Circulation Types Research Articles

Analysis of diurnal, seasonal, and annual distribution of urban sub-hourly to hourly rainfall extremes in Germany

Abstract The timing of short extreme rainstorm, which was usually thought to occur on midsummer afternoons, was investigated to improve future mitigation options for infrastructure and safety from localised flash flooding. Using a peak-over-threshold approach, the timing of 10- and 60-min extreme events was filtered from high-resolution rainfall series assessing diurnal, seasonal, and annual distributions and analysed for spatial variations and prevailing atmospheric circulation types (CTs). The diurnal distribution showed a clear deviation from that of the entire rainfall regime. A complex spatial pattern was identified with distinct timing signatures of storms in the northern (mostly afternoon) and southern regions (a bimodal distribution with a second peak in the early morning) of Germany and a more homogenous diurnal distribution of events across the central regions. Most storms occurred in summer, but 42% of 10-min events occurred outside the summer months (June–July–August). A distinct annual clustering of extremes was identified, which varied distinctly between the 10- and 60-min extremes, indicating that the sub-hourly and hourly events were far from running conterminously. The timing of extreme events on the investigated time scales was not dominated by the occurrence of specific CTs in most cases, suggesting that other factors control these extremes.

Clustering circulation in eastern Asia as a tool for exploring possible mechanisms of extreme events and sources of model error

Every summer in eastern Asia, the combined effects of complex topography, multiple potential moisture sources and a mixture of sub-tropical and mid-latitude dynamics produces an environment, in which subtle differences in spatial patterns of atmospheric circulation can profoundly affect the geographic distribution of rainfall. Understanding and quantifying these patterns is a fundamental requirement if we are to understand, predict or project rainfall events likely to cause impacts to society in the region. To help the scientific community with this task, a method is presented here, in which spatial patterns of summer sea level pressure over eastern Asia are clustered into a set of eight circulation types, with examples given of their potential use. We find that the within-season prevalence of individual circulation types exhibit a strong relationship with the seasonal progression of the summer monsoon whilst providing a spatially coherent, physical interpretation of the monsoon for all parts of eastern Asia. Beyond this, the clustering approach permits the attribution of notable rainfall anomalies in almost any location within the domain used to build the clusters. Examples are given, showing how circulation specific moisture transport anomalies in one part of China can result in anomalously dry days in another part of the country. Two further applications of the clustering approach are demonstrated using climate simulations. The first is of circulation specific model errors which can allow targeted model development. The second provides information about anomalies which are plausible, but have yet to be observed, possibly due to limitations in the observed record.

Dominant synoptic patterns associated with the decay process of PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution episodes around Beijing

Abstract. The variation in the concentrations of ambient PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) generally forms a continuous sawtooth cycle with a recurring smooth increase followed by a sharp decrease. The episode of abrupt decay of pollution is mostly meteorological in origin and is controlled by the passage of synoptic systems. One affordable and effective measure for quickly reducing PM2.5 concentrations in northern China is to wait for a strong wind to arrive. However, it is still unclear how strong the wind needs to be and exactly what kind of synoptic system most effectively results in the rapid decay of air pollution episodes. PM2.5 variations over the 28 pollution channel cities of the Beijing region are investigated to determine the mechanisms by which synoptic patterns affect the decay processes of pollution episodes. This work shows more obvious day-to-day variations in PM2.5 concentration in winter than in summer, which implies that wintertime PM2.5 variations are more sensitive to meteorological factors. There were 365 decay processes from January 2014 to March 2020, and 97 of them were related to the effective wet deposition. In total, 26 %–43 % of PM2.5 pollutant is removed by the wet deposition in different seasons. Two dominant circulation patterns are identified in summer. All the other three seasons have three circulation types (CTs), respectively. The three CTs in spring show the same patterns as those in autumn and winter. The circulation patterns beneficial to the decay processes all exhibit a higher-than-normal surface wind speed, a negative relative humidity anomaly and net outflow of PM2.5 from the domain. In addition, CT1 in spring, autumn and winter is controlled by northeasterly wind and features the most significant horizontal net outflow of air pollutants and effective upward spread of air pollutants to the free atmosphere. CT2 is the most frequent CT in autumn and winter, with the highest wind speed from the northwest, highest boundary layer height (BLH) and lowest relative humidity among the three CTs, all of which are favorable for the reduction of PM2.5 concentrations. In CT3, strong vertical wind shear within the boundary layer enhances the mixing of surface air pollutants, which is the extra cleaning mechanism besides dry and clean air mass inflow. PM2.5 concentrations show significant decreases of more than 37 %, 41 % and 27 % after the passage of CT1, CT2 and CT3, respectively. A dry airflow with a positive BLH anomaly and the effective horizontal outflow of air pollutants are the main reasons for the abrupt decay phase in summer. PM2.5 concentrations after the decay process show a significant decreasing trend from 2014 to 2020, reflecting successful emission mitigation. Emission reductions have led to a 4.3–5.7 µgm-3yr-1 decrease in PM2.5 concentrations in the 28 pollution channel cities of the Beijing region.

