Boat Type Research Articles

Study and Design Sailboat Type Dinghy

The Objectives of this research are 1) to study the form of Dinghy boat 2) to design a Dinghy boat by using D Ronald K. Kiss Ship’s Iterative Process on Design Spiral, by studying the model’s data of Dinghy sailboats, including related Ideas, theories, and interviews with the yacht racing association of Thailand’s officers. The Purposive Sampling Method as used. After studied the form of the Dinghy boat, the designing process then started by using collected data, through analytical processes with conceptual framework for product design; The Quality Function Deployment, the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving, the Design Spiral which is an iterative Process, and the Reverse Engineering Principle. The experts from both the fields of Industrial Product Design and Sailing Boat, whom concern Dinghy Boat format, were included to evaluate the designing and model constructing process. The statistical methods used were Percentage, Median and Standard Deviation (SD.). The research found that 1) the current type of Dinghy sailboat is still unsafe for novice sailors; It is difficult for practicing, limited on sailor's weight, very difficult to relocate and take care of, it also were built from the expensive materials 2) In designing, the researcher designed the boat's hull by concentrate on its floating center The middle movement, which would have an effect on its floating aspect, which might tilt the boat, to be straight and highly secure. Researcher designed the parts to be able to disassemble and redesign shapes, and use wood as a material for maintenance purpose in accordance with the technical requirements that expected for Dinghy boat, from the Sailing Boat experts under Yacht racing association of Thailand. In the opinions of the honorable experts, the Dinghy Boat type 1 was scored following these factors; Meet the usage demand of the boat (Mean = 3.88, SD. = 0.33) The determination of size and dimension of the boat (Mean = 4.13, SD. = 0.33) The line pattern and shape of the boat ( Mean = 3.88, SD. = 0.33).

Local knowledge about dugout canoes reveals connections between forests and fisheries

Dugout canoes are traditional boat types made from a single tree trunk. This type of boat can reveal unique connections between forest and fisheries in coastal areas: their construction and the species used depend on the local ecological knowledge of artisans and the plant resources available and are also influenced by the type of fisheries in which the canoe will be used. Our objective was to analyze how dugout canoes are constructed, maintained, and currently used in the central coastal region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The study emphasizes the interaction between the use of forest resources and artisanal fishing in this coastal environment. The data collected were based on interviews with 30 artisans and participant observation. Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Ocotea porosa (Nees & Mart.) Barroso, Ocotea Aubl../Nectandra Roll. Ex Rottb., and Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc. are the main taxa used to construct the canoes. Many canoe sizes are used, and based on the boat type, the trunk diameters needed to construct them varies from 0.6 to 2.9 m and trunk heights from 4 to 10 m. Different types of canoe are used according to the type of fishing and especially to the environment conditions. The construction of canoes in the region has decreased due to difficulties in acquiring wood, changes in fishing activities, and reasons related to labor and apprenticeship, all causes related to modernization of the society and urban growth. The knowledge of plant species used can contribute to shape policies to improve forest management. The survival of cultural practices in artisanal fishing communities should be stimulated in sustainable development programs, and it involves maintaining ecological and technical knowledge related to fishing and the plant resources used to manufacture and maintain fishing equipment.

Kajian Numerik Pengembangan Symmetrical Blade Propeller Untuk Kapal Patroli 60m dengan Menggunakan Teori Lifting Line

The development of technology science in the field of maritime is one aspect that needs to be considered. One of them is the development of a propulsion system that is able to work efficiently (Aspects of hydrodynamics) On patrol boats of Indonesian waters guard. Because during this design and manufacture of propellers in need on fast boats is highly dependent on foreign parties. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to produce a propulsion system design suitable with a 60m patrol boat. So that it can be standardized the main size of the boat with its propulsion system. This research is conducted through several stages, where we design the propulsion system and calculated numerically computation (Matlab) Which will be used as a performance analysis of the design that has been determined. So from the results it is known, that the type of propeller boat type 60m patrol match with the engine of the ship that has been set.

