Complement Type Research Articles

Effect of hypocomplementemia on perinatal outcomes of pregnancies with autoimmune disorders.

To demonstrate the effect of preconceptional complement levels on perinatal outcomes of pregnancies with autoimmune disorders. Pregnant women with autoimmune disorders (autoimmune disease and/or autoimmune antibody positivity) who were screened for complement levels (C3 and C4) prior to their pregnancies were enrolled in a special antenatal care program. These patients were administered low-dose low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparine, 1 × 2000 Anti-XA IU/0.2 mL/day), low-dose salysilic acid (100mg/day) and low-dose corticosteroid (methylprednisolone, 1 × 4mg/day orally) as soon as their pregnancies were confirmed according to the institutional protocol. We have compared hypo- and normocomplement pregnancies with autoimmune disorders in terms of their obstetric and perinatal outcomes. We have also used Beksac Obstetric Index (BOI) which is "[living child + (π/10)]/gravidity" for the comparison of their previous obstetric histories. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes showed no significant difference between hypocomplement patients (n= 38) and control group (n= 157) (p> 0.05). "Composite obstetric and perinatal adverse outcome" rates were 26.2% and 27.3% in study and control groups, respectively (p> 0.05). BOI was significantly lower in hypocomplement patients (p: 0.002). Then, we have classified hypocomplement patients into 3 subgroups according to the type of complement (C3, C4 or both). Comparison inbetween these groups revealed no statistical significance in any of the analyzed parameters (p> 0.05). Low complement levels in pregnant women with autoimmune disorders may be associated with gestational problems and poor obstetric history. Immunomodulatory treatment modalities such as ours may be beneficial for improving the obstetric and neonatal outcomes.

Implementation of an ontological reasoning to support the guideline-based management of primary breast cancer patients in the DESIREE project.

The DESIREE project has developed a platform offering several complementary therapeutic decision support modules to improve the quality of care for breast cancer patients. All modules are operating consistently with a common breast cancer knowledge model (BCKM) following the generic entity-attribute-value model. The BCKM is formalized as an ontology including both the data model to represent clinical patient information and the termino-ontological model to represent the application domain concepts. This ontological model is used to describe data semantics and to allow for reasoning at different levels of abstraction. We present the guideline-based decision support module (GL-DSS). Three breast cancer clinical practice guidelines have been formalized as decision rules including evidence levels, conformance levels, and two types of dependency, "refinement" and "complement", used to build complete care plans from the reconciliation of atomic recommendations. The system has been assessed on 138 decisions previously made without the system and re-played with the system after a washout period on simulated tumor boards (TBs) in three pilot sites. When TB clinicians changed their decision after using the GL-DSS, it was for a better decision than the decision made without the system in 75 % of the cases.

Pseudo-grammaticalization: The anatomy of "come" in Modern Hebrew pseudo-coordination constructions

The paper examines the pseudo-coordination construction featuring the verb come preceding a lexical verb in Modern Hebrew, and shows that this is a mono-clausal mono-eventive construction, which did not emerge via a process of grammaticalization. That is, there is no tightening of internal dependencies between parts of the construction (Haspelmath 2004), nor evidence of a lexical unit starting to assume grammatical functions (Heine, Claudi & Hünnemeyer 1991). I go on to argue that, in this particular construction, the verb come is a “lexical restructuring verb” (Wurmbrand 2004, 2014), whose lexical properties do not differ from those of ‘simple’ change-of-location uses of come in that both feature a deictic meaning component. Particular attention will be paid to what looks like the absence of a motion component, suggesting that even if simple come selects for a prepositional complement, it does not necessarily encode a motion component, and therefore the absence of the PP, in a complex verb construction is not tied to loss of motion, but merely to a change in the type of complement. The current account provides substance to claims stressing a metaphorical relation between the two occurrences of come, since it points to the close similarities in the lexical-pragmatic properties of this lexeme in its two environments of use, and locates the difference between them in the choice of complement that produces the effect of transfer from the location realm to a more abstract one characteristic of metaphoric meanings.