Diversity of the Coupling Wheels in the East Asian Summer Monsoon on the Interannual Time Scale: Challenge of Summer Rainfall Forecasting in China

Two types of three-dimensional circulation of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) act as the coupling wheels determining the seasonal rainfall anomalies in China during 1979–2015. The first coupling mode features the interaction between the Mongolian cyclone over North Asia and the South Asian high (SAH) anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau at 200 hPa. The second mode presents the coupling between the anomalous low-level western Pacific anticyclone and upper-level SAH via the meridional flow over Southeast Asia. These two modes are responsible for the summer rainfall anomalies over China in 24 and 7 out of 37 years, respectively. However, the dominant SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the North Atlantic Ocean fail to account for the first coupling wheel’s interannual variability, illustrating the challenges in forecasting summer rainfall over China.

Structure of the Eurasian moorhen spleen: A comprehensive study using gross anatomy, light, and transmission electron microscopy.

The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ with major roles in the removal of blood-borne antigens. The Eurasian moorhen is a wild aquatic bird that revealed the adaptation to harsh environmental conditions. Information regarding the structural features of moorhen's spleen is lacking. The present study aimed to describe the composition of moorhen's spleen using anatomical dissection, histology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. The spleen appeared as a brownish red sickle-shaped organ close to the proventriculus and gizzard. The splenic capsule was very thin, and the trabeculae were poorly developed. The white pulp formed of the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath, lymphoid follicles, and periellipsoidal lymphatic sheath. The red pulp composed of sinusoids and cords and contained various types of blood cells. Blood vessels were observed within the splenic capsule and inside the parenchyma. Notably, penicillar capillaries (PCs) appeared branched and surrounded by well-developed ellipsoids. Direct connections were observed between PCs and splenic sinusoids suggesting a closed type of circulation. Ultrastructurally, intercellular spaces and vascular channels were evident in the wall of PCs. Ellipsoid-associated cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, and heterophils were observed within splenic ellipsoids. Ellipsoids were thus suggested as a crucial component of moorhen's spleen. Numerous MafB-immunoreactive (IR) macrophages were seen within the red pulp. Splenic cords contained the highest number of PHH3-IR cells, while CCASP3-IR cells were exclusive to follicles of the white pulp. In conclusion, the structure of moorhen's spleen revealed species-specific features. The findings of the present study could help to improve the immunity of domestic birds.

Long-Term Variability Pattern of Monthly and Annual Atmospheric Precipitation in the Polish Carpathian Mountains and Their Foreland (1881–2018)

This study focuses on demonstrating the multiannual patterns of cyclical fluctuations of monthly and annual precipitation in the Polish Carpathian Mountains and their foreland. The study is based on secular series of precipitation totals from 18 meteorological stations for the 138-year period from 1881 to 2018. Use is made of Fourier analysis (FFT) and wavelet transform nonlinear estimation. The study has found a 35-year Bruckner cycle in annual precipitation across the area. The number of days during the year with the types of cyclonic circulation that lead to extremely high precipitation, i.e. with the northerly and north-easterly (Nc + NEc) types and a cyclonic trough (Bc), is not clearly correlated with the 35-year harmonic variability derived from annual precipitation totals. However, the Fourier transform demonstrates a local maximum at T = 35 years. A harmonic 6-month cycle has been discovered as the only harmonic cycle in monthly precipitation. Its stability over the 138-year timespan is investigated.

