries. The review followed Arksey and O’Malley’s methodology and the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, leading to the selection of 16 articles published between 2013 and 2022 for critical appraisal and data extraction. Only two studies focused on cybercrime offenders. The majority of studies (n = 10) were conducted in Finland and the dominant types of crime were harassment and online hate. Age, gender, living alone, immigration background, income, and education played different roles in determining victimization for different types of cybercrime. Associations between victimization and technological factors such as computer skills, protective measures, and specific platforms have also been identified. This review contributes to the emerging research area of cybercrime in Nordic countries by mapping the context of cybercrime and highlighting areas where further research is needed to ensure the protection of individuals in an increasingly digitalized world.

Current legal activities come to the complexity of the term "electronic commerce": international and national level

The article provides a comprehensive study of various approaches to defining the term «electronic commerce» in the context of modern legal, economic and technological challenges. The analysis begins with an overview of scholarly perspectives on e-commerce, which range from narrow interpretations that focus on basic online sales contracts to broader concepts that encompass all aspects of electronic interaction between business entities, including logistics, marketing, financial operations and international transactions. The term «e-commerce» is clearly distinguished from related concepts, such as «e-commerce», «e-business», which mostly focuses on the sale of goods and services. The article also explores the positive aspects of e-commerce, such as increasing the efficiency of business processes, reducing transaction costs, access to global markets, increased convenience for consumers, etc. At the same time, a number of negatives have been identified, including the risk of personal data theft, payment fraud, and other types of cybercrime. The normative regulation of electronic commerce at the level of international law and in Ukraine is separately analyzed. The main legislative acts and their impact on the development of e-commerce are highlighted. On the basis of the conducted research, three key criteria for a clear definition of e-commerce are formulated, including legal relations arising through electronic means, interaction of entities through the Internet, and multi-level business processes, namely: basic e-commerce, integrated e-commerce and global e-commerce. As a result, a proper understanding of e-commerce as a form of business activity is proposed, which involves the implementation of commercial transactions using information and telecommunication means, covering a wide range of processes, including the conclusion and execution of contracts for the sale of goods and services, payment processing, logistics, marketing and advertising , as well as management of currency and customs operations during international transactions, which allows to increase business efficiency and reduce costs due to process automation, optimization of resource management, rapid exchange of information, reduction of transaction costs and simplification of communication between market participants.

A Comprehensive Survey on the Role of Law in Different Applications in Computer Science

One significant tool for addressing the concerns associated with the use of one of the applications in computer science is the law. Numerous laws and rules governing the use of computer science are designed to safeguard users, customers, and society at large. Law uses norms created by governmental and social institutions to control behavior. Programming is used to explore digital information in computer science. Computers got more potent and smaller as they evolved through generations, utilizing various technologies such as integrated circuits. Cyber law regulates online behavior and deals with matters pertaining to intellectual property, privacy, domain names, and other legal concerns. A few of the many concerns that the law must address in order to mitigate the electronic crimes are protecting privacy and security, upholding justice, limiting civil and criminal liability, ensuring safety, and controlling the application of AI in the workplace. Guidelines that people and organizations have to follow when utilizing computer science applications, making sure that these requirements are met in full. Additionally, as companies must commit to recording AI usage procedures and making clear the use of data and algorithms, the regulation fosters accountability and openness. By doing this, the possibility of prejudice and mistakes when utilizing AI is decreased. This survey provides a self-contained introduction to cybercrimes and types of cybercrimes. We also present ways to combat cybercrime and limit its spread.

Adapting Law Enforcement Strategies: Correlating Traditional Crimes with Emerging Cybercrimes in the Internet Era

With the development of the Internet era, various new forms of cybercrime have frequently appeared, the current study aimed to clarify the correlation between traditional crimes and new cybercrimes, and to make feasible suggestions for law enforcement agencies in adjusting their law enforcement programmers previous research has demonstrated the characteristics of new cybercrime and its various controversies in investigation, legislation and justice. The previous research has demonstrated the characteristics of the new cybercrime and its various controversies in investigation and legislation and justice. The enforcement process of law enforcement agencies is based on these previous controversial exploration programmers, and the governance of new types of cybercrime is much more difficult and controversial. Therefore, it is important to distil the commonalities between the governance model and judicial experience of traditional crime and apply them to new cybercrime.

