Types Of Cars Research Articles

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ НА ОСНОВЕ ПЛАТФОРМЫ БЛОКЧЕЙН

The purpose of the study is to optimize the transportation process in intercity communication by introducing intelligent control systems (ITS) based on the Blockchain platform into the activities of the agrocomplex enterprise. The object of the study is an agricultural complex enterprise. The subject of the study is the process of cargo transportation in intercity communication at this enterprise. The advantages of an intelligent management system based on a blockchain platform and the issue of its integration into the activities of agro-complex enterprises in order to increase the efficiency of their work are considered. The company "Saratov Poultry Processing Plant "Kurnikov" was founded in 2002 and occupies a leading position among manufacturers in the segment of deep processing of poultry meat in Russia. In 2022, the total production volume of Saratov Poultry Processing Plant Kurnikov LLC amounted to an impressive 36,000 tons. In the asset of the SEC “Kurnikov has 6 large warehouses located in Saratov, Engels, Moscow, Penza, St. Petersburg and Kaluga. The largest – Saratov – has the ability to store 140 tons of products. The company also includes 65 trade pavilions and 7 retail pavilions. To date, the divisions operate in the city of Saratov and the Saratov region, Astrakhan, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Adler, etc. In addition to its own points of sale, the company strives to develop a partner network. Thanks to this approach, products are successfully sold throughout the Russian Federation, as well as in the countries of the Customs Union, including Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Belarus. The average number of employees according to the Federal Tax Service for 2022: 695 people. Revenue is 4.4 billion rubles a year, net profit is 90 million rubles a year. The company's fleet consists mainly of 5 types of cars. During the analysis of the company's work and the survey of employees, existing problems were identified in the organization of the transportation process. The solution to these problems can be the introduction of an intelligent transport system based on the latest technologies at the enterprise. One of the most advanced and modern intelligent systems is Blockchain.

Performance analysis of a thermochemical energy storage system for battery preheating in electric vehicles

• A thermochemical energy storage system for battery preheating of electric vehicles. • 2-D numerical model for Potassium Carbonate salt hydrate-based energy storage bed. • The performance of the energy storage bed is studied by parametric analysis. • Ambient temperature has significant impact on the system performance. • Heating rate of 0.43 °C min-1 is achievable for battery preheating of electric car. For a sustainable future, electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to offer a superior alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles. However, the performance of lithium-ion batteries used in EVs is known to deteriorate at low temperatures. Hence, preheating of EV batteries becomes imperative in cold climates. In the present paper, a potassium carbonate salt hydrate-based Thermochemical Energy Storage System (TESS) is proposed for battery preheating. The Energy Storage Bed (ESB) is a reactor of this system in which hydration-dehydration reactions take place. The ESB is envisioned as a modular design that presents the advantage of scalability for different EV variants and ambient conditions. A 2-D model of ESB is developed and its performance is analysed by various parametric studies. The proposed TESS achieves cycle efficiency of 47.1 %, volumetric energy storage density of 153.4 kWh m -3 , and specific heating power of 88.6 W kg -1 . Further, the analysis is extended to study the temporal variation in the battery temperature of an electric car by the addition of the proposed TESS to the existing heating architecture. The effect of various parameters associated with the heating circuit, on the evolution of battery temperature is also studied. Using the proposed TESS, a heating rate of 0.43 °C min -1 can be achieved for battery preheating of a typical electric passenger car.

Dynamic effects of vehicle traffic on a highway in the slope vicinity

This article develops the modeling of dynamic effects arising from vehicle traffic on a sloped road. The object of study is landslide slopes under the dynamic impact of mobile transport. The problem is solved using explicit absolutely stable direct integration schemes for the structural dynamics problem, taking into account the movement of massive loads. The paper considers various types of cars moving in a certain range of speeds. The speed of movement varied with a step of 10 km/h. The position of cars on different lanes of the road is considered. The heterogeneity of physical and mechanical parameters in the volume of the slope is specified in the parameters of the finite elements of the model (volume tetrahedra are used).This paper presents the results of vertical oscillations of points of one cross section of the slope. The results are presented in the form of graphs of oscillations of various points of the section, and graphs summarizing the results.

