Types Of Chemicals Research Articles

Role of Herbal Drugs in Treatment of Dermatologic Disorders: A Review

Herbal cosmetics contain phytochemicals derived from various botanical sources to address nutrient deficiencies and improve human appearance. Natural beauty is God's gift; cosmetics help sustain and enhance human beauty and personality. Recently, herbal cosmetics have gained popularity due to their inherent suitability and usefulness and fewer adverse effects than synthetic products. In this article, we highlighted the advantages, types of herbal cosmetics, toxic effects, chemicals and adverse effects of synthetic cosmetics and herbs used for dermal care. Then, we surveyed to investigate the pattern of cosmetic usage in the daily lives of people, their awareness and practices regarding caution with cosmetic use, and common side effects associated with people during cosmetic usage.

A Quantitative Risk Assessment Model for Domino Accidents of Hazardous Chemicals Transportation

In recent years, hazardous materials transportation accidents have received increasing attention. Previous studies have focused on accidents involving a single vehicle. When vehicles loaded with materials gather on a stretch of road, a potential domino accident might cause terrible incidents. This paper prompts a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) model to estimate the risk of multi-vehicle incidents. The model calculates the possibility of leakage and explosion of hazardous chemicals using a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN). For different types of hazardous chemicals, the model uses event trees to list different scenarios and analyzes the probability of domino accidents caused by each scenario. The FN-curve and potential loss of life (PLL) are used as an index to evaluate social risk. A case involving multiple vehicles in the JinShan District, Shanghai, is analyzed. The result of the case shows that the state of the driver, the type of road, weather factors and the distance between vehicles have vital impacts on the societal risk resulting from hazardous materials transportation accidents.

Dynamic risk assessment of hybrid hydrogen-gasoline fueling stations using complex network analysis and time-series data

Since hybrid hydrogen-gasoline fueling stations store two types of hazardous chemicals, the number of victims might be substantially higher than at gas or hydrogen fueling stations during a leakage or explosion. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct an in-depth analysis and risk assessment of hybrid hydrogen-gasoline fueling stations. We establish a time series risk assessment model and use complex network analysis to analyze potential fire and explosion events in hybrid hydrogen-gasoline fueling stations. The complex network model is used to assess the structural characteristics of the complex hybrid hydrogen-gasoline fueling stations, extract the accident causal chain, and explain the relationship between the accident causal factors and the system's risk from a multi-dimensional perspective. Subsequently, time-ordered weighted averaging (TOWA) and time-ordered weighted geometric averaging (TOWGA) operators are incorporated into the complex network model. The TOWA-TOWGA hybrid operator combines the evaluation values of the summer and winter periods to obtain the dynamic risk assessment results. The static and dynamic assessment results are used to determine the degree of influence of the accident causal factors on the system risk in different periods and dimensions. The information is suitable for developing highly targeted measures to prevent/control high-risk disaster events in hybrid hydrogen-gasoline fueling stations.

Study for Bonding Technology by Electroplated Nano porous Cu Structure

The various kinds of the packaging technologies such as 2.nD, 2.5D, 3D are highly studied with the rapid development of miniaturization and high density of semiconductor packaging. This trend increases the importance of fine pitch interconnect. To achieve fine pitch interconnect, Cu-Cu direct bonding or hybrid bonding which has no solder in bonding layer is the promising technologies. There are some difficulties in the solderless bonding such as the control of bump uniformity, high accuracy CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) process and so on. In particular, the exact surface shape control is the essential issue. To solve these problems, we are proposing Nano porous (NP) Cu materials for interconnect material. One of the technical challenges is the process for formation of NP Cu µ-bump structure. We are focusing on electroplating process for µ-bump formation. Firstly, we developed the plating chemicals for formation of NP Cu structure. We consider two types of plating chemicals for NP Cu formation, de-alloying and direct porous plating process. For de-alloying process, Cu-Zn alloy bumps were plated, and NP Cu bumps were obtained by de-alloying the Cu-Zn alloy. For direct porous plating process, NP Cu bumps were plated by using unique additives which can form NP structure directly. By using electroplated NP Cu, we studied its various properties, and carried out bonding tests. As the results, NP Cu structure shows unique properties such as electrical conductivity and the hardness, and we consider that these unique properties should widen the bonding process margin. We would like to present our recent research of NP Cu which is promising materials for advanced bonding technology.