Early signs of disorders of cardiovascular biomechanics

Aim a comprehensive study of disorders of the biomechanics of blood circulation for early diagnostics of atherosclerosis.
 Material and methods. The study included 120 people having one of the following risk factors for cardiovascular diseases: smoking, hypertension, Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. All subjects underwent computer-assisted rheopulmonography, rheovasography, apexcardiography, and direct sphygmography of the major arteries. The functioning of the heart, the arterial wall, the vascular bed of the pulmonary and systemic circulation was evaluated.
 Results. Smoking patients mainly had violations of the pulmonary circulation hemodynamics and the biomechanics of the arterial wall of the peripheral arteries due, obviously, to direct damage by nicotine. In patients with arterial hypertension, there was an increase in the work of the myocardium, obviously as a result of the formation of a hyperkinetic type of blood circulation in this disease. Patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus were characterized primarily by the development of systolic-diastolic vascular dysfunction, which may be a predictor of the development of angiopathies in the future. In addition, the study of the kinetics of the major arteries revealed violations of the biomechanics of the wall of all vessels under study with risk factors for atherosclerosis. At the same time, it should be noted that more pronounced changes were found in the distal arteries of the muscular type than in the arteries of the muscular-elastic type, which is obviously associated with hemodynamic overloads experienced by peripheral vessels, both as a result of the hydraulic shock that occurs with hyperkinetic type of blood circulation, and the effect of hydrodynamic forces on the vessel wall under the influence of gravity.
 Conclusion. Each factor contributes to the development of disorders of cardiovascular biomechanics and hemodynamics. It is necessary to consider changes in the biomechanics of the heart and vascular bed as early manifestations of the circulatory system malfunction with present risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

Compound Temperature and Precipitation Events in the Czech Republic: Differences of Stratiform versus Convective Precipitation in Station and Reanalysis Data

Some natural hazards may result from the coincidences of anomalies of different climatic variables. These so-called compound events can cause extreme impacts. This study analyzes compounds of extreme temperature with notable convective and stratiform precipitation in the Czech Republic during 1982–2016. Characteristics of compound events obtained from 11 stations’ data are compared with those from the gridded ERA-Interim reanalysis. We found that notable stratiform precipitation frequently coincides with warm nights and warm days in winter but with cold days in the other seasons. While the winter stratiform precipitation coinciding with warm days and warm nights is linked to anticyclonic, southwest, northwest, and anticyclonic-northwest circulation types, the northeast type is the most crucial circulation type linked to notable stratiform precipitation coinciding with cold days in all seasons except winter. The compound events of notable convective precipitation occur most frequently in summer and they are joined mainly with warm days. These compound events are associated with anticyclonic, cyclonic, and northwest circulation types. Although the number of days with stratiform compound events is larger in ERA-Interim than in the station data, the results are qualitatively comparable. ERA-Interim is, however, not able to reproduce convective compound events obtained from the station data.

Association between Prevailing Circulation Patterns and Coarse Particles in Portugal

Air pollution is one of the major environmental concerns today, with high socio-economic and public health impacts, which are expected to worsen in the future due to anthropogenic warming. Among the toxic agents present in the atmosphere, coarse particles (PM10 and PM2.5) are some of the most harmful for human health and the environment. Therefore, the study of these particles and their association with meteorological constraining factors is of utmost importance. The aim of this study is to analyze the circulation weather types (CWT) affecting PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations measured at background monitoring stations in Portugal between 2006 and 2018. PM10 and PM2.5 were analyzed in terms of their intra-annual and inter-annual variability, their relations with CWT and the characteristics of two major extreme events over Portugal. The analysis of the extreme events relied on both background stations and through the near-real time data from Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) outputs. The inter-annual assessment showed a decrease in concentrations over the studied years, mainly for PM10. Intra-annual assessment pointed to higher concentrations during winter months. Higher PM concentrations were mostly associated with CWTs with easterly or southerly components, characterized by low frequency of rainfall and advection of dry air masses. The two analyzed extreme events, associated with mega wildfires (15–17 October 2017) and dust intrusion (1–10 August 2018) were analyzed in more detail. Prominent southerly and easterly circulations were observed during the onset and peak of the events, which then later decayed due to the change to maritime flows (westerly and northerly circulation types) which dispersed the particles.