Influence of settings management and protection status on recreational uses and pressures in marine protected areas

Coastal populations and tourism are growing worldwide. Consequently outdoor recreational activity is increasing and diversifying. While Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are valuable for mitigating anthropogenic impacts, recreational uses are rarely monitored and studied, resulting in a lack of knowledge on users' practices, motivation and impacts. Based on boat counts and interview data collected in New Caledonia, we i) explored factors affecting user practices and motivations, ii) constructed fine-scale pressure indices covering activities and associated behaviors, and iii) assessed the relationships between user practices and site selection. User practices were found to depend on protection status, boat type and user characteristics. Pressure indices were higher within no-take MPAs, except for fishing. We found significant relationships between user practices and settings characteristics. In the context of increasing recreational uses, these results highlight options for managing such uses through settings management without jeopardizing the social acceptance of MPAs or the attainment of conservation goals.

Drivers of redistribution of fishing and non-fishing effort after the implementation of a marine protected area network.

Marine spatial planning (MSP) is increasingly utilized to sustainably manage ocean uses. Marine protected areas (MPAs), a form of spatial management in which parts of the ocean are regulated to fishing, are now a common tool in MSP for conserving marine biodiversity and managing fisheries. However, the use of MPAs in MSP often neglects, or simplifies, the redistribution of fishing and non-fishing activities inside and outside of MPAs following their implementation. This redistribution of effort can have important implications for effective MSP. Using long-term (14yr) aerial surveys of boats at the California Channel Islands, we examined the spatial redistribution of fishing and non-fishing activities and their drivers following MPA establishment. Our data represent 6yr of information before the implementation of an MPA network and 8yr after implementation. Different types of boats responded in different ways to the closures, ranging from behaviors by commercial dive boats that support the hypothesis of fishing-the-line, to behaviors by urchin, sport fishing, and recreational boats that support the theory of ideal free distribution. Additionally, we found that boats engaged in recreational activities targeted areas that are sheltered from large waves and located near their home ports, while boats engaged in fishing activities also avoided high wave areas but were not constrained by the distance to their home ports. We did not observe the expected pattern of effort concentration near MPA borders for some boat types; this can be explained by the habitat preference of certain activities (for some activities, the desired habitat attributes are not inside the MPAs), species' biology (species such as urchins where the MPA benefit would likely come from larval export rather than adult spillover), or policy-infraction avoidance. The diversity of boat responses reveals variance from the usual simplified assumption that all extractive boats respond similarly to MPA establishment. Our work is the first empirical study to analyze the response of both commercial and recreational boats to closure. Our results will inform MSP in better accounting for effort redistribution by ocean users in response to the implementation of MPAs and other closures.

Preliminary study of the sea surface temperature (SST) at fishing ground locations based on the net deployment of traditional purse-seine boats in the northern waters of Aceh — A community-based data collection approach

Reconstruction projects after the Indian Ocean Tsunami of December 26, 2004 were typically contracted out to implementing partners or government agencies. One of the few projects directly implemented by the Body of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (BRR) was funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to help reestablish fisheries. During the course of the project, 151 GPS-enabled depth sounders with data-logging devices were installed on various types of artisanal fishing boats engaged in the different types of fishing strategies in Aceh such as purse-seine, drop-line, long-line, and gill net fishing. These devices were configured to automatically record time, position, speed, water depth, and sea surface temperature (SST) every time the boat moved 30 m. This study examines the relationship between the sea surface temperature (SST) and the net deployment (ND) of traditional purse seine fishers. The data consists of 922 data sets (6,170,648 data points) collected from 45 purse seine boats between June 2007 and May 2009. Among the data, 1,619 data points indicated the total number of ND; the nets were deployed only when schools of fish were actually sighted. The results indicate that the most frequent SST for ND is 28–28.5°C±0.1365°C with a mean standard error of 0.0117% in a 95% confidence interval. This study has demonstrated that the data gathered from the fishermen (community-based approach) has near-real-time character and, consequently, is an important source for the monitoring and managing of the local fish stocks.