New trajectories of technologies for the removal of pollutants and emerging contaminants in the environment

Modern society has increasingly a diffusion of pollutants and emerging contaminants (e.g., different types of chemicals and endocrine disruptors in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, household cleaning, and personal care products, etc.) that have detrimental effects on the environment (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and anthroposphere) and also generate diseases and disorders on the people health. Environmental science requires efforts in the detection and elimination of manifold pollutants and emerging pollutants with appropriate product and process technologies. This study aims to analyze different paths of treatment technologies to investigate their evolution and predict new directions of promising technological trajectories to support the removal of contaminants directed to reach, whenever possible, sustainable development objectives. The work is mainly devoted to wastewater treatment technologies. A proposed model analyzes the evolution of patents (proxy of innovation and new technology) on publications (proxy of science and knowledge advances) to quantify the relative growth rate of new trajectories of technologies to remove pollutants and emerging contaminants. Results reveal that new directions of treatment technologies having an accelerated rate of growth are (in decreasing order): biochar and reverse osmosis in physical-based technologies, coagulation, and disinfection water treatments in chemical-based technologies and anaerobic processes in biological-based technologies. Other main technologies, such as carbon nanotubes and advanced oxidation processes, seem to be in the initial phase of development and need learning by using processes and further science and technology advances to be implemented as effective treatments and cost-effective methods. The results here show similar trends to global market revenue in water and wastewater treatment technologies. These findings bring us to the main information to extend the knowledge about new directions of technologies for the treatment and/or elimination of pollutants and microorganisms in order to support decisions of policymakers towards goals of sustainable development by reducing environmental degradation and people health disorders.

Identification and ligand binding of a chemosensory protein from sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi (Crustacea: Copepoda).

Caligus rogercresseyi is an ectoparasitic copepod that negatively affects the salmon farming industry, causing economic losses. To use phytochemicals as feed additives, or other chemicals that could elicit behavioral responses in C. rogercresseyi, the chemosensory recognition process is crucial. Therefore, to establish how C. rogercresseyi recognizes glucosinolates and their derivates isothiocyanates, a chemosensory protein (CSP) described as specific carrier of these chemicals in sea louse (CrogCSP) was identified in this study. The recombinant CSP and its selectivity against different chemical compounds was tested by fluorescence binding assays. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship among CrogCSP and other reported CSPs. Our results indicate that phenyl isothiocyanate and isophorone exhibited dissociation constants of 4.17 and 4.28 μM of Ki, respectively, indicating affinity over other chemicals, such as fatty acids and sinigrin. Structural findings suggest a unique binding site capable of accept several types of chemicals, similar to what has been reported for crystallized insect CSPs. Finally, this study lays the foundation for a deeper understanding of CSPs in crustaceans and especially in C. rogercresseyi. Likewise, the identification of chemosensory proteins could serve as the first step towards novel semiochemicals discovery to being applied in the sea louse controlling.

Effect of Blowing Agents on Properties of Cellular rubber of Natural rubber / Chloroprene blends

Cellular or sponge rubber can be by expansion of fluid state by gas produced from decomposition of foaming agents [1]. It can be manufactured from various types of rubber and chemicals depending on properties required [2]. Natural rubber can give excellent mechanical properties except for thermal ageing [3]. The objectives of this work were to improve thermal ageing of NR foam by incorporating chloroprene rubber, CR, into NR and foaming NR/CR blends. In order to study the effects of the type of chemical blowing agents on the properties of cellular NR/CR rubber blends, azodicarbonamide (ADC) and oxybisbenzenesulfonyl hydrazide (OBSH) were used as blowing agents and compared. The cure characteristic, mechanical, morphological, and flammability properties of the foams were investigated. The results indicated an increasing chloroprene rubber loading caused the increase in cure time, but decreased in cure rate index. In both cases of foaming agents, the cellular rubbers were found that tensile and tear strength were decreased with CR rubber loading, but the secant modulus and hardness were increased. Compression set was decreased with CR rubber loading. It is also showed that the flammability of NR/CR foam with high CR contents (more than 80%) was better than that with low CR contents. It is also found that using OBSH as foaming agent can produce cellular rubber containing better cell density and cell size distribution than ADC.