Large Day-to-Day Variability of Extreme Air Temperatures in Poland and Its Dependency on Atmospheric Circulation

The primary purpose of the study was the determination of the spatial day-to-day variability of extreme air temperatures in Poland and the dependency of large temperature changes on atmospheric circulation in accordance with the Grosswetterlagen (GWL) classification. The goal was achieved based on data from 1966 to 2015, made available by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management—National Research Institute. Day-to-day changes in maximum and minimum air temperatures were designated with a rate of ≥6 °C (large) and with a rate of ≥12 °C (very large) and their spatial distribution was presented. Finally, the analysis of the dependency of considerable temperature changes on atmospheric circulation in accordance with the Grosswetterlagen (GWL) classification was conducted. The obtained results showed that in Poland in the period 1966–2015 there was a statistically significant increase in the number of large changes in both Tmax and Tmin. The number of large changes in Tmax increases from north to south, and the number of large changes in Tmin from north to east and south of Poland indicate the range of the effect of marine and continental properties on the climate of Poland and the influence of local relief as well as the atmospheric circulation impact. Large changes in Tmax occur more frequently in spring and in Tmin in winter. Large changes in Tmax and Tmin are mainly recorded during cyclonic circulation, however, the anticyclonic circulation types favour especially large decreases in Tmin.

Spatial diversity of air temperature changes in Poland in 1961–2018

The article comprises an analysis of the spatial distribution, and variability of air temperature in Poland in the years 1961–2018. It was found that the mean increase in air temperature was 0.33 °C/10 years. The most evident warming occurred in the west of the country and at the Baltic Sea (> 0.4 °C/10 years). The greatest increase in the temperature was observed in summer (July 0.48 °C/10 years), winter (January 0.46 °C/10 years) and spring (April 0.41 °C/10 years), whereas in autumn the warming was not statistically significant. The major role of atmospheric circulation in shaping air temperature in Poland was corroborated. The positive correlation with the NAO was confirmed, and Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient (r) reached 0.81 in the north of Poland in January. An analysis of the variability of air temperature in Torun (Central Poland) in 1991–2018 demonstrated that the increase in temperature was correlated with a solar irradiance (r = 0.69 in July). Moreover, the types of atmospheric circulation and incoming air masses are also significant. The type of baric centre was found to play a very important role that is opposite in winter to what it is in summer. In cyclonic situations, air temperature increased in winter (r = 0.65 in January) and decreased in the warm half of the year (r = − 0.47 in September). An intensified flow of incoming air masses from the west caused air temperature to increase in winter (r = 0.72 in January) and to cool in summer (r = − 0.69 in August). The role of meridional flow becomes particularly evident in autumn (r = 0.49 in October).

ATMOSPHERIC DROUGHT IN THE POLISH TATRAS AND THEIRFORELAND IN THE YEARS 1951–2017

Aim of the study. The aim of this study is to assess the variability of the lowest monthly totals of precipitation, and to evaluate the impact of atmospheric circulation on the occurrence of months with a deficit of precipitation. Material and methods. Material: The monthly totals of atmospheric precipitation for the years 1951–2017 from 19 meteorological stations located in the Polish Tatra Mountains and in their foreland. and the calendar of atmospheric circulation types for southern Poland, which was developed by Niedźwiedź (1981; 2018). Methods: Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Mann-Kendall test Results and conclusions. No statistically significant trend at a significance level of 0.05 was noted in the course of the lowest monthly precipitation totals at any of the meteorological stations. In the 67-year period, all the measuring stations saw a total of 499 (3.3%) dry months with varying drought severity. The largest number of extremely dry months occurred in August and April, respectively. In the case of months when the lowest totals of precipitation occurred in the same month at all or almost all of the meteorological stations, three types of anticyclonic circulation dominated, i.e. eastern, south-eastern, southern, and the anticyclonic wedge.

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AFTER OPEN-HEART SURGERY PROCEDURES.

SUMMARYCardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CS-AKI) is a major complication associated with increased morbidity and mortality. There are multiple diagnostic criteria for CS-AKI. Despite many new investigations available for improved AKI diagnostics, creatinine and urea remain the cornerstone of diagnostics in everyday clinical practice. There are three major pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to kidney injury, i.e. renal hypoperfusion, inflammation with oxidative stress, and use of nephrotoxic agents. Some risk factors have been identified that can be modified during the course of treatment (use of nephrotoxic agents, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, type of extracorporeal circulation, postoperative low cardiac output or hypotension). The aim of AKI prevention should always be to prevent aggravation of renal failure and, if possible, to avoid progression to renal replacement therapy, which in turn brings worse long-term outcomes.