Analysis of portable system for sound acquisition of vehicles powered by internal combustion engines

In this paper a portable system for acquisition of sound generated by passenger vehicles powered by internal combustion engines is described and analyzed. The acquisition system is developed from scratch and tested in order to satisfy the requirements such as high-quality of audio recordings, high mobility, robustness and privacy respect. With this acquisition system and adequate signal processing, the main goal was to collect a large amount of clear audio recordings that will form a quality dataset. In further research, this dataset will be used for machine learning model training and testing, i.e. for developing a system for automatic recognition of the type of car engine based on fuel.

Mobile Based Brand and Car Type Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network

Although the parking lot is equipped with CCTV surveillance, car theft incidents still occur occasionally. These thieves exploit a loophole in the system that prevents the identification of the car's brand and model upon entering and exiting the parking lot using the same ticket. Therefore, the aim of this research is to develop a system capable of detecting the brand and model of cars. The study utilizes convolutional neural network technology and specifically focuses on the EfficientNet, MobileNet, and MobileNetV2 architectures due to their low resource requirements. Training images for the study are sourced from an online marketplace for used cars, with each of the 20 car brand and model variations consisting of 100 photographs. creates a model after being processed. For the prototype, the approach is put into practice through a mobile application. This study compares EfficientNet, MobileNetV1, and MobileNetV2 as the end result. EfficientNet scored 74%, MobileNetV1 74%, and MobileNetV2 66% on the test of accuracy. The accuracy increases to 80% after the EfficientNet has been tuned.

Car Safety System With The Inclusion of Sensors

In order to improve driving safety, this research article describes the development and use of an automobile safety system that makes use of Arduino microcontrollers and a variety of sensors. The suggested system is based on the combination of infrared, ultrasonic, and fire sensors, which give a thorough picture of the area around the automobile. An Arduino-based control unit processes the sensor data in real-time and notifies the driver to possible risks including barriers, pedestrians, and other cars. Through extensive testing and simulation using both real-world scenarios and simulated conditions, the effectiveness of this proposed car safety system was assessed. The findings shown that this system can effectively identify possible risks and promptly alert drivers, thereby lowering the chance of accidents. As a result, this vehicle safety system is a dependable and efficient solution to improve driving safety. It does so by utilising Arduino microcontrollers and a variety of sensors to provide the driver a complete picture of the surrounds of the vehicle. This method is a workable option for lowering risk factors on roads since it is adaptable for any automobile type and reasonably simple to deploy.

MYTHICAL CAR: METONYMY IN TAYLOR SWIFT'S SONG LYRICS

Varieties of car-related words reflect how the knowledge involving the vehicle has been stored in cultural society. The repetitive occurrence of phrases about a car in Taylor Swift’s 40 song lyrics raises a question on how such a thing is used in song lyrics to convey meaning. This article uses Littlemore's (2015) theory to figure out the domain where metonymy is used. To explain the meaning-making process, it adopts Moore’s (2016) notion that to reach metonymy is by analyzing the semiotic property of experiential correlation and descriptions of the semiotic structure which Brandt et. al (2019). Then, a qualitative method suggested by Gravells (2018) is applied to read the interaction among language features in context. The metonymy analysis shows the songs employ the domain of car parts, car types, road areas, driving manners, and street signs as part of car metonymy. The semiotic analysis shows that the car has the mythic meaning of overcoming trouble, private space, taking action, romance, and status so that the meaning is readily grasped by the audiences. Thus, this article enriches the method of researching popular songs where language plays vital parts in the lyrics.

‘What discretion do you need?’ Factors influencing police decision-making in possession of cannabis offences

Research suggests that those most likely to be policed for cannabis possession are young, ethnically minoritised, urban males belonging to ‘suspect’ groups. This study examined police decision-making in cannabis possession cases in a Northern England force. Findings demonstrate that, outside of a few cases in which cannabis was being used in public, the policing of cannabis in this force area most often involved ‘accidental’ discovery, in the sense that the original interest in individuals or vehicles was not related to cannabis possession, but was rather based on ‘suspicion formation’ concerning certain types of car, behaviours, people and locations. Once detected, officers felt obliged to take action due to pressure from the public and managers, the harms they associated with cannabis and because the smell of cannabis made its public use difficult to ignore. There was little evidence of informal responses to cannabis suggesting a shift towards policing driven by force guidelines. However, guidelines differ, meaning that people who receive a criminal record in some force areas would not be criminalised in others. The consequences of having such a record suggest that achieving consistency in the policing of cannabis should prioritised.

PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR TEMATIK TERPADU MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING DI KELAS V SD

This study aims to increase student learning outcomes by using a problem based learning model in class V at SDN 12 Gunung Malelo Pesisir Selatan. This research is a type of CAR using a qualitative and quantitative approach. This research was conducted in 4 stages, namely: (1) Planning, (2) Implementation, (3) Observation, and (4) Reflection. the results of observations of RPP in the first cycle which has a percentage of 81.94% with good qualifications (B) and an increase in the second cycle which has a percentage of 94.44% with very good qualifications (SB). Based on the results of observations of teacher activities in the first cycle, which has a percentage of 85.71% with good qualifications (B) and an increase in the second cycle which has a percentage of 96.42% with very good qualifications (SB). While on the results of observing the activities of students in the first cycle, which has a percentage of 85.71% with good qualifications (B) and there is an increase in the second cycle with a percentage of 96.42% with very good qualifications (SB). Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that research conducted using this problem based learning model can improve student learning outcomes in class V Elementary School.

Research on the Influence of COVID-19 on Overall Sales of Cars and Cars in Different Categories in China

COVID—19 outbreak has caused a global economic recession; automotive industry plays a key role in economy nowadays. Previous studies were focused on the short-term impact of the COVID outbreak. This study is aimed to evaluate two years after the COVID outbreak, what impact did COVID post on the Chinese automotive industry overall and across different categories, how sales of car models with different price, nationality, and car type reacts to the COVID outbreak. The result of this study shows that COVID posted a significant negative impact on Chinese car sales overall. The higher priced car models impacted less by the COVID outbreak, chinse models impacted more by the COVID outbreak, and no significant evidence to show how SUV models impacted by the COVID outbreak. These findings can help car companies to make the most ideal production, operation and supply chain management decisions when a natural shock happens in the future.

The new electric SUV market under battery supply constraints: Might they increase CO2 emissions?

Two trends have shaped the European car market over the past decade: electrification and SUVisation. Recently, they have merged in a new product: the electric sport utility vehicle. This paper contrasts the view that regards this innovation as a technological solution to mitigate road transport emissions with a broader view that takes into account the battery requirement and profitability of such type of electric car. This broad view is formalised in a system dynamics model that captures the potential effects of supply side constraints. Four scenarios are simulated. The results show that the levels of CO2 emissions of new cars are substantially reduced only in the one that assumes lower motorisation. Based on these simulations, the conclusion that the diffusion of electric sport utility vehicles does not necessarily contribute to mitigating car emissions in Europe is drawn. Less reliance on technology fixes, downsizing and reduced motorisation are identified as solutions worth investigating to meet ambitious climate goals. Further research on how vehicle manufacturers distribute batteries is needed.

What role for electric vehicles in the decarbonization of the car transport sector in Europe?

The transport sector is the only sector where carbon emissions continue to grow. This has led policy makers to propose ambitious policies to reduce emissions in the car sector, in particular carbon emissions standards, portfolio mandates for Electric Vehicles and purchase taxes or subsidies. We use a stylized two-period model for the car manufacturing sector to compare the cost efficiency of these policies. The model has gasoline fueled cars (GV) compete with battery electric cars (EV). Both types of cars have endogenous technological progress that is triggered by environmental policies, including tradable carbon emissions standards, portfolio mandates, carbon taxes, purchase taxes and R&D subsidies. Parked EVs can serve as batteries that help grid operators to shift off peak (renewable) electricity to peak hour supply. The model is calibrated to evaluate the EU policy to reduce average carbon emissions of new cars by 37,5% in 2030 compared to 2021. We assess the cost-efficiency of policy instruments evaluating vehicle costs and prices, fuel costs, and externalities. We find that a carbon emissions standard achieves emission reductions at a much lower cost than a portfolio mandate for electric cars.