LINGUISTIC ERRORS OF BRAZILIAN STUDENTS WHEN LEARNING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (BASIC LEVEL)

The article examines the errors in the basic level regarding the interference of the Portuguese language when Brazilian students learn Russian as a foreign language and offers the methodic to predict and avoid them. For this, authors compare the phonetic systems of Russian and Brazilian Portuguese as well as the main grammar units and structures that form the linguistic minimum on the basic level. Then, using the comparative analysis the errors in the students’ speech are predicted and interpreted. The results of theoretical comparison are compared to the actual and real errors. In the phonetic plan authors figure out significant difference in the signs of hardness, softness, place of articulation, mode of articulation and nasalization, and not big difference in acoustic signs and duration of sounds. In the grammatical field the results point out to a new and optimal order in teaching the cases. Also the necessity to adapt different grammar understanding of Russian verbal structure to the Brazilian one is described regarding the preposition and type of complement and the verb aspects. Authors developed exercises to help students overcome such errors more efficiently and in less time.

Using deep learning and visual analytics to explore hotel reviews and responses

Abstract This study aims to use computational linguistics, visual analytics, and deep learning techniques to analyze hotel reviews and responses collected on TripAdvisor and to identify response strategies. To this end, we collected and analyzed 113,685 hotel reviews and responses and their semantic and syntactic relations. We are among the first to use visual analytics and deep learning-based natural language processing to empirically identify managerial responses. The empirical results indicate that our proposed multi-feature fusion, convolutional neural network model can make different types of data complement each other, thereby outperforming the comparisons. The visualization results can also be used to improve the performance of the proposed model and provide insights into response strategies, which further shows the theoretical and technical contributions of this study.

Complement profile in microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis: analysis using sera from a nationwide prospective cohort study

Objective The complement cascade, especially the alternative pathway of complement, has been shown in basic research to be associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). We aimed to elucidate relationships between serum complement components and clinical characteristics in AAV. Method In a nationwide prospective cohort study (RemIT-JAV-RPGN), we measured the serum levels of C1q, C2, C3, C3b/iC3b, C4, C4b, C5, C5a, C9, factor B, factor D, factor H, factor I, mannose-binding lectin, and properdin in 52 patients with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and 39 patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Results The properdin level of MPA and GPA was significantly lower than that of healthy donors. The properdin level was negatively correlated with the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) (ρ = −0.2148, p = 0.0409). The factor D level at 6 months was significantly positively correlated with the Vasculitis Damage Index (VDI) at 6, 12, and 24 months (ρ = 0.4207, 0.4132, and 0.3115, respectively). Patients with a higher ratio of C5a to C5 had higher neutrophil percentage and serum immunoglobulin G levels, and significantly lower creatinine levels. Cluster analysis divided the MPA and GPA patients into three subgroups. A principal component (PC) analysis aggregated 15 types of complements into alternative pathway-related PC 1 and complement classical pathway and common pathway-related PC 2. Conclusions The serum levels of properdin and factor D were correlated with the BVAS and the VDI in MPA and GPA, respectively. Our analyses suggested the pathological heterogeneity of MPA and GPA from the aspect of complement components.

BIVALENT VERB COMPLEMENTS IN ALBANIAN

This research aims at describing and analyzing types of complements in bivalent clauses, namely the internal structure of such clauses and the grammatical patterns of combining the constituents in bivalent clauses. The internal structure of the clause is assigned or determined by the verb, which functions as the central element of the clause. Depending on the type of verb and its combinatorial abilities, certain clause structures or patterns are generated. In this paper we will deal with bivalent verbs, namely the types of complements that complement these verbs in order to create the minimal bivalent clause pattern. First, the complements of these verbs will be dealt with in terms of their syntactic category, i.e. the type of phrase that completes the verb valency. Then, we will proceed with the functional analysis of these complements and in some cases also with the semantic analysis, i.e. the semantic roles that these complements play.

Frequency effects in the L2 acquisition of the catenative verb construction – evidence from experimental and corpus data

Abstract This paper investigates frequency effects in the L2 acquisition of the catenative verb construction by German learners of English from a usage-based perspective by presenting findings from two experimental studies and a complementary corpus study. It was examined if and to what extent the frequency of the verb in the catenative verb construction affects the choice of the target-like complement type and if the catenative verb construction with a to-infinitive complement, which is highly frequent in English, is more accurately acquired and entrenched than the less frequent variant with an -ing complement. In all three studies, the more frequent construction with a to-infinitive yielded higher numbers of target-like complement choices. Furthermore, it was shown that the verb’s faithfulness to the construction made a significant prediction of a target-like complement preference. It is argued that a higher faithfulness promotes a target-like entrenchment of the construction and motivates a taxonomic generalisation across related exemplars. Furthermore, the results provide support for the idea that the mental representation of language is comprised of item-specific as well as more abstract schema knowledge, where frequency determines the specificity with which the construction is entrenched.

Give it a try!