Diagnóstico da Pesca de Arrasto de Camarões Marinhos no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

With a technical approach, this diagnosis aims to fill a gap in the overview of the activity, considering its technical aspects that manage the fishing effort of shrimping of Penambuco. From October 2013 to August 2014, the fishing grounds were identified used in this activity, as well as the fishing method, the number of boats and fishermen acting, type of boat and gears used. Analyses were performed with the major communities operating in this fishery (Recife, Jaboatao dos Guararapes, Barra de Sirinhaem and Sao Jose da Coroa Grande). The analyzes of the catch were tested using one-way ANOVA (α 5%). They observed two traditional types: the beach seining and trawing. It was cataloged about 50 vessels in the activity, with approximately 100 fishermen. They are caught mainly three types of shrimp: pink ( Farfantepenaeus spp.), Seabob ( Xiphopenaeus kroyeri ) and white ( Lithopenaeus schmitii ). Statistical data concentrated in the metropolitan area of Recife and Barra de Sirinhaem. There seems to be a direct relationship rainfall with shrimp production because with increased rainfall, there is a higher volume of landing fishery. Barra de Sirinhaem is the main area used in the State. Keywords: ‘mangote’; trawling fishing; pink shrimp; Farfantepenaeus spp.

A fuzzy ‘boater’ model to detect fouling and spreading risk of non-indigenous species by recreational boats

Recreational boating is an unregulated and underestimated vector of spread of non-indigenous species (NIS) in marine environments. The risk of a single boat to spread NIS depends not only on the local environmental context, but also on the type of boat and on the boat owner's behaviour (hull cleaning and painting frequency, travel history). In this paper we present a model to assess the risk of fouling and spreading of NIS and its application to data derived from a questionnaire given to Italian boat owners. The model uses a two-levels fuzzy logic approach: (1) the first level assesses the risk of hull fouling and risk of spreading separately; (2) the second level combines the two separate risks in an overall index ranging from 0 (null risk) to 100 (highest risk) and measures the global risk of NIS introduction and spread through recreational boating. The questionnaire and the fuzzy model allow for a simple and rapid assessment of boats most likely to be infested. The proposed fuzzy model can be easily edited and adapted to context-specific ecological and social conditions. The results of this Italian study showed that 53.9% of the respondents were in the very-low and low risk categories, and 46.1% in the medium, high and very-high risk categories.Possible associations between some boaters habits and the fouling and spreading risk were explored using logistic regression analyses. The results indicate a high-risk profile of boat owner as an experienced sailor who visits many marinas during the summer season. Biosecurity guidelines, containment measures and awareness raising programmes should be implemented to prevent and avoid further spread of NIS in marine environments, and such management actions would benefit from the early detection of high-risk boats, and from the identification of profiles of boaters upon which these initiatives should be prioritized.

Comparative Analysis of the Performance of Boats According to Shapes

The present study compared the performances of three types of boats of different shapesto develop boats that are more efficient for the activation of water leisure. Three types of inflatable boats were used in the experiment: kayak boat A, which is relatively wide; kayak boat B, which is relatively long; and boat C, in which a frame was installed. The paddles used in the experiment were 230 cm long and made of plastic by the same company, and six healthy male university students participated in the experiment. In the experiment, boat C, which is an inflatable boat with an added frame, showed the highest straight sailing speed, leading to the conclusion that the straight sailing performance of boat C is superior to that of boats A and Bwithout any frame. Boat C was greater in stability and rotation capacity compared to the other boats, although the differences were not statistically significant. The reason why boat C, which is a framed boat, could sail faster than other boats is considered to be based on the fact that the experimental subjects psychologically judged that boat C was safe because its lateral rolling was lesser than that of the other two boats and it took stronger and faster stroke motions.

Southeast Asia in the Ancient Indian Ocean World BAR International Series S2580 TOM HOOGERVORST pp., 157 including Linguistic Appendix, 60 b&w figures, 8 tables British Archaeological Reports, 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, 2013, £31 (sbk), ISBN 978-140

Southeast Asia in the Ancient Indian Ocean World BAR International Series S2580 TOM HOOGERVORST pp., 157 including Linguistic Appendix, 60 b&w figures, 8 tables British Archaeological Reports, 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, 2013, £31 (sbk), ISBN 978-140

Enhancing satisfaction and sustainable management: Whale watching in the Azores

This study explores satisfaction with whale watching tours in relationship to expectations and demographic variables and identifies tour aspects that contribute to satisfaction. Based on a survey of 466 participants it applies both importance-performance (IP) analysis and a performance-only perspective to strengthen the reliability of the results and enable a critical analysis of both approaches. Environmental friendly conditions were the most important expectation. Seeing one whale, seeing lots of whales, the cost of the trip and the boat type were the most influential factors contributing to satisfaction. Cost has not been previously identified as a factor influencing the satisfaction of whale watching customers. Satisfaction was related to participants' place of residence, with Northern Americans and Northern Europeans being more satisfied than participants from Southern and Western Europe. Some results of the IP analysis have little impact on satisfaction, suggesting that the performance-only approach provides a more valid insight into satisfaction.