Bridging the Gap between Criminology and Information Technology

This study aims to establish an essential connection between the fields of information technology and criminology, acknowledging the changing nature of crime in the digital era. Modern society is becoming increasingly dependent on technology, making it difficult for traditional criminological frameworks to understand and deal with the new types of cybercrime and digital deviance. The objective of this research is to study the relationship between criminology and information technology, with an emphasis on how technological improvements can be used to improve the knowledge of criminology students, prevention, and moderation of present-day criminal behavior. This study looks at the mutually beneficial connection between criminological theories and state-of-the-art information technology to offer a thorough and detailed framework for understanding the complexity of modern-day crime. It seeks to open up fresh possibilities for innovative ideas and remedies that successfully close the knowledge gap between criminology and the quickly changing field of technology-driven crimes.

A Review on Detection of Cybersecurity Threats in Banking Sectors Using Ai Based Risk Assessment

The continued rise of cybercrime in the current era has frightened not only off-users but also violating financial institutions. The recent studies have shown that most financial institutions lose the credibility of their clients and their investments as a result of these attacks. The cyber-hackers involved in these types of cybercrime are now using more advanced technology. Its vigour surpasses the firewall system currently in use our network. Hence, the security needs for financial institutions are increased. So, the server management and cyber security systems getting higher end security. The cyber security aspects are is always shifting based on the attacks, but the cyber security threats are increased and create the serious discussion about the financial institutions. In General, the cyberspace describes the combination of all types of communication networks, databases, embedded processors, Internet and controllers for exchanging electronic documents. The global network environment is created by telephone wires, coaxial cables, electromagnetic waves and fiber-optic lines. Although the terms cyberspace and the Internet can be used interchangeably, it is still part of cyberspace. In simple terms, cyberspace is a connected web environment. Now, cyber-security is the process of protecting cyberspace from attack, misuse, damage and economic espionage. Cyberspace can sometimes be blocked by intrinsic vulnerabilities that cannot be eliminated. In this study, different types of cyber cards are explained in detail. And the escape processes from certain subtle attack methods are clearly stated.

Киберэкстремизм в системе киберпреступности

An analysis of the specific features of the legal regulation of relations within the Internet has shown that some of them attract increased attention from criminals. Among the new types of cybercrime, especially dangerous manifestations in the field of extremism and terrorism stand out. To combat them, a number of approaches have been developed to create methodological support for investigative actions based on the tools for managing information flows created within the framework of cybernetics and informatics. A scientifically grounded definition of cyber extremism is proposed, reflecting its main features among other types of cybercrime.

About Ways to Commit Crimes Against Property on the Internet

Relevance of the article is due to the rapid growth in Russia of mercenary crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies. The largest share of such crimes in the structure of criminal encroachments on property falls on fraud and extortion. The article provides an original analysis of the methods of their commission, which have become most widespread on the Global Network. It is predicted that this type of cybercrime in the future may become one of the serious problems, since criminal schemes for using network Internet resources are constantly updated, and it is not possible to establish all methods.The purpose of the study is to supplement scientific knowledge of available and new ways of committing mercenary crimes using the Internet to effectively counter them. Objectives: on the basis of judicial practice, media reports, Internet sources, to identify existing and new methods of committing mercenary crimes on the Internet. Methodology. When writing the work, methods of scientific knowledge (analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction), as well as statistical, documentary and formal-logical methods were used.The results of the study consist in describing the available and establishing new methods of committing crimes against property, affecting the qualitative and quantitative indicators of mercenary crime in general. A certain gap in criminological science on the problems of theft of someone else's property through fraudulent actions and extortion on the Internet has been filled. The results obtained can be used in the practical activities of law enforcement agencies.Conclusion. The socially dangerous consequences of committing cybercrimes against property are determined by their mass, huge number of victims, great damage and high latency. Rapid virtualization of all areas of society makes it possible to predict a consistent increase in encroachments against property on the Internet.