Effect of Different Types of Chemicals, Cooking Time and Chemical Concentration on the Quality of Sludge and Pulp Appearance

Pulp and paper production process releases different types of wastes into the environment and pulp mill sludge is one of the major wastes from pulp and paper mill. The environmental awareness has led to more attention being given to the process of paper production and the raw materials and chemical usage. In this study, we analyzed the effect of chemical, concentration and cooking time on the characteristics of sludge and physical appearance of pulp obtained from pulping kenaf stem. The stem was pulped with 20%, 60% and 90% concentrations of formic acid and sodium hydroxide at 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours intervals to determine the parameters of their sludge as well as pulp appearance. The parameters considered include carbon, nitrogen, turbidity, phosphorus, ash and moisture. Sludge from sodium hydroxide pulping showed lowest value (0.02) of carbon with 60% concentration and highest (4.30) with 90% after 1hr cooking. Formic acid sludge that reported zero carbon with 20% concentration gave lowest value (1.77) at 60% after 1hr and highest value (8.73) after 3hrs with 90% concentration. Both formic acid and sodium hydroxide sludge recorded highest values (0.29 & 39.77) of nitrogen at 60% concentrations. The sludges of the two chemicals were most turbid at 90% and less at 60% concentrations with highest phosphorus values at the same concentrations. Both sludges reported lowest moisture contents at 60%. Sodium hydroxide showed highest ash at 20% after 1hr cooking while the highest value for formic acid was recorded at 90% after 3hrs cooking. The 60% formic acid at 2 hours gave a better pulp on physical examination and the sludge from the same process can also be reused.

Authentication, chemical profiles analysis, and quality evaluation of corn silk via DNA barcoding and UPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS chemical profiling

Corn silk is commonly consumed in teas, food ingredients, and herbal medicines. Several varieties of corn silk are grown in different habitats in China. However, as information regarding their phytochemistry and genetic diversity is limited, their medicinal potential has not been utilized thoroughly. Thus, we aimed to use a combination of DNA barcoding based on specific primer ITSC sequences and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear trap quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS) approach for identifying and evaluating corn silk. ITSC barcoding helped us to identify that 52 samples could be classified into 7 groups of corn silk varieties, but the widely used nrITS and psbA-trnH barcodes failed to identify these varieties. UPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS was used to study the components in alcohol extracts derived from different corn silk varieties, and the detected chemical components were analyzed via bioinformatics techniques. We proposed 199 components using untargeted UPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS-based metabolomics analysis and identified 67 components. PCA and OPLS-DA analysis revealed two distinct chemotypes by selecting 27 components that could act as difference indicators. KEGG analysis showed that the 199 components were enriched in 12 metabolic pathways. The results showed that corn silk is rich in many types of chemicals and DNA barcoding is better than UPLC-LTQ/Orbitrap MS in distinguishing the differences between different varieties of corn silk. Our findings provide new insights into the chemical and molecular characteristics of different varieties of corn silk, which play a crucial role in the utilization of corn silk resources.

Influence of fiber surface modification on impact strength behaviour of Agave Lechuguilla fiber reinforced polymer composites