The artisanal fishing gears and boats used by the Serinhaém Channel fishing communities of the Camamu Bay in the Environmental Protection Area of Pratigi, São Salvador, Brazil

Event Abstract Back to Event The artisanal fishing gears and boats used by the Serinhaém Channel fishing communities of the Camamu Bay in the Environmental Protection Area of Pratigi, São Salvador, Brazil Rogério Cunha1*, Henry L. Spach2 and Alberto T. Correia1, 2, 3 1 Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Portugal 2 Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil 3 Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Portugal Artisanal fisheries have been receiving an increased level of attention from governmental and academic institutions in Brazil in the last years. However the knowledge about the Brazilian artisanal fishing communities is still scarce. In the region called southern lowlands of Bahia - Brazil, there is the Serinhaém Channel, a north arm of the Bay of Camamu, located in the Environmental Protection Area of Pratigi, a sustainable use conservation unit created by the Brazilian State Government in 1998. Several fishing communities are settled along this area, where an important artisanal fishing activity is conducted in this rich estuarine ecosystem characterized by an extensive area of mangrove. This study aimed to describe the fishing gears used by the fishermen communities of Timbuca, Ilha da Barreta, Rio do Campo, Ilha da Pescaria, and Ituberá City. The types of fish boats and evolutionary processes in this sector were also described. The data were collected through fishermen surveys and field excursions, and showed that the fishing gear types used in this area are mainly traps, nets and hook-and-lines, but it also includes some fishing prohibited methods, such as explosives. The fishing boats also suffered significant developments in the last years concerning the building materials and sources of propulsion. Traditional fishing boats are still in use and it consist of wooden canoes propelled with paddles or a sail. Most modern fishing boats are made of fiberglass and moved using a homemade motor engine, locally known as ''motor de rabeta '. The wide variety of artisanal fishing gears and boats observed in this region should be related to the variety of species caught, namely fishes and crustaceans, and to the need of fishermen to ensure better income for their livelihood as fish food becomes scarce. There is an urgent need to protect the artisanal fisheries which faces many challenges due to the lack of policies, strategies and concrete measures that can support sustainable fisheries production, better organization and improvement of the livelihood of fishing communities. Keywords: Artisanal fisheries, Fish gears, Fishing boats, estuary, museological aspect Conference: XIX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies, Porto, Portugal, 5 Sep - 9 Sep, 2016. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: 5. ECOTOURISM, ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OUTREACH Citation: Cunha R, Spach HL and Correia AT (2016). The artisanal fishing gears and boats used by the Serinhaém Channel fishing communities of the Camamu Bay in the Environmental Protection Area of Pratigi, São Salvador, Brazil. Front. Mar. Sci. Conference Abstract: XIX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies. doi: 10.3389/conf.FMARS.2016.05.00201 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 07 May 2016; Published Online: 03 Sep 2016. * Correspondence: MD. Rogério Cunha, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal, rogitubera@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract Supplemental Data The Authors in Frontiers Rogério Cunha Henry L Spach Alberto T Correia Google Rogério Cunha Henry L Spach Alberto T Correia Google Scholar Rogério Cunha Henry L Spach Alberto T Correia PubMed Rogério Cunha Henry L Spach Alberto T Correia Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Rhinoplasty with Cartilage and Alloplastic Materials, Nasal SMAS Management in Asian Rhinoplasty, Contracture Classification, and Secondary Rhinoplasty with Contracture.