Вопросы кибербезопасности в решении глобальных задач ООН по борьбе с терроризмом

Today, cybersecurity threats are one of the main problems faced by all countries. Cyberspace plays an important role in our modern life, uniting people and communities around the world, providing them with the opportunity for socialization and self-organization. This article highlights the main types of cyberattacks and threats, as well as suggests methods to prevent them. Various types of cybercrimes are considered, as well as the necessary actions to combat cyberterrorism. Cybercriminals actively use various methods and techniques to carry out cyber attacks, including unauthorized access to systems, theft of personal information, financial fraud and the distribution of malicious software. Cyberterrorism is also a danger, since cyber attacks can be used to create chaos and disrupt the functioning of critical infrastructures, such as government institutions, healthcare systems, energy, and so on. To ensure cybersecurity, cooperation is necessary both at the state and at the international level. Cooperation at the state level includes joint initiatives to exchange information about threats, joint trainings and exercises to improve the skills of cybersecurity specialists, as well as the development of common standards and policies in the field of cybersecurity. At the international level, it is important to establish a dialogue between various countries and international organizations, such as the UN, the European Union, NATO and others. This will allow us to coordinate strategies, coordinate measures to prevent and respond to cyber attacks.

Enhancing cybersecurity in cloud-assisted Internet of Things environments: A unified approach using evolutionary algorithms and ensemble learning

<abstract> <p>Internet of Things (IoT) security is an umbrella term for the strategies and tools that protect devices connected to the cloud, and the network they use to connect. The IoT connects different objects and devices through the internet to communicate with similarly connected machines or devices. An IoT botnet is a network of infected or cooperated IoT devices that can be remotely organized by cyber attackers for malicious purposes such as spreading malware, stealing data, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, and engaging in other types of cybercrimes. The compromised devices can be included in any device connected to the internet and communicate data with, e.g., cameras, smart home appliances, routers, etc. Millions of devices can include an IoT botnet, making it an attractive tool for cyber attackers to launch attacks. Lately, cyberattack detection using deep learning (DL) includes training neural networks on different datasets to automatically detect patterns indicative of cyber threats, which provides an adaptive and proactive approach to cybersecurity. This study presents an evolutionary algorithm with an ensemble DL-based botnet detection and classification (EAEDL-BDC) approach. The goal of the study is to enhance cybersecurity in the cloud-assisted IoT environment via a botnet detection process. In the EAEDL-BDC technique, the primary stage of data normalization using Z-score normalization is performed. For the feature selection process, the EAEDL-BDC technique uses a binary pendulum search algorithm (BPSA). Moreover, a weighted average ensemble of three models, such as the modified Elman recurrent neural network (MERNN), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and long short-term memory (LSTM), are used. Additionally, the hyperparameter choice of the DL approaches occurs utilizing the reptile search algorithm (RSA). The experimental outcome of the EAEDL-BDC approach can be examined on the N-BaIoT database. The extensive comparison study implied that the EAEDL-BDC technique reaches a superior accuracy value of 99.53% compared to other approaches concerning distinct evaluation metrics.</p> </abstract>

КИБЕРПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ И КИБЕРБЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ: ВОПРОСЫ ТЕОРИИ И ПРАКТИКИ В КОНЦЕПЦИИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

The article deals with the problem of countering cybercrimes in the economic sphere, which pose a serious threat to society and business. Based on the analysis of existing regulatory documents regulating the suppression of offenses in the information environment, statistical data on various types of cybercrimes, such as phishing and cyber attacks on financial institutions, recommendations are given on combating cybercrimes, and the need for Russia to develop its own Cybersecurity Concept is noted.