Wpływ cyrkulacji atmosferycznej na opady w Tatrach oraz Czarnohorze = Influence of atmospheric circulation on precipitation in Tatra and Chornohora Mts.

While significant increases in air temperature are being observed in the context of climate change, precipitation characteristics, indicators and indices seem to be changing in a more regionally-variable manner. High-mountain areas prove particularly subject to fluctuations and changes of climate, given that mountains serve as barriers to masses of air flowing over them, with the result that atmospheric precipitation totals are high in the context of the so-called orographic rainfall. Overall, the Chornohora represents the highest range anywhere in Ukraine’s Carpathian Mts, as there are six peaks over 2000 m a.s.l. capable of serving as a barrier running NW-SE. Nevertheless, the main ridge of the High Tatras (of the Slovakia-Poland borderland) is even higher and runs W-E. Each massif is some 30 km in length, while the two ranges are separated by a distance of almost 350 km. Main drainage divides run along the highest ridges here, with the Tatras separating the drainage basins of the Vistula and Danube, while the Chornohora represent a divide between the Prut and Tysa basins. The aim here has been to present characteristics of atmospheric precipitation in Tatra and Chornohora Mts. as these are seen to relate to atmospheric circulation. To this end, the dependent relationship between intensity of precipitation and atmospheric circulation was examined exhaustively, with changes in the latter considered from the point of view of intensity of precipitation in the massifs under study, and with trends for precipitation over the study period also looked for.The Niedźwiedź (2017) classification of types of atmospheric circulation was applied, with annual values calculated for circulation indicators P (a W-E inflow), S (a S-N inflow) and C (a cyclonic/anticyclonic inflow). Overall, the study drew on 1961‑2015 daily precipitation data from the north-eastern slope of Chornohora Mts. (as represented by Ukraine’s Pozhyzhevska weather station, PO, 1451 m a.s.l.), as well as the north slope of the Tatra Mts. (as represented by Poland’s Hala Gasienicowa weather station, HG, 1520 m a.s.l.).An air inflow from western directions was found to have prevailed over 28% of the days in the average year (Fig. 1). The most frequent types involved here were: Ka (12%), Bc (10%), Wc (10%) and Wa (8%). During the summer months (JJA), it is the Ka and Bc types that are even more frequent (present on approx. 15% of summer days). Types Wc and Wa in turn occur more frequently in winter (DJF) – respectively 13% and 12% of the time. In autumn, these types reach a level of occurrence around 10%.At 1712 mm, the average annual rainfall total for Tatra Mts is higher than that for the Chornohora (on 1446 mm). While the seasonal distribution of rainfall in spring and autumn looks almost the same in the two massifs, winter brings more precipitation in the Chornohora, while summer is a wetter season in the Tatras (Fig. 2). Largest amounts of precipitation nevertheless fall in the warm half-year, in the circumstances of N+NEa advection, cyclonic situations and under arctic, polar-marine or polar-marine transformed air masses (Figs. 3 and 4).The largest changes over time are to be observed for the zonal inflow index (P) and the cyclonic index (C). The P index points to increased numbers of days with a western circulation, while the C index confirms the domination of anticyclonic circulation (Fig. 5). The trend for annual rainfall totals is an upward one overall in both regions, but in neither does this achieve statistical significance (Fig. 6). Equally, there is a downward trend line for numbers of days featuring precipitation (RRdays) in the cases of both the Chornohora and Tatra ranges (equal to -7.3 days/10 years and -7.59 days/10 years respectively) (Fig. 7). On the other hand, the trend for numbers of days with higher rainfall, e.g. with RRdays>10mm is upward for the Chornohora (at +1.23 days/10 years), but downward for the Tatra Mts (at -0.6 days/10 years) (Fig. 8).