Rhinoplasty for Asians is quite different from that of Westerners. Most Asians desire a raised nasal bridge with a projected nasal tip, similar to that of Westerners. Nevertheless, most Asian nasal bones, and upper and lower lateral cartilages are inadequately developed. This largely necessitates the use of a nasal alloplastic material such as a silicone implant, most frequently utilized in nasal cosmetic surgery for Asians. Shaping of the silicone implant is rather easy and its removal is also simple, in the case of a complication or undesired result. The disadvantage of a nasal silicone implant, like that of silicone implants of the breast, is the fibrous capsular formation, which may lead to capsular contracture. The frequently employed types of nasal silicone implant include (1) the boat type in which the silicone implant descends down to the nasal tip, (2) the L-shape in which the silicone implant further extends to the anterior nasal spine (ANS) after passing the tip, and (3) the three-quarter type for which the silicone implant extends down to the upper lateral cartilage. In conjunction with the silicone implant, the cartilages of the ear and the nasal septum are commonly used to create or lengthen tip projection. Asians generally have cartilage with inadequate anatomical development. Instead, they often have an anatomically thick fibrous fatty layer including underdeveloped superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS). Patients with a thick fibrous tissue layer have a bulbous tip. This nasal tip is the area where severe capsular contracture occurs after insertion of a silicone implant. It is imperative that the surgeon properly understands the nasal anatomical characteristics of Asians, and selects an appropriate implant together with a suitable donor cartilage to attain a safe and aesthetically pleasing nose. The same principle should apply to reoperation cases; the fibrofatty layer of SMAS along with the capsular contracture must be removed or released to gain a sufficient soft tissue volume. This provides further stability to the cartilage framework.

TOUR de JNP, KEJUARAAN TAHUNAN WISATA OLAH RAGA TANTANGAN PERAIRAN ANTAR DUA TAMAN NASIONAL (Inovasi Strategi Promosi Ekowisata Provinsi Jambi)

Ecotourism activities have been expanding rapidly over the past two decades world-wide and further growth is expected in the future. Efforts to better understand ecotourism, as well as to improve its planning, management and marketing techniques have been conducted by many ecotourism companies and practitioners, governments and research people throughout the world. This paper is specifically concerned with the effort of the local government of Jambi to take the optimally benefit from natural tourism development more competitive. Tour de JNP (tour the Jambi National Park) is an international annual event of territorial water challenge sport-tourism to tracing river stream between Kerinci Seblat and Berbak Na-tional Park. Both national parks represent conservations area owning properties of natu-ral tourism object which offer biodiversities. During tracing streams of Batanghari River, all participants can enjoy the esthetics value of the natural were a view of nature, air freshness and see various history and settlement of traditional cultural society. Pursuant to stream type and deepness of river which vary, hence the setting of champi-onship using boat type different to each phase, and will be divided on 10 phases. Entire phase will be gone through by participant by using boat type differ that is rubber boat, traditional boat of Jambi (Bidar and Kajang Lako), dragon boat, bamboo raft, and sailboat for sea and river. During race of participant will pass some tourism object were Kerinci Lake, Geo-Park, Victoria Brigde, mausoleum of Orang Kayo Hitam, Muaro Jambi Temple, Angso Duo as an eldest traditional market, Tanggo Rajo as a popular man-made tourism object, traditional settlement as long as river, Berhala Island, blackly sand of coastal area, and end in Simpang Malaka a gathering places to drinking wilds animal on the Berbak National Park.

FLEXURAL STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED BAMBOO SLATS (BAMBUSA ARUNDINACEA) FOR CONSTRUCTING A SMALL FISHING BOAT SHELLS

Because of the advantages of bamboo and the decreasing supply of teak, as a material for the construction of small Indonesian fishing boats, bamboo becomes an alternative substitute for teak as a common material to construct this type of boat. There are many bamboo species and populations in Indonesia which form the basis for selecting an advanced alternative material to construct fishing boats. This study discusses the mechanical properties of laminated bamboo slats, with a polyamide epoxy adhesive made by employing a manual cold press method. The type of bamboo used was the Bambusa Arundinacea variety that was greater than 3 years old. The bamboo laminate flexural strength was tested using the ASTM D 3043 Standard. The results of these tests revealed that the flexural strength of the laminated bamboo slats provided bending strengths of MOR and MOE values of 84.12 MPa and 18.04 GPa respectively. By using MOR and MOE values, and based on Bureau Classification of Indonesia (BKI), the shell thickness of 30 GT a fishing boat was calculated to be 25 -28 mm (bottom shell) and 19 -21 mm (side shell). These dimensions showed that the shell thickness can be reduced up to 33.3% when compared with teak (Tectona Grandis ) and the total volume of shell material to build a 30 GT of fishing boat, can be reduced by approximately 30%. The flexural strength of the bamboo slat laminate was shown to be 20% higher than 2nd class solid teak.