Content Analysis of Cybercrime Infographic

Malaysia is one of the vulnerable regions of cyberattack in which cybercrimes continue to increase at alarming rate. Cyber criminals are attacking not only organisations but also individuals. Various types of cybercrimes that have resulted in significant financial losses have been reported in the media. Despite the daily coverage of cybercrime incidents, people continue to fall victims. Keeping the public informed of the potential online threats should not be taken for granted. This study argues that effective communication of cybersecurity information is essential to enhance public’s resilience in dealing with cybercrimes. Infographic is a useful tool for conveying cybersecurity information. Infographic is a visual communication that is often used to communicate complex messages that include science related information. Literature on infographics often emphasizes on its key components that include; visual, content and knowledge. As a visual form of communication, it makes information appear to be appealing and easier to understand to diverse types of publics. The format could be easily shared with others through different types of social media platforms. This study examined infographics related to cybercrimes from CyberSecurity Malaysia’s Facebook account. Visual content analysis has been adopted to analyse more than 20 infographics based on content, visual and knowledge. The study found the content of infographics was mainly text and graphic with instructive guidelines. However, the visual elements appear cluttered, potentially compromising the efficacy of the conveyed message. Keywords: Infographic, cybercrimes, scam, CyberSecurity Malaysia, cyberthreat.

Do cybercrime laws address emergent IoT security threats? The case of UAE federal cybercrime law regarding RFID technology

With the widespread use of radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology as a means for commerce and identification, new types of cybercrime have emerged. Accordingly, revisions to extant cybercrime law are required. This research attempts to determine the relevance of current UAE laws in addressing new cybercrimes on emergent technologies. We reviewed the literature to identify threats to RFID systems, classifying works into three categories: blocking, interception, and physical attacks. We mapped these categories to 50 articles of the UAE cybercrime law to assess their relevance. According to the distribution of law articles pertaining to RFID attacks, it was found that RFID communication interception attacks are not sufficiently addressed in the law and that further amendments are required in the UAE. Example of international statutes are highlighted as models.

Unmasking Cybercriminals: A Comprehensive Analysis of Modern Cyber Crimes

In today's digital world, the Internet is wonderful and liberating, but it also hides a growing threat : Cybercrime. This paper explores cybercrime, the people who commit it, and why they do it. Also I want to discuss in detail the different types of cybercrimes and the challenges in preventing and investigating them. To protect ourselves, we need to be aware of cyber threats, use strong passwords, and keep our software updated. In this dynamic online world, understanding cybercrime and practicing good cybersecurity is the key to keep ourselves and our information secure.

Changing Scenario of Crime with Special Reference to Cyber Crime

Abstract: Crime may be defined as those actions committed by human beings that cause harm to others and violate societal norms. But with the advancement in science and technology that has reshaped every aspect of human life the scenario of crime has also changed from that of traditional to technological because in ancient times the concept of crime was prevalent in the society but the nature of crime was not so sophisticated as we see in the technological era. The invention of computers and smart phones has facilitated different types of cyber crimes in the society. Almost everyone is possessing a smart phone and the usage of it depends upon the people who will use it in a positive way. The concept of digital education has emerged as an important tool in the hands of learners and educators to propagate the education. Learners of lower age group are also using these technological equipments so parents should keep a strict vigil and supervision over their children in order to avoid such types of activities that cause moral harm to the norms and values of society. The main aim of this paper is to analyse how the nature of crime has changed and the different types of crime particularly in consideration with Cyber crime

CRIMINAL LAW AGAINST FRAUD USING ANDROID PACKAGE APPLICATIONS VIA WHATSAPP MESSAGES

Online fraud using the Android Package application via Whatsapp messages is one type of cybercrime with the sniffing method. Normative-Empirical Legal Research was chosen as a method, in order to obtain normative legal provisions and their application to each particular legal event. Legal arrangements for personal data theft (identity theft) using the Android Package application via Whatsapp messages are generally contained in the PDP Law and the ITE Law, where law enforcement cannot be done optimally. Increase Cyber Patrol and police capacity in monitoring websites selling personal data. Implement standardized data security governance protocols for institutions that manage large amounts of personal data.

Explaining cybercrime victimization using a longitudinal population-based survey experiment. Are personal characteristics, online routine activities, and actual self-protective online behavior related to future cybercrime victimization?