Abstract This paper compares the different possibilities of verbal complementation of the Dutch verb proberen ‘try’ and its Afrikaans cognate probeer ‘try’. In Dutch, proberencan take three complement types: an om te infinitive, a te infinitive and a bare infinitive. In Afrikaans, probeer can only take two complements: an om te infinitive and a bare infinitive. There are no semantic differences among the complemen-tation patterns. We conducted a corpus study for both languages to investigate which factors influence the choice of the complement. In Dutch there is a clear influence of region (Netherlandic Dutch versus Belgian Dutch). Furthermore, the length of the object and the type of clause (main or embedded) have a significant influence on the choice of the complement. In the Afrikaans data the presence of the object as well as its length significantly influence the choice between an om te and a bare infinitive.

The Combination Signaling Effect of Text and Image on Mobile Phone Review Helpfulness - The Moderating Effect of Signaling Environment

Consumers are increasingly using both texts and images to express their opinions about products rather than using texts alone. Generally, texts usually contain more detailed description of product attributes, contributing to the diagnosticity of reviews, whereas images are visually more attention-grabbing on the screen, contributing to the accessibility of reviews. These two types of information complement each other in influencing potential consumers' evaluation on review helpfulness. However, extant studies mainly investigate the impact of texts and images on review helpfulness independently. Based on signaling theory and level of processing theory, this study attempts to investigate the potential interaction effect of textual signal and imagery signal instead of only examining them in isolation. Particularly, textual signal is operated as review length, while imagery signal is operated as number of pictures in a review. Furthermore, this study also examines whether these effects vary in different signaling environment that is conceptualized as the number of reviews associated with a product. By developing a Tobit regression model for 4,063 online reviews of 39 Huawei mobile phones crawled from ZOL.com, this study empirically demonstrates that review helpfulness is positively influenced by both types of signals. Interestingly, the interaction between two types of signals has a negative impact on the perception of review helpfulness. The results also reveal that the signaling environment augments the impact of textual signal but does not significantly influence the impact of imagery signal. Additionally, it is also found that the signaling environment mitigates the negative impact of the interaction between two types of signals on review helpfulness. These findings are anomalous to the established knowledge on consumer behaviors and possible explanations are presented. Based on these findings, both theoretical and practical implications for the improvement of online review mechanism are discussed.

Screening Bacterial Colonies Using X-Gal and IPTG: α-Complementation.

Many plasmid vectors (e.g., the pUC series, Bluescript, pGem, and their derivatives) carry a short segment of Escherichia coli DNA containing the regulatory sequences and the coding information for the first 146 amino acids of β-galactosidase. Vectors of this type are used in host cells that express the carboxy-terminal portion of β-galactosidase. Although neither the host-encoded fragments nor the plasmid-encoded fragments of β-galactosidase are themselves active, they can associate to form an enzymatically active protein. This type of complementation, in which deletion mutants of the operator-proximal segment of the lacZ gene are complemented by β-galactosidase-negative mutants that have the operator-proximal region intact, is called α-complementation. The lac+ bacteria that result from α-complementation are easily recognized because they form blue colonies in the presence of the chromogenic substrate X-Gal. However, insertion of a fragment of foreign DNA into the polycloning site of the plasmid almost invariably results in production of an amino-terminal fragment that is no longer capable of α-complementation. Bacteria carrying recombinant plasmids therefore form white colonies. To screen bacterial colonies, the chromogenic substrate X-Gal and the gratuitous inducer IPTG are mixed with suitable dilution of a culture, combined with molten top agar, and then spread on agar plates containing the appropriate antibiotic. The efficiency of transformation is slightly higher when the bacteria are plated in top agar rather than on the surface of agar plates. Perhaps the transformed bacteria prefer the slightly anaerobic state within the soft agar or the isosmolarity provided by the agar medium.

Language patterns and attitude revisited

Abstract This paper investigates the association between language patterns and attitudinal meanings, focusing specifically on adjective complementation patterns and types of attitudes as proposed in the Appraisal framework (Martin & White 2005). The investigation shows that the tripartite division of Attitude into Affect, Judgement and Appreciation can be supported with pattern differentials. The detailed scrutiny of adjective patterns with respect to the attitude system supports Bednarek’s (2009) argument that both aspects of attitudinal lexis (emotion or opinion lexis) and attitudinal target (the entity being evaluated) should be considered in analysing appraisal expressions, which leads to the proposal that Appraisal is in essence instantiated by choices made simultaneously in terms of the attitudinal lexis that is used and the attitudinal target that is involved.

