Types Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Characterization of Biodiesel Obtained from Vegetable Oil; Conventional and Residual

This work shows the description of biodiesel production, characterization and tests of performance on a diesel engine, using conventional vegetable oil and residual vegetable oil to generate it. The process to obtain the biodiesel by transesterification is described and three characteristics of both types of biodiesel were determined: pH, density, viscosity and electrolytic conductivity. Then, biodiesel is characterized electromechanically, through the performance of the biodiesel in a diesel engine, whose characteristics are acquired from a test bench where its efficiency in power, torque and energy consumption is determined. Finally, the comparison of the two types of biodiesel is made in order to define the biodiesel with the best characteristics.

Effects of Biodiesel Expansion and the Exchange of Triglyceride Sources in the Brazilian Energy Scenario

The concern with global warming impacts on the environment has made the world population search for new energy sources that are less aggressive to the environment. Therefore, biodiesel has become more relevant and has expanded its proportion in the blend with diesel. However, Brazil still uses about 20% of bovine tallow, which emits large amount of GHG, degrades the soil and entails great water consumption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possibilities and effects of the substitution of this nonrenewable source for others of vegetable origin, as well as the environmental effects of increasing the percentage of biodiesel, reaching levels of 20% and 30%. Hence, two types of biodiesel were produced and tested, with and without bovine tallow, and the results obtained and data from the diesel fleet were used to model the impacts and CO2eq emissions with the aid of the MoMo Lite model in Brazil. It was possible to determine the great benefit of adopting higher levels of biodiesel in diesel (especially when there was a substitution of bovine tallow for plant sources), besides the importance of adopting broader analysis of the whole production cycle of the raw material. Since only CO2eq emission data were observed at the burning, the results varied only 10%, but when the results were analyzed through the well-to-tank, this variation rose to 52%.

Comparative Study of Different Optimization Algorithms Used for Obtaining Diesel-Biodiesel Blends

The purpose of this paper is to compare two different optimization methods, used in acquiring diesel-biodiesel blends. There were used five types of samples in order to enable the optimization of the final blend: there were chosen two types of hydrofined diesel fuel and there were synthesized three original types of biodiesel. The first optimization method used, dual simplex, is a classical method being used in solving linear programming problems. The second optimization method, the genetic algorithms, falls in the type of artificial intelligence algorithms, being an evolutionary method used when the problem requires searching an optimal solution in a great variety of valid solutions.

Effect of biodiesel components on its lubrication performance

The composition of biodiesel significantly influences its lubrication performance. Gas chromatography, high frequency reciprocating friction, and wear test machines were used to determine the composition and abrasive spot diameter of biodiesels produced from fourteen different oil feedstocks. At the same time, the relationship between the grinding point diameter and chemical composition of biodiesel was quantified. The main components of the biodiesel are methyl stearate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and methyl linoleate, with an average content of 92.18%. Among the various types of biodiesel, rubber seed methyl ester has a minimum grinding point diameter of 169.71 μm. Prickly ash methyl ester has the largest grinding point diameter of 187.35 μm. A linear correlation prediction model of wear point diameter was established (R = 0.91).

Effect of acetylene addition on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of neem biodiesel and corn biodiesel-fueled CI engine

The present experimental study aims to explore the effect of acetylene addition along with intake air with neem biodiesel (NOME)-/corn biodiesel (COME)-fueled single-cylinder CI engine in dual-fuel mode. Both types of biodiesel exhibited inferior combustion owing to poor physical properties in comparison with diesel. Acetylene was inducted in the intake manifold along with intake air at different mass shares with both neem biodiesel and corn biodiesel. Tests were also conducted with acetylene induction with diesel and taken as base data for comparison purpose. Tests were conducted at 50% and 100% load conditions at various acetylene mass shares until the knock limit. It was observed that acetylene addition increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with all the test fuels at 100% load and proportional to increase in mass flow rate of acetylene. BTE was improved by about 6–13% at knock-limited acetylene share for all the test fuels at 100% load, while the improvement was not much significant at 50% load. In comparison with diesel, biodiesel emitted higher NOx due to oxygen presence and the emission further increased with the addition of acetylene at both the load conditions. On the contrary, smoke emissions were reduced significantly with acetylene addition with the test fuels at both the load conditions. HC, CO and CO2 emissions were reduced with acetylene induction, and reduction was maximum at knock limit. It can be concluded that the poor performance and combustion associated with biodiesel can be improved with acetylene induction. The combination of biodiesel with acetylene is novelty of this present work.