Correlating computed tomographic angiography of pulmonary circulation with clinical course and disease burden in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia

PurposeTo determine the type of pulmonary circulation (PC) in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and pulmonary atresia (TOF-PA) with the use of computed tomographic angiography (CTA), and describe their clinical courses, corrective surgery and disease burden. Methods145 patients (median age 4 years, interquartile range: IQR2-8 years) were analyzed for PC which divided into 5 CTA-types and 11 subtypes based on presence of main pulmonary trunk (MPA) and confluent pulmonary arteries (confluence-PAs), presence of ductus arteriosus or major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs), respectively. Pulmonary arteries (PAs) were assessed by McGoon ratio and arborization. Corrective surgery or palliative management was recorded by type of PC. Disease burden was calculated as the sum of CTA, diagnostic angiography, and palliative management. ResultsThe most common (N = 77, 53 %) PC was the presence of MPA with confluent-PAs (type-1) which was encountered mostly in TOF patients, followed by the presence of confluent-PAs with atretic MPA (type-2) (N = 47, 32 %) which found mainly in TOF-PA. McGoon ratio in type-1 (2.44 ± 0.84) was significantly larger than type-2 (1.61 ± 0.61) (median difference 0.84, 95 %CI 0.56–1.11, p < 0.001). Almost 2/3 of patients in type-1 (71 %) and 1/3 of patients in type-2 (34 %) achieved corrective surgery. There was no significant difference in amount of disease burden among the different PC, with the median value of 3 (IQR1-4). ConclusionsTypes of PC allow suggestions for size and arborization of PAs and successful surgical correction with an inverse relationship with the numbers of MAPCAs. There is no significant difference in amount of disease burden among the types of PC.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ АТМОСФЕРНОЙ ЗАСУХИ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ

Agrometeorological events that are dangerous for crops include droughts, dry winds, frosts, heavy rains, hail, strong winds, and dust storms. The most common and dangerous are droughts and dry winds.Drought is a natural phenomenon that is one of the most complex and least studied natural hazards, capable of causing irreparable damage to ecosystems with a wide impact on water resources, agricultural production, ecosystem functions, the environment, local and global economies. The article is a review that presents some of the most frequently and widely used drought indices and indicators in the last two decades, summarizes the results of atmospheric drought research using these indices, demonstrates the relationship between the occurrence of atmospheric drought in various regions of Central Asia and the characteristics of its severity depending on the types of large-scale atmospheric circulation. We compared meteorological and remote sensing indices and identified favorable indices for parameterization and monitoring of droughts. The papers presented in the review provide valuable scientific information and possible directions for further research on drought in Central Asia.

Возможности транскраниальной допплерографии в диагностике и прогнозе течения синдрома двигательных нарушений у детей в восстановительном периоде гипоксически-ишемической энцефалопатии

Aim: to assess brain circulation in the regions supplied by the basilar artery (BA) in children with movement disorders and motor skill delay in the late rehabilitative period after hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and its importance for the objectivity of clinical data and evaluation of rehabilitative effect. Patients and Methods: 28 children (mean age one year seven months) with movement disorders and motor skill delay (after hypoxic ischemic CNS lesion in the perinatal period) without lower extremity paraparesis or Willis circle abnormalities (by Doppler ultrasound) were examined. Doppler ultrasound was performed using the suboccipital approach at 3–8 months with 3–4-month intervals. The parameters of blood flow in BA, i.e., resistivity index (RI) and mean blood flow velocity (Vm), were measured. Retrospectively, children were divided into three groups based on motor skill delay severity (mild, moderate, or severe) and time for standing unaided to walking. Mean values in the groups and relative deviations (increase/decrease) from reference values in a given age group were compared. Results: motor skill delay severity and predicting time for standing unaided to walking correlated with RI and Vm. RI was a diagnostically valuable parameter whose reference values differed from motor skill delay severity. Isolated increase in Vm and normal RI were reported in children with motor skill delay 1–3 months before standing unaided to walking. This type of blood circulation is a transitional one during clinical improvement in some children. Conclusions: a set of instrumental data allow for describing motor skill delay severity depending on RI deviations from normal values in the regions supplied by BA. The sequence of brain circulation parameter changes is in line with the clinical course, e.g., RI normalization and further gradual recovery of blood flow velocity. KEYWORDS: movement disorders, motor skill delay, Transcranial Doppler ultrasound, basilar artery, resistivity index RI, mean blood flow velocity Vm. FOR CITATION: Pugolovkin K.A., Efimova E.A., Dombrovskaya E.A. et al. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound is a diagnostic and predicting tool for movement disorders in children after hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(3):254–259 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-3-254-259.