Distributive ignorance inferences with wonder and believe

A sentence like Mary wonders whether Ann, Bill or Carol broke the vase implies that Mary still consider all disjuncts possible. This inference has been referred to as a distributive ignorance inference (Roelofsen & Uegaki 2016). We present two experiments examining the distributive ignorance inferences triggered by two verbs, wonder and believe , with different types of complements and different types of quantificational subjects. The results of these experiments show that the distributive ignorance inferences triggered by the two verbs pattern very much alike. We argue that the data are best explained by an account that involves a strengthening mechanism which is sensitive to the syntactic structure of the complement of the verbs involved and optionally applies locally, as part of the semantic composition process. EARLY ACCESS

The Embedding Puzzle: Constraints on Evidentials in Complement Clauses

The Embedding Puzzle: Constraints on Evidentials in Complement Clauses

The influence of media multitasking on advertising effectiveness

Recent years have seen an increasing trend among consumers toward using two or more media simultaneously, a phenomenon known as media multitasking. The majority of the extant literature agrees that media multitasking has detrimental effects on advertising effectiveness. However, opportunities exist for reducing these negative effects or even creating effects favorable to advertising outcomes. Nevertheless, the literature on media multitasking during advertising exposure is highly fragmented and findings are inconclusive. This literature review synthesizes the extant studies on message processing in media multitasking situations. It develops a comprehensive conceptual framework on the effects of media multitasking on advertising effectiveness, with particular attention to mediating processes and moderating variables. The conceptual model explains the circumstances under which individuals devote voluntary or involuntary attention to advertisements during media multitasking, advances knowledge on the role of different sensory modalities, and reveals how the two types of information processing complement each other during simultaneous media usage.

성별에 따른 중국인 한국어 학습자와 한국어 모어 화자의 칭찬 화행 연구

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Chinese Korean learners and Korean native speakers compliment each other and the types of complement. The results show that there is a significant difference between Chinese men and women in terms of compliment to same-gender friends. On the whole, Chinese Korean learners and Korean native speakers use direct compliment most frequently. Specifically, both Chinese Korean learners and Korean native speakers use “예쁘다” most frequently when complimenting women’s appearance, and use “멋있다” most frequently when complimenting men’s appearance. When complimenting possessions, Korean women often refer to surrounding topics such as “asking for information” and “personal mention (expressing personal thoughts)”. Korean women normally use “direct compliment + peripheral mention”. When praising ability and personality, Chinese Korean learners and Korean native speakers use direct expression of compliment most frequently.

Comparing the Aspects of the Korean Adnominal Clause of Foreign Students in Korea and Korean College Students