New possibilities in the synthesis of fuel oxygenates from renewable sources

A general problem in the production of the main types of liquid biofuel, bioethanol and biodiesel, is that renewable resources are not utilized completely. These are ballast polyols: hemicellulose or its structural units, pentaatomic monosaccharides (xylose and arabinose), and biodiesel glycerol. The problem of utilization of these compounds by transforming them into a hydrophobized fuel form by the conversion to cyclic ketals (CK) during condensation with lower carbonyl compounds is reviewed. The CK—ethanol pair significantly increases the octane number and provides phase stability of fuel compositions. The ability of CK to inhibit radical processes responsible for fuel characteristics was studied in model reactions with phenyl radicals and atomic chlorine. The carbon-centered radicals formed in protic media are transformed into more stable cyclic radical cations. Alternative methods of processing natural raw materials using biocatalysis and supercritical fluid technologies are analyzed.

Biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum-Ceiba pentandra oil mixture: Optimization and characterization

In this study, a novel modeling approach (artificial neural networks (ANN) and ant colony optimization (ACO)) was used to optimize the process variables for alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of CI40CP60 oil mixture (40 wt% of Calophyllum inophyllum oil mixed with 60 wt% of Ceiba pentandra oil) in order to maximize the biodiesel yield. The optimum values of the methanol-to-oil molar ratio, potassium hydroxide catalyst concentration, and reaction time predicted by the ANN-ACO model are 37%, 0.78 wt%, and 153 min, respectively, at a constant reaction temperature and stirring speed of 60 °C and 1000 rpm, respectively. The ANN-ACO model was validated by performing independent experiments to produce the CI40CP60 methyl ester (CICPME) using the optimum transesterification process variables predicted by the ANN-ACO model. There is very good agreement between the average CICPME yield determined from experiments (95.18%) and the maximum CICPME yield predicted by the ANN-ACO model (95.87%) for the same optimum values of process variables, which corresponds to a difference of 0.69%. Even though the ANN-ACO model is only implemented to optimize the transesterification of process variables in this study. It is believed that the model can be used to optimize other biodiesel production processes such as seed oil extraction and acid-catalyzed esterification for various types of biodiesels and biodiesel blends.

Improvement of low-temperature characteristics of biodiesel by additivation

In manipulation and utilization of biodiesel and its mixtures, especially in the winter period, one of the most serious problems is relatively poor low-temperature flow properties. Classic methods of transesterification solve this problem, so biodiesel quality can be improved only by additives (cold flow improvers). This research examines the effect of commercial additives on the improvement of low-temperature characteristics of biodiesel. Namely, cold filter plugging point (CFPP), pour point (PP) and cloud point (CP) were tested in accordance with EN 116 and ISO 3015 standards. The influence of additives on different types of biodiesel, its different age and influence on the mixture of 5 % biodiesel and fossil diesel were examined. A better effect of additivation to "fresh" biodiesel (made using rapeseed oil), compared to "aged" biodiesel was noted. Improvement of additivation was achieved by mixing additives with an organic solvent (toluene). It was demonstrated that different types of additives are suitable for different types of biodiesel as well as mixtures of biodiesel and fossil diesel. Additives in which solvent is compatible with the type of biodiesel were found to exhibit better performance.

Metabolic Engineering of Microalgae for Biofuel Production.

Microalgae are considered as promising cell factories for the production of various types of biofuels, including bioethanol, biodiesel, and biohydrogen by using carbon dioxide and sunlight. In spite of unique advantages of these microorganisms, the commercialization of microalgal biofuels has been hindered by poor economic features. Metabolic engineering is among the most promising strategies put forth to overcome this challenge. In this chapter, metabolic pathways involved in lipid and hydrogen production by microalgae are reviewed and discussed. Moreover, metabolic and genetic engineering approaches investigated for improving the rate of lipid (as a feedstock for biodiesel production) and biohydrogen synthesis are presented. Finally, genetic engineering tools and approaches employed for engineering microalgal metabolic pathways are elaborated. A thorough step-by-step protocol for reconstructing the metabolic pathway of various microorganisms including microalgae is also presented.