Study of Variations of Posterior Communicating Artery and Types of Posterior Circulation in Human Cadaveric Brains of South Indian Population

Study of Variations of Posterior Communicating Artery and Types of Posterior Circulation in Human Cadaveric Brains of South Indian Population

MACROMICROSCOPIC ARGUMENTATION OF THE PATHOGENETIC SCENARIO OF BABESIOSIS IN THE COORDINATE SYSTEM «PATHOGEN-CARRIER-RESERVOIR»

The aim is to get a thorough argument for the babesiosis pathogenetic scenario in the coordinate system «pathogen (Babesia spp.) - carrier (ticks of the Ixodoidea superfamily of the Ixodidea family) - reservoir (a susceptible organism)» with the emphasis on the epizootic/epidemic role of the carrier. Materials and methods: The macromicroscopic method of research was used in order to maximize the clarification of the babesiosis scenario, its pathogenetic links, the connection of the latter with attacks of active stages of ixodes ticks, types of circulation of ontogenetic forms of Babesia spp. in the body of carriers and their inoculation of the pathogen into an organism susceptible to it. The use of this method helped to strengthen the diagnostic potential of the study, and increase the reliability of the results obtained. Taking this into consideration it was focused on the epizootological/epidemiological aspects of babesiosis, the role and significance of the most vulnerable epizootic link - Ixodes ticks on the body of the vertebrate provider (mammal), poikilomorphism, anisomorphy. The study of the monolithic idiosome and ticks salivary glands were carried out on activated (capable of attack) female individuals aged 2-3 months after molting. Ticks were dissected in a cool (t=4ºC) Ringer's saline solution for arachnids. Ticks and prepared salivary glands were fixed in 12% formalin solution on 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH=7.0-7.2) at t=4oC for 3 hours, washed with the buffer, and fixed again for 1 hour (t=4oC). To achieve tonicity, sucrose was added to the fixatives and the washing medium. Dehydration occurred due to a battery of alcohols of increasing concentration and absolute acetone. Microspecimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin were studied using an Olympus BX-41 microscope (Japan). Results: Implementation of the leading stages of the babesiosis pathogenetic scenario is focused on the coordinate system «pathogen (Babesia spp.) - carrier (ticks of the Ixodoidea superfamily of the Ixodidea family) - reservoir (a susceptible organism)» in which carrier take the leading place. The macromicroscopic specificity of the structure of the ticks (variability: ability to aniso-, poikilomorphism) is an evidence-based criterion for pathogens inoculation to the macroorganism of warm-blooded vertebrates. It determines the features of circulation and organ/cellular locations of Babesia spp. (intestines and its epithelium, hemolymph, gonads, salivary glands). The species belonging of warm blooded vertebrates susceptible to babesiosis pathogens correlates with the species belonging of ticks and determines the tropicity of the latter. The simultaneous implementation of a complex of research procedures with the tick biological material samples is problematic taking into account the physical lack of material, which requires researchers to re-orient the diagnostic vector towards the use of additional methods for babesiosis diagnosing, including in vitro ones. Conclusions: In the pathogenetic scenario of babesiosis, the carrier (Ixodes ticks) is the central figure in the epidemic/epizootic coordinate system.

Improvement of mesoscale numerical weather prediction WRF-ARW in the Republic of Belarus by assimilation of radar wind and reflectivity data

The forecasts of severe weather events obtained with the WRF numerical mesoscale model with the adapted system for assimilation of reflectivity and radial velocity data from the network of Belarusian Doppler weather radars used in Belhydromet in 2019 are analysed. A description of the system for the echo quality control based on the radar dual-polarisation characteristics and the method for three-dimensional variational assimilation (3D-VAR) used to assimilate data in the WRF model are described. The results of case studies on the simulation of precipitation and strong wind for various circulation types in Belarus with and without radar data assimilation are given. The statistical and object-oriented verification of these forecasts is provided. The results of the comprehensive assessment reveal a decrease in the forecast error for 10-m wind speed for the early forecast hours (+6 h) by 1.34 m/s, as well as a more accurate forecast of the location, orientation of the cloud systems and precipitation zones, and a decrease in the number of false alarms in the version with assimilation. A preliminary conclusion on the possibility of using the forecast results in nowcasting systems is also made.