Polymer composites reinforced with natural fibers are being investigated as a cost-effective alternative to synthetic fibers. Researchers are interested in natural fiber reinforcement in polymer composites because of the abundance of natural fibers and ease of production. Natural cellulosic fibers, because of their attractive characteristics such as easy availability, biodegradability, and acceptable strength properties, are being considered as an alternative to synthetic reinforcements in polymeric materials. However, the hydrophilicity and poor adhesion with polymers hinder the full utilization of these reinforcing materials in the composite industry. The hydrophilicity, as well as the poor adhesion of natural fibers, can be checked by altering the fiber surface using different types of chemicals. The objective of this study was to modify the surface of Agave Lechuguilla (AL) fiber with NaOH solution and to study its influence on epoxy-based composites. The characterization of the unmodified and NaOH-modified fiber was carried out by EDS analysis. Short treated and untreated AL fibers in various weight fractions (10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %) were used separately as reinforcement materials in composite fabrication. The samples were then cut according to ASTM standards for impact strength. According to the results of the experiments, NaOH-treated AL fiber reinforcement improves the strength of the epoxy-based composite, and the composite with 30 % fiber by weight provides better impact strength.

Research advances on identification and mechanism of insect antiaphrodisiac pheromones

<p indent="0mm">Chemical communication in sexual phenomenon of insects through the diverse chemical structures has a high degree of specificity and attractive induction. As an important messenger for insect reproduction, sex pheromones can be divided into sex pheromone to attract mating and antiaphrodisiac pheromone to inhibit mating. Antiaphrodisiac pheromone is a class of volatile substance transferred to the female insects from the male during the mating. The attractiveness of sexual desire by reducing mating females to other male is an important approach to naturally control reproduction and species propagation. This article summarized several types of chemicals for the insect sexual behavior and briefly discussed the recent advances on the mechanism of action. The mechanism of chemical communication is an essential step of understanding the life cycle of insects, providing the scientific foundation of building a better ecological environment through biological control.

Developmental toxicity assessment of neonicotinoids and organophosphate esters with a human embryonic stem cell- and metabolism-based fast-screening model

In recent years, neonicotinoids (NEOs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely used as substitutes for traditional pesticides and brominated flame-retardants, respectively. Previous studies have shown that those compounds can be frequently detected in environmental and human samples, are able to penetrate the placental barrier, and are toxic to animals. Thus, it is reasonable to speculate that NEOs and OPEs may have potential adverse effects in humans, especially during development. We employed a human embryonic stem cell differentiation- and liver S9 fraction metabolism-based fast screening model to assess the potential embryonic toxicity of those two types of chemicals. We show that four NEO and five OPE prototypes targeted mostly ectoderm specification, as neural ectoderm and neural crest genes were down-regulated, and surface ectoderm and placode markers up-regulated. Human liver S9 fraction's treatment could generally reduce the effects of the chemicals, except in a few specific instances, indicating the liver may detoxify NEOs and OPEs. Our findings suggest that NEOs and OPEs interfere with human early embryonic development.

Corporate Social Responsibility, Firm Value, and Profitability: Evidence from Pharmaceutical Companies in Indonesia and Malaysia

Purpose: This study was conducted with the aim of testing the Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Firm Value with Profitability as a Moderating Variable. Theoretical framework: Pharmaceutical companies are very closely related to the environment around the company. In the operational activities of companies that process 9 types of chemicals, they can potentially trigger the release of substances that can damage the surrounding environment, so that waste management is needed. This study explores the violation of corporate practice by linking the implementation of CSR. Design/methodology/approach: We use documentation technique as data collection and analysis of outer model and inner model as data analysis using smartPLS software. This research was conducted on Indonesian pharmaceutical companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period and Malaysian pharmaceutical companies listed on the Malaysia Stock Exchange for the 2016-2020 period. By using purposive sampling method, 8 Indonesian pharmaceutical companies were selected from 10 companies, and 8 Malaysian pharmaceutical companies from 16 companies were selected as samples that met the requirements. Findings: Corporate Social Responsibility Affects the Value of Indonesian Pharmaceutical Companies. Corporate Social Responsibility Does Not Affect The Value of Malaysian Pharmaceutical Companies. Profitability is able to moderate the influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on the value of Indonesian and Malaysian pharmaceutical companies. Research, Practical &amp; Social implications: Future studies may consider indicators of the influence of CSR on firm value with profitability as a moderating variable. Originality/value: Indonesian pharmaceutical companies show results that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has an effect on firm value, Malaysian pharmaceutical companies show results that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has no effect on firm value, Indonesian pharmaceutical companies show that profitability is able to moderate the influence of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on firm value, Malaysian pharmaceutical companies show results that profitability is able to moderate the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on firm value.