Researches on obtaining vegetable oils as a source of alternative energy

Biodiesel type fuel is widely used on a large scale in most of the European Union. Carbon dioxide is eliminated by combusting biodiesel, but not toxic emissions. Due to the more drastic European ecological demands to reduce the quantity of toxic emissions from automobiles, there is an increased interest to use biodiesel, because it is a bio-degradable and non-polluting fuel. Even by mixing diesel fuel with biodiesel in a percentage of 20%, the emission of toxic gases will be greatly reduced. Vegetable oils used as biofuels are obtained from oleaginous plant crops, without any prejudice to food security. The use of biodiesel can also bring benefits by prolonging the lifetime of diesel engines, ensuring a better lubrication. The paper presents a series of researches on obtaining vegetable oils from various oleaginous seeds (rapeseed, camelina, hemp) using a special installation for producing oils through cold pressing.

The Effectiveness of Natural and Synthetic Antioxidant Additives on the Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel Synthesized from Fresh and Waste Sunflower Oilesized from fresh and waste sunflower oil

Biodiesel fuel is the realistic fuel for the future due to its environmental, economic and energetic benefits. However, the degradation and instability during biodiesel storage and application present the major disadvantages and hence a modern scientific challenge. The aim of this study was to choose optimal parameters for biodiesel synthesis from fresh and waste sunflower cooking oil and to investigate the possibilities of increasing its resistance towards oxidative degradation. Various physico-chemical characteristics essential for the quality estimation of the resulting biodiesel products were compared before testing the effectiveness of natural and synthetic antioxidants. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), carvacrol and α-tocopherol were added to the biodiesel in different concentrations in order to determine their efficiency during the Schaal oven test. Results proved that both, fresh and waste oil can be valuable sources for the synthesis of biodiesel that meets European and American quality standards. Among the antioxidants, BHT was the most efficient one in both types of biodiesel and its usage would be recommended at the concentration of 1000 ppm. The findings present a cost-effective and environmentally friendly source for biodiesel production with improved properties - considerably enhanced resistance to oxidative degradation, where synthetic antioxidants are given the priority. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v10i7.1174

Effect of the natural antioxidant eugenol on quality preservation of commercial biodiesels produced with soybean oil or waste frying oil during storage at different temperatures

The objetive of this study was to evaluate the eugenol antioxidant efficiency on the oxidation stability of commercial biodiesel synthesized from soybean oil (SB) and wast fring oil (ORB) by determining induction period (IP) and acid number (AN) during storage at 10 °C or in accelerated oxidation test at 85 °C. For the oxidation stability evaluation, the Rancimat method (EN 14112) and AN (ASTM D664) analyses were used. The initial studies showed that the antioxidants eugenol and TBHQ when added separately increased IP values for the two types of biodiesel analyzed. During the storage at 10 °C, the IP was reduced for all samples. However, the lowest reduction percentages were for samples containing eugenol (-2.07 and -11.30% for SB and ORB, respectively). In relation to AN, the samples with the antioxidant eugenol led a greater decrease of this index, with the 10000 mg kg-1 concentration being the most efficient in the conservation of biodiesel. In the accelerated oxidation test in oven at 85 °C, pure BS presented higher susceptibility to degradation than the sample containing 10000 mg kg-1 of eugenol. In both storage studies, the eugenol natural antioxidant efficiency in the control of oxidative degradation of biodiesel becomes evident.

Experimental Comparison Between the Impact of using Two Types of Bio Diesel on Compression Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions

In the nearest future, the biofuel become one of major energy source because of the petroleum fuel scarcity and the high cost of refining the fossil oil. This research is focused on testing two types of biofuel to determine the best fuel for diesel engine operation. Experimental work was conducted for the influence of bio fuels prepared from addition of waste vegetable oils (corn oil and sunflower oil ) in different percent’s to liquid hydrocarbon fuels include diesel in compression ignition engine. The percent adding was varied from 5% to 20% for waste corn oil and waste sunflower oil. The engine speed was varied from 1000 rpm to 2500 rpm to 3000 rpm increment as well as equivalence ratio. It was found that using bio fuel in compression ignition engine lead to reduce CO, UHC, emissions, but increase CO2 and NOX emissions and engine specific fuel consumption. The maximum reduction in CO, and, UHC emissions was (25.625%,40.47%), respectively for blend 20% of waste corn oil with 80% diesel. The maximum increase in brake specific fuel consumption was (12.11%,11.4%) for both waste sunflower oil and waste corn oil with gas oil respectively. Also, the maximum increase in CO2 and NOX emission was (41.20%,29.92%) for blend 20% of waste corn oil with 80%diesel, and(36.90%,22.62%), respectively for blend 20% waste sunflower.

Evaluation of Lipases from Wild Microbial Strains as Biocatalysts in Biodiesel Production

In this study, the evaluation of the catalytic behavior of several wild bacterial strains in the 1,3-selective ethanolysis of triglycerides with ethanol to produce a new type of biodiesel (Ecodiesel) that integrates glycerol as monoacylglycerols was carried out. The Ecodiesel production not only avoids the elimination of glycerol, which is largely generated as a by-product in the biodiesel industry, but also results in an increase in the biofuel yield. The wild microbial strain samples were obtained from several lipophilic organisms. In addition to evaluate the enzymatic extracts, the minimum grade of purification of the strains, necessary to obtain similar results to those attained with commercial lipases was studied. This purification treatment included a dialysis followed by a lyophilization process. Such extracts were directly used as biocatalysts in the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with ethanol, attaining much better results (yield close to 100%) than those obtained with strains which were not submitted to the purification process (yields lower than 10%). Furthermore, the results here obtained are similar to those obtained with commercial lipases but were achieved under mild conditions and lower reaction time (2 h). In addition, the stability of the enzymatic extracts was corroborated by subsequent reactions, showing no loss of activity. Thus, this study brings to light that enzymatic extracts obtained by a very simple purification process can be economically competitive with the conventional biodiesel production methods.

An outlook on microbial behavior: Mimicking a biodiesel (B100) spill in sandy loam soil

Although different types of biodiesel are marketed worldwide, studies on their environmental impact are scarce. Therefore, we selected pure biodiesels (B100) from rapeseed (BR), sunflower (BF), and soybean (BS) to mimic their contamination of sandy loam soil and then studied their biodegradation by the soil microcosms. All the biodiesel samples presented significant values (p < 0.05) of CO2 release. The fatty acid profiles revealed that they all had high rates of degradation. After 56 days of study, the BR- and BF-contaminated samples had the most altered microbial profile, presenting a similarity of 75% with the uncontaminated sample. The results showed the high biodegradable potential of these three types of biodiesel, indicating that their compositions favored the degradation process. However, the high CO2 level released by the mineralization of these biocomposites and the alteration in the soil microbial profile can be worrying factors. This is the first work to evaluate the biodegradability of these three types of biodiesel, the microbial profile of soil contaminated by each type, and their emission of greenhouse gases.

Effect of Ambient Temperature on Ignition Delay, Combustion Process and Emission of Biodiesel Derived from Algae

Global warming and energy crises have increased the awareness about eco-friendly fuels and also accelerated the search of alternative fuels. Biodiesel is defined as methyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats or similar which conform to ASTM D6751 specifications for use in diesel engines. However, low temperature combustion mode has attracted widespread attention in particulate matter and NOx emissions reduction simultaneously. Thus, this paper evaluates the potential of using algae as the alternative fuel for diesel engines and focuses on experimental investigation for the influence of ambient temperature on ignition delay and emission with different types of biodiesel. A Rapid Compression Machine (RCM) is used for simulated the diesel combustion as similar in the real diesel engine. Besides, two types of biodiesel blends, B2 (2vol%) such as Algae and Jatropha biodiesel were tested on RCM at injection pressure of 130 MPa under different ambient temperatures from 750 K to 1100 K. The experimental results were compared with Palm-Oil biodiesel with blending ratio of 5vol%, 10vol% and 15vol%. Nevertheless, the result indicated that the ignition delay is slowed when ambient temperature is increased. These phenomena can be explained by the thermal properties of fuels. Ignition delay is found to be slower if premixed combustion process is reduced and also higher ambient temperature due to the increased in fuel ignitibility. The emission of NOx increased as the ambient temperature increased to cause highly combustion temperature.