Assessment of different pedestrian communication strategies for improving driver behavior at marked crosswalks on free channelized right turns

Introduction: Previous studies have indicated low driver yielding rates to pedestrians in various countries. This study analyzed four different strategies to improve driver yielding rates at marked crosswalks on channelized right turn lanes at signalized intersections. Method: A sample of 5,419 drivers was collected for four gestures using field experiments for males and females in the State of Qatar. The experiments were conducted in daytime and nighttime on weekends at three different locations; two sites are located in an urban area and the third is located in non-urban area. The effect of pedestrians’ and drivers’ demographic characteristics, gestures, approach speed, time of the day, location of the intersection, car type, and driver distractions on yielding behavior is investigated using logistic regression analysis. Results: It was found that for the base gesture, only 2.00% of drivers yielded to the pedestrians, while for hand, attempt, and vest-attempt gestures the yielding percentages were considerably higher, 12.81%, 19.59%, and 24.60%, respectively. The results also showed that females received significantly higher yielding rates compared to males. In addition, the probability of a driver yielding increased 2.8 times when drivers approached at slower speed compared to a higher speed. Further, drivers’ age group, accompanied, and distractions were not significant in determining drivers’ probability of yielding.

CO2 Emission Costs Due to the Production and Use of Vehicles in the Context of Automotive Development

Abstract The aim of this article is to assess the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of three types of cars: two internal combustion cars and one Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), measured on the basis of type approval regulations. The article also assesses the CO2 emission costs resulting from the production of fuel and the production of the car. It was assumed as a research hypothesis that the development and growing serial production of vehicles with different power systems will bring measurable changes in CO2 emissions from road transport. Based on their own research, the authors also analyzed the credibility of the assumptions made about the benefits related to emissions resulting from replacing the classic vehicle with hydrogen one. They estimated the duration and intensity of use of a hydrogen vehicle that offers CO2 benefits compared to a conventional vehicle.

The Electric Vehicle is not Enough: To decarbonize road transport we need to complement EVs with bikes, rail, city planning, and alternative energy

EVS HAVE FINALLY COME OF AGE. The total cost of purchasing and driving one–the cost of ownership–has fallen nearly to parity with a typical gasoline-fueled car. Scientists and engineers have extended the range of EVs by cramming ever more energy into their batteries, and vehicle charging networks have expanded in many countries. In the United States, for example, there are more than 49,000 public charging stations, and it is now possible to drive an EV from New York to California using public charging networks.

IMPLEMENTATION OF FREE STUDENT TRANSPORT POLICY IN THE CITY OF BANJARBARU

School or student transportation services is one form of special service management in the City of Banjarbaru. Since the launch of the Free Student Transport Program (APG) by the Mayor of Banjarbaru, the people of the City of Banjarbaru have been warmly welcomed, especially parents of students. However, this did not last long because their child was forced to return to using a motorbike. After all, the students were not transported by the free transportation provided by the Banjarbaru City Government. As a result, APG in Banjarbaru City has not run optimally until now. So it is necessary to know the needs, support, and constraints that affect the implementation of the Free Student Transport Policy. This study aims to analyze the community's needs, government and community support, and the obstacles that affect the implementation of the APG policy in the City of Banjarbaru. This research method uses qualitative methods through collecting data with the stages of observation, data reduction, data presentation, concluding, and interviews. The implementation of APG in Banjarbaru City does not provide safety insurance. There are two doors in the APG, a car type with student entry and exit; the door is still manual or cannot close automatically. The APG seat has a safety belt but is not used by students because the passengers exceed the capacity. The car (Travel A), the passenger seat facing left and right, does not have a safety belt (Track B); in the APG, there is no handle grip (hanging handle). In the operation of the APG, it is operated by one driver, and there is no other security/assistant officer. Unlike the bus type APG, all facilities are complete, the level of comfort and safety is guaranteed. The operation of APG is exclusively for the students.

Analysis of the Used Car Market in the United States

Used cars are an essential part of the automobile market. With the change in people's car buying concept and increased consumer demand for cars, its market has become increasingly active. In this paper, we analyzed the United States used car market data to understand how factors like car brand, owner type, location, and mileage affect the price of used cars. We find that Asian brands account for a more significant proportion of the market. Comparing Honda and Toyota in Japanese cars, we assume that Toyota is relatively more cost-effective than Honda. We also identify several major sales hubs in the United States, such as New York and Massachusetts on the east coast, California on the West Coast, and Florida on the south. This paper thus provides used-car market potential consumers and existing sellers with price and location references.