L’introduction des Nouveaux dériveurs en France dans les années 1990 : construction et évolution des images et des représentations d’une pratique nautique

In 1991, the Nouveaux dériveurs (New Dinghies, nowadays named skiffs), or ND, appeared in France. These boats (used in Australia or the United States) are very different from the ‘classics’ used in sailing competitions by the federations. To attract French customers who showed little interest in this type of boat, dealers and builders, aided by the nautical press, developed an image of a show craft and a fun boat, of a hyper-technological machine which could finally join the family of racing yachts. A semiotic analysis of the content of journals was conducted to show the representations conveyed by this new type of boat in France. Over the years, several models have been developed, but the arguments against them are relatively identical. The boat has evolved through commercial interests, through trial and error, mirroring the changes undergone in windsurfing and catamaran and the way the latter are portrayed in the media. Since 2000, the status of the ND has stabilized with its recognition as an Olympic event.

The Continental Connection: A Coastal Excursion in Time, Geography and Culture

In a recent article Hakon Glorstad (2013) discussed the lack of early Mesolithic boats and argued for an early use of log boats. The question of boat types is touched upon here, but more significan...

Modelling and CFD Analysis of Traditional Snake Boats of Kerala

Kerala has a rich maritime tradition dating back to several centuries. Snake boats, locally called Chundan vallams, are one of the icons of Kerala. Different types of snake boats take part in Vallamkali, the local name for traditional boat races. This paper presents the preliminary results of a study on a typical ChundanVallam. Data were collected at site using a total station and three dimensional drawings of the boat, required for performing the analysis, were developed using MAXSURF-16 and Rhinoceros-6.0. Hydrodynamic analysis was performed using the commercial CFD software package SHIPFLOW 5.1® Analysis was performed by employing coarse, medium and fine meshes. Validation of the model was performed by performing simulations with hull series 60 (S_60). The drag coefficient at different Froude numbers for steady turbulent flow was estimated by performing simulations with the data of the snake boat. Velocity vectors as well as contours of pressure distribution, obtained from the simulations, are also presented.

Quantifying the effect of boat disturbance on bottlenose dolphin foraging activity

Assessments of anthropogenic impacts on marine wildlife often concentrate on large-scale displacement. However, changes in the activity patterns of animals that do not flee could also affect their energy balance. Increasing boat traffic raises concerns for exposed marine mammals. Understanding risk perception is critical for effective mitigation and management, but it is hard to disentangle the effect of noise, physical presence of boats, and context. We used passive acoustic techniques to quantify how boat disturbance affected bottlenose dolphin foraging activity, and characterized the conditions influencing responses. To account for potential masking effects of boat noise on foraging vocalizations (buzzes), we developed a novel procedure to estimate the relationship between buzz detection probability and noise levels in particular 1/3 octave bands. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was then used to assess the effect of boat presence on buzz occurrence, as well as potential interactions with noise level, location, year, day, hour, dolphin group size, and boat type and number. Our results indicate that boat presence was associated with a short-term 49% reduction in foraging activity, but there was no relationship with noise level. Differences between sites and between years suggested a variable susceptibility depending on foraging conditions. This effect increased for increasing number of boats and depended on boat type. This is the first study conclusively showing that boat physical presence, and not just noise, plays a large role in disturbance.

Germanane: A Low Effective Mass and High Bandgap 2-D Channel Material for Future FETs

We investigate the electronic properties of Germanane and analyze its importance as 2-D channel material in switching devices. Considering two types of morphologies, namely, chair and boat, we study the real band structure, the effective mass variation, and the complex band structure of unstrained Germanane by density-functional theory. The chair morphology turns out to be a more effective channel material for switching devices than the boat morphology. Furthermore, we study the effect of elastic strain, van der Waals force, and vertical electric field on these band structure properties. Due to its very low effective mass with relatively high-energy bandgap, in comparison with the other 2-D materials, Germanane appears to provide superior performance in switching device applications.