Obtaining Biodiesel with High Oxidation Stability from the Oil Blend Extracted from Seeds of Citrullus lanatus and Vitis vinifera

The increase of energy demand associated with stringent worldwide emission legislation and the depletion of fossil resources has led to the use of biodiesel and biodiesel blends from various feedstocks. One of the main problems with biodiesel is the susceptibility to oxidation and degradability due to the environmental factors. The oxidation process is complex affecting the fuel quality resulting in choking of injector and formation of deposits in fuel system. Antioxidants are used to limit the oxidative degradation. The present paper review some attempts to use natural and synthetic antioxidants form different papers available in the public domain. Two types of biodiesel from oils of Citrullus lanatus and Vitis vinifera were obtained by base catalyzed transesterification. Peroxide value, iodine value, acid value and induction period were determined monthly to observe the degradation process for biodiesel samples. The biodiesel from Citrullus lanatus 90% and oil of Vitis vinifera 10% exhibits presented the best oxidation stability over a period of 12 months. A single cylinder diesel engine setup was used to determine the performance and gas emissions for biodiesel samples. The results show that biodiesel can be used without engine modification with results comparable with diesel fuel.

Biodegradation of biodiesel and toluene under nitrate-reducing conditions and the impact on bacterial community structure

Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be mixed with toluene and be accidentally released into anoxic ecosystems and impact soil microbial communities. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to examine, under nitrate-reduction conditions, the biodegradation of toluene in the presence of two different types of biodiesel (sunflower and rapeseed), and their impact on the bacterial community structure. Sediment samples were spiked individually with toluene, biodiesel, and their blends in laboratory-designed microcosms. Sunflower oil biodiesel was produced in the laboratory, while rapeseed oil biodiesel was a commercial product. Degradation of biodiesels and blends was monitored by directly measuring the substrate or indirectly by determining nitrate removal during the course of the experiment. Denitrification rates were estimated with the acetylene inhibition technique. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to assess impacts on the bacterial community structure exposed to biodiesels, blends, and toluene. The results of this study showed that toluene and biodiesel were completely degraded within 10 days. Biodiesel significantly affected the bacterial community structure at a similar magnitude, independently of its origin. Additionally, toluene impacted the bacterial community and denitrification process to a lower extent than biodiesel and a clear decrease in the relative bacterial richness and diversity was shown in samples with biodiesel and blends. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first reports describing degradation of biodiesel alone and blends under nitrate-reducing conditions, and also the effects of these compounds on the denitrification process. In addition, due to the recently discovered “oxygenic denitrification” process, the acetylene inhibition technique and nitrous oxide quantification may not be the most adequate tool to estimate denitrification rates. Further detailed studies are advised to understand whether the identified bacterial community shift impacts ecosystem functions. Our results help to understand the biodegradation of toluene, biodiesel, and their blends in sediments under nitrate-reducing conditions and might be important in implementing bioremediation strategies in anoxic environments.

Production of Dual Fuel Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engine with Improved Cold Flow Characteristics

Objective: To produce dual fuel biodiesel, where different percentage of blends was taken to check the physio and chemical properties of the dual fuel. Analysis: As we all know our society is hugely dependent on the fossil fuels, which results in the higher cost of petroleum products, high emissions of HC, CO2 and Nox. To bring down the dependency on the conventional fuels and to reduce the various types of emissions new sources of alternate energy must be developed. Biodiesel is becoming one of the most prominent options among the other alternate energy resources, due to its economic and environmental factors. Finding: Biodiesel is an alternative fuel which can be used with mineral diesel without any modification or small modifications to the engine. The methyl ester of vegetable oil (edible and non-edible oil) and animal fat are known as biodiesel. In the past researchers had done blending of biodiesel made from single vegetable oil with the mineral diesel and left the scope of work on the biodiesel made from the combining of two different types of biodiesel blended with diesel in different mixing ratios. Improvement: The methyl esters of seed oil are produced through transesterification process. The experiment was done to produce dual fuel, where different percentage of blends was taken to check the physio and chemical properties of the dual fuel. The cold flow properties of dual fuel were found to be optimal at 50:50 blends. Keywords