A Pilot Study of Electrical Vehicle Performance, Efficiency, and Limitation in Kuwait’s Harsh Weather and Environment

Due to industrialization and an exponential increase in population, the demand for vehicles has increased in Kuwait. Utilizing fossil fuels to power vehicles that are in high demand has posed various environmental and medical implications. Considering the emission-free feature of electric vehicles (EVs), moving towards “EV readiness” is the need of the hour. This can be further enhanced by adopting alternative sustainable technologies such as photo voltaic (PV) charging of EVs, to potentially eliminate or significantly reduce the reliance on fossil fuel while simultaneously decreasing harmful emissions. As Kuwait does not manufacture cars, it imports all vehicles and their parts, including internal combustion engines (ICEs) and EVs. To find out the challenges to uplifting Kuwait’s “EV readiness” this study delved into the performance of a typical EV car in Kuwait’s weather conditions. This includes the investigation of parameters that influence the energy requirements in an electric vehicle, the change in the energy requirement in relation to several driving scenarios, and the efficiency of the EV battery. The results indicate that a significant amount of energy is being wasted for battery conditioning, which drastically reduces the distance covered during summer. The energy required for air-conditioning and battery conditioning are both positively correlated to the ambient temperature, while the time required to charge the battery has no relationship with the time of the day, traffic, or trip length. Additionally, the paper discusses some major challenges, such as lack of awareness, inadequate charging stations, and absence of policy. The paper recommends the most vital areas to be focused on for meeting the above challenges to make the transition to an “EV ready” state.

Driver drowsiness monitoring system based on facial Landmark detection with convolutional neural network for prediction

Several factors often contribute to car accidents, most of them caused by human error, and the most notable are drowsiness, fatigue, distracted driving, and alcohol. Although self-driving cars are the best solution to save human lives and avoid car accidents, they are expensive. The roads in many countries are not prepared for the movement of this type of car. Scare new technologies included in modern cars, such as backup cameras and sensors, contributed to keeping drivers safer in this paper. A driver monitoring system is based on determining the driver’s face’s main points, which provide the required vital information for face analysis. The EfficientNet convolutional neural network (ConvNet) model is used for facial landmarks prediction, which is employed to detect face drowsiness and fatigue in real-time. The system is trained to detect multiple traits, including facial expressions, yawning and head poses. The results show that employing facial landmarks will assist in efficiently producing eyes and mouth features, which can assist in appropriately creating models to analyze drowsiness. Due to this, the proposed safety features are applicable and available in future vehicles.

Life-Cycle Assessment in the LEED-CI v4 Categories of Location and Transportation (LT) and Energy and Atmosphere (EA) in California: A Case Study of Two Strategies for LEED Projects

This study aimed to identify different certification strategies for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Commercial Interior version 4 (LEED-CI v4) gold-certified office projects in California’s cities and to explore these certification strategies using life-cycle assessments (LCAs). The LEED-CI v4 data were divided into two groups: high- and low-achievement groups in the Location and Transportation (LT) category. The author identified two strategies for achieving the same level of certification across LEED-CI v4 projects: (1) high achievements in LT (LTHigh) and low achievements in the Energy and Atmosphere (EA) category (EALow), and (2) low achievements in the LT category (LTLow) and high achievements in EA (EAHigh). The author adopted LTHigh–EALow and LTLow–EAHigh achievements as functional units for LCA. Three alternatives were LTHigh: typical bus, EALow: gas; LTLow: typical car, EAHigh: gas; and LTLow: eco-friendly car, EAHigh: gas, where a typical bus used diesel, a typical car used natural gas, an eco-friendly car used EURO5diesel, and natural gas was used as a building’s operational energy. The ReCiPe2016 results showed that the LTHigh: typical bus, EALow: gas strategy was preferable from a short-term perspective, and the LTLow: eco-friendly car, EAHigh: gas strategy was preferable in a long-term and an infinite time perspective, while the LTLow: typical car, EAHigh: gas strategy continued to be the most environmentally damaging certification strategy for all the time horizons of the existing pollutants. Thus, it can be concluded that if there are alternative strategies for LEED certification, an analysis of their LCAs can be useful to refine the best sustainable strategy.