Comparative analysis of antibacterial properties of carbohydrate derivatives over commercial antibiotics

Aim: The goal is to compare the antibacterial properties of carbohydrates derivates to those of commercial antibiotics, using docking to see how the ligand, protein, and antibiotic interact molecularly. Materials and procedures: The PDB (protein data bank) website was used to obtain the protein structure, whereas the NCBI-PubChem website was used to gain the ligand structure. The three different types of chemicals used for docking include antibacterial from Staphylococcus aureus(1N67), gluconolactone as a ligand, and dicloxacillin as an antibiotic. The PubChem website contains the true nature of protein chemical structure, while the PDB website has the chemical structures of ligand and antibiotic. The goal was to see if the interaction between the antibacterial staphylococcus aureus (1N67) protein molecule and the antibiotic dicloxacillin was right. Using SPSS software, the independent sample t-test was employed to compare binding affinity. According to statistics, one-sided p values range from.18 to.001, whereas two-sided p values range from.345 to.001. Conclusion: When it comes to antibacterial activity against the target protein, the antibiotic dicloxacillin appears to be more specific and selective.

Comparative Analysis of Antibiofilm Properties of Carbohydrate derivatives over Commercial Antibiotics

Aim: The goal is to compare the antibiofilm characteristics of carbohydrate derivatives to commercial antibiotics, and docking will be used to see how the ligand, protein, and antibiotic interact molecularly. Materials and methods: The protein structure was obtained from the PDB (protein data bank) website, while the ligand structure was obtained from the NCBI-PubChem website. The biofilm from Staphylococcus aureus (bap-c1) as a protein, gluconolactone as a ligand, and nafcillin as an antibiotic are the three different types of chemicals employed for docking. The sample size was calculated using G power with pretest power at 80% and alpha value of 0.05. The sample size per group is 10 and total sample size is 30. Docking studies of protein and ligands were performed using Auto dock software. Statistics of the interactions were analyzed using IBM SPSS software. Result: Molecular interactions revealed that nafcillin shows more affinity towards the protein compared to gluconolactone and clindamycin. The binding affinity values were compared using SPSS software, it reveals that the statistical insignificance observed between the gluconolactone and nafcillin is 0.73 and for gluconolactone and clindamycin is 0.565 Conclusion: The antibiotic nafcillin appears to be more specific and selective in its antibacterial activity against the target protein.

Comparative Analysis of Anti-Fungal Properties of Carbohydrates Derivatives over Commercial Antifungal Drugs

Aim: The goal is to compare the anti-fungal characteristics of carbohydrates derivatives to commercial antibiotics, and docking will be used to see how the ligand, protein, and anti-fungal interact molecularly. Materials and methods: The protein structure was obtained from the PDB (protein data bank) website, while the ligand structure was obtained from the NCBI-PubChem website. The fungus from aspergillus parasiticus (3HQR) as a protein, gluconolactone as a ligand, and benzimidazoles as an antifungal are the three different types of chemicals employed for docking. The genuine nature of protein chemical structure may be found on the PubChem website, while the remaining two chemical structures of ligand and antifungal can be found on the PDB website. Result: To determine whether or not the interaction between the protein molecule of the fungus from aspergillus parasiticus (3HQR) and the antifungal benzimidazoles is correct. The independent sample t-test was used to compare binding affinity using SPSS software. Significant difference, one-sided p values are.18-.001, and the two-sided p-value is.689 -.001, according to statistics. Conclusion: The antifungal benzimidazoles appear to be more specific and selective in their antifungal activity against the target protein.