이 연구는 외국인 대학생과 한국인 대학생의 관형절 사용 양상을 살펴보고, 외국인 대학생의 관형절 학습에 도움을 주기 위한 기초 연구이다. 이를 위해 각 대학생들의 작문에 나타난 관형절을 관계절, 동격절, 연계절, 명사적 관형절로 나누어 연구 자료들을 분석하였다. 자료의 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 두 집단 모두 주어관계절의 사용이 가장 많았고, 그 다음으로 직접목적어 관계절, 부사어관계절의 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 간접목적어관계절은 나타나지 않았다. 특히 외국인 대학생들의 자료 중 주어관계절에서는 머리명사가 관형절에서 사용될 때 시제가 없는 단순한 형태로 많이 나타났다. 이는 외국인 대학생들이 복합문을 만들 때 시제를 고려하여 문장을 확대하는 방법도 학습해야 하는 것을 보여준다. 둘째, 동격절은 외국인 대학생들보다 한국인 대학생들이 머리명사를 다양하게 사용하고 있었다. 그리고 한국인 대학생들은 짧은 동격절과 긴 동격절을 골고루 사용하고 있었다. 그리고 두 집단 모두 동격절의 머리명사를 적절히 사용하였으나 외국인 대학생의 경우, 짧은 동격절과 긴 동격절의 사용이 부적절한 경우가 있었다. 이는 외국인 대학생들이 짧은 동격절과 긴 동격절의 형태에 대한 학습이 더 필요한 것을 보여주는 결과이다. 셋째, 연계절은 외국인 대학생들의 자료에서는 전혀 나타나지 않았고 한국인 대학생 1명의 자료에서만 나타났다. 넷째, 명사적 관형절의 사용은 외국인 대학생들이 92.96%의 높은 정확도를 보였다. 이는 초급에서부터 반복적으로 사용하고 있고, 굳어진 형태를 그대로 사용하는 용이성 때문으로 보인다. 마지막으로 관계절의 문장 안 위치를 살펴본 결과, 외국인 대학생들과 한국인 대학생들 모두, 관계절 중에서 왼쪽 분지문을 많이 사용하였다(76.47%, 80.08%). 이 결과로 왼쪽 분지문이 가운데 내포문보다 학습하기가 더 쉽다는 것을 알 수 있었다.The purpose of this study is to investigate the aspects of the Korean adnominal clause among foreign students and Korean college students, and to help foreign students study the clause. For this purpose, the data was analyzed by dividing the clause into relative clause, appositive clause, connected clause, and nominal relative clause. The results of the analysis are as follows: First, in both groups, the use of subject clause was the most common, followed by direct object clause and adverbial clause. Moreover, indirect object clause did not appear. In particular, in the subject relative clause data of foreign students, when the head noun was used in the embedded clause, it appeared to be a simple form without the tense. This is a result of showing the need for foreign students to learn how to expand sentences considering the tense when creating complex sentences. Second, Korean students were more likely to use the head noun than foreign students, and Korean students were using evenly spaced incomplete complements and complete complements. In both groups, the head noun of the appositive clause was used appropriately, but in the case of foreign students, the use of incomplete complements and complete complements was inappropriate. This is a result of showing that foreign students need to learn more about the types of incomplete complements and complete complements. Third, the connected clause did not show up in the data of foreign students, only in the data of one Korean student. Fourth, the use of noun clause was highly accurate among foreign students (92.96%). This seems to be due to the ease of using chunk expressions, which have been used repeatedly from the beginning. Finally, examination of the location of the sentences in the relative clause showed that both foreign and Korean students had more leftbranching sentences (76.47%, 80.08%) in the relative clause. It was found that a left-branching sentence was easier to learn than a centerembedded sentence.

Rivalling Noun-Dependent Complements in Modern English: that‑Clauses and ‘Complex’ Gerunds

Abstract This corpus‑based paper explores the history and present status of the contrast between noun‑dependent that‑clauses and ‘complex’ gerunds containing their own subjects. With seven of the fifteen nouns under scrutiny, the emergence of the that‑clause either follows that of the gerund or the two complement types emerge at about the same time. This suggests that we will have to qualify the general assumption that since the eighteenth century English has promoted non‑finite subordinate clauses at the expense of finite ones. More crucially, with by far most of the nouns investigated, the that‑clause has gained much further ground over the last few centuries, with American English spearheading this development since the early nineteenth century. In line with the Complexity Principle, the grammatical environments favouring the more explicit that‑clause over the complex gerund include subject complexity and different types of structural discontinuity. Intriguingly, however, the easy‑to‑process there‑clause containing the nouns in question is also found to favour the that‑clause at the expense of the complex gerund.

Triviality and interrogative embedding: context sensitivity, factivity, and neg-raising

Why do predicates like know embed both declarative and interrogative clauses, whereas closely related ones like believe only embed the former? The standard approach following Grimshaw (Linguist Inq 10:279–326, 1979) to this issue has been to specify lexically for each predicate which type of complement clause it can combine with. This view is challenged by predicates such as be certain, which embed interrogative clauses only in certain contexts. To deal with this issue, this paper proposes (i) a novel, unified semantics for declarative and interrogative embedding and (ii) a theory where embedding is constrained by semantic considerations. The reason for the apparent unembeddability of an interrogative clause under a given predicate is the resulting trivial meaning of the sentence. Such triviality manifests itself in unacceptability. Crucially, it is affected by both the lexical meaning of the predicate and the polarity of the sentence as a whole.

A Corpus-based Study of Valency Sentence Patterns of English Verbs

Based on the COCA, this paper investigates valency sentence patterns of the English verb APPOINT from the perspective of syntactic valency. And it analyzes the dominated components of verbs with the corpus linguistic method of collocation. It has been found: (1) The verb APPOINT has seven valency sentence patterns identified in the active sentences and fifteen patterns in the passive sentences. (2) The complement types associated with the verb APPOINT include subject complement, object complement, nominal complement with or without as, verbal complement with an infinitive or with to-be followed by a noun or a noun phrase, prepositional complement with the preposition to, by or for. (3) There is regularity existing in the complements. This present study describes valency sentence patterns of verbs, taking the sentence as the smallest research unit and verbs as the core of the sentence. The research results provide a new sight for second language teaching, especially for English vocabulary teaching.