ABSTRACT With the increasing prevalence of cybercrime victimization there is a growing need for prevention. Previous studies have attempted to uncover risk factors associated with cybercrime victimization in the areas of personal characteristics and online routine activities. This article aims to take the field a step further by including actual self-protective online behavior, obtained through a population-based survey experiment (N = 1886), as a risk factor for cybercrime victimization. In wave 1 of our longitudinal design, personal characteristics, online routine activities, and actual self-protective online behavior concerning password strength, clicking behavior, sharing personal information, and handling phishing emails were measured. In wave 2, cybercrime victimization of several types of cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent cybercrimes was measured one year later. Results indicate that few personal characteristics, online routine activities, and self-protective online behaviors are related to the odds of becoming a cybercrime victim. This furthermore illustrates the heterogeneity of cybercrime victimization, since most significant factors only seem to be related to the risk of one particular type of cybercrime. These results indicate that to explain cybercrime victimization, the research field needs to shift its focus and adapt to new online developments.

An overview of cybercrime law in South Africa

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the uptake and use of information communication technologies and led to the digital transformation of different sectors of the economy. For South Africa, the COVID-19 pandemic struck at a time when the South African government had committed itself to leveraging technology for the benefit of its citizens, the private sector, and the public sector. By 2020, South Africa already had in place enabling policy and legal frameworks to assist with the regulation of activities taking place in cyberspace. The increase in broadband access has resulted in the increase of internet users. Due to increase in use of digital technologies and processing of personal data, there has been an increase in cyber-attacks and cybercrimes such as data breaches, identity theft and cyber fraud. Several South African based companies, state owned entities, government departments and citizens have been victims of cyber-attacks. To respond to the growing spectre of cybercrime, the South African government promulgated laws to supplement the existing legal framework. It also operationalised some of the laws which had been passed but had not yet come into operation. This paper gives a summary of the evolution of cybercrime laws in South Africa. It starts off by summarising how common law and the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act addressed cybercrime. The paper then proceeds to discuss the recently promulgated Cybercrimes Act, which is now the primary law criminalising certain online activities. It explores how the various provisions of the Cybercrimes Act address different types of cybercrimes known today. This discussion is aimed at demonstrating that South Africa is no longer a safe haven for cybercriminals.

Analysis on Cyber Crimes and Preventive Measures

Abstract: This paper is generally to analyse various cybercrimes and corresponding preventive measures. Cybercrimes refers to criminal activities carried out by means of computer systems or the internet. As Cybercrimes are considered as a great threat in today's world, to the security of nation, to someone's personal data and information, individual security, so there is the need of some basic awareness and security measures, by which people can safeguard themselves from such crime. Cybercrimes are considered as a major risk because they can have devastating effects like financial losses, breaches of sensitive data, failure of systems, and, it can affect an organization's reputation. In this paper, we will discuss more about cybercrimes, and how do they happen. Also, who are Cybercriminals and, the different types of cybercrimes and preventive measures.

Criminal Liability for Cybercrimes in the BRICS Countries

One of the areas of cooperation among the BRICS countries is tackling the misuse of information and communication technologies for criminal activities. Each year, the number of cybercrimes continues to grow. Furthermore, the criminal regulation of cybercrimes in each country differs. This article aims to identify the features of criminal liability for cybercrimes in the BRICS countries and offer potential solutions for developing joint legislation initiatives. The primary focus of this discussion is on cybercrime provisions that can be found in the legal acts of the Federative Republic of Brazil, the Russian Federation, the Republic of India, the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of South Africa. The main finding of this research is that the criminal law of each country contains different corpus delicti for dealing with crimes committed in cyberspace. There are also differing conceptions of what constitutes cybercrime. The author proposes the enactment of a common document for the BRICS countries that would contain a shared understanding of cybercrimes as well as the various types of cybercrimes. It is possible to divide cybercrimes into two categories: special cybercrimes committed in the field of computer information and general criminal cybercrimes executed using information technology to commit any other common criminal offences. The results of this research can be used to study the problems of criminal responsibility for cybercrimes in the BRICS countries as well as analyze the ways in which the rules under consideration are actually applied in practice.