Adverse Effect of Reprotoxic Substances on Human Health

The arenas of reproductive and developmental toxicology are multifaceted areas of significant importance and intense study, for the human population, as well as for animal species. Due to impact from various toxicants, from pharmaceuticals to environmental contaminants increases risks of adverse effects to Reproductive systems and developing embryos and foetuses. There is lots of information found in relation with environmental toxicants and their effects on reproductive system of male and female as well as on foetus. There is need of scientific Research about effects of toxicants on the process of reproduction and on developing foetus through molecular, physiological and anatomical studies including reversibility of their impacts. Also, studying fewer common exposures like new types of chemicals, occupational factors and exposure by inhalation. People may encounter substances that have harmful impact on reproductive health as well as developing embryo and foetus through water, air, soil, dust, food, or consumer products. The ultimate aim of all scientific toxicological research is to utilize unfailing and predictive toxicity testing to prevent exposure to potentially harmful toxicants on reproducing animals, humans as well as developing individuals. Also, study of role of the placenta in developmental toxicity of chemicals is essential.

A Standardized Procedure to Build a Spectral Library for Hazardous Chemicals Mixed in River Flow Using Hyperspectral Image

The occurrence of natural disasters as a consequence of accidental hazardous chemical spills remains a concern. The inadequate, or delayed, initial response may fail to mitigate their impact; hence, imminent monitoring of responses in the initial stage is critical. Classical contact-type measurement methods, however, sometimes miss solvent chemicals and invoke risks for operators during field operation. Remote sensing methods are an alternative method as non-contact, spatially distributable, efficient and continuously operatable features. Herein, we tackle challenges posed by the increasingly available UAV-based hyperspect ral images in riverine environments to identify the presence of hazardous chemical solvents in rivers, which are less investigated in the absence of direct measurement strategies. We propose a referable standard procedure for a unique spectral library based on pre-scanning hyperspectral sensors with respect to representative hazardous chemicals registered on the national hazardous chemical list. We utilized the hyperspectral images to identify 18 types of hazardous chemicals injected into the river in an outdoor environment, where a dedicated hyperspectral ground imaging system mounted with a hyperspectral camera was designed and applied. Finally, we tested the efficiency of the library to recognize unknown chemicals, which showed &gt;70% success rate.

Research Progress on Risk Assessment of Emerging Contaminants in Aquatic Environment

The rapid industrialization process has brought about explosive growth in the types of chemicals and the widespread and extensive usage of chemicals. These chemicals enter into the aquatic environment with their application in industry and daily life, posing a security threat to natural water bodies and public health. It is necessary and urgent to carry out risk assessment of these new pollutants or micro-pollutants in water. Therefore, this paper reviewed the research progress and development direction of health risk assessment and ecological risk assessment of emerging contaminants in aquatic environment, and prospected the research and application in China. This paper proposes that it is necessary to deeply study the public health effects, environmental effects and migration and transformation characteristics of these emerging contaminants in water, and to understand their toxicological effects, so as to establish a sound risk assessment benchmark and method as soon as possible to help water resources management and water security.

Synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole scaffolds by methylene blue (MB+) as a photo-redox catalyst via a single-electron transfer (SET)/energy transfer (EnT) pathway

A new environmentally friendly plan was created to make dihydropyrano [2,3-c]pyrazole structures without using metals. This plan involves combining ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine hydrate, aldehyde derivatives, and malononitrile in a radical tandem Knoevenagel-Michael cyclocondensation reaction. We used metal-free methylene blue (MB+) to create special functions that respond to light. These functions can transfer electrons and energy in water at room temperature using light as a source of energy in the air. The amount of product made is pretty consistent (between 81 and 98 %, with an average of 91.8 %), and it gets made quickly (between 3 and 7 min, with an average of 5.3 min). The important thing mentioned in the conversation is that the process can handle different types of chemicals while still being fast and giving good results. The results show that this special technique is a successful and easy way to get good results in just one step. Methylene blue is used with very little amount to make a chemical reaction happen. This leads to high amounts of product, saves energy, and is good for the environment. It helps use up all the starting materials efficiently, saves time by not needing to separate chromatography, and reduces waste. This photocatalyst is easy to use. This creates many different types of characteristics in the environment and chemicals that last a long time. The turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) of dihydropyrano [2,3-c]pyrazole scaffolds were calculated. It is interesting that cyclization on a gram scale can be achieved, showing that this technique can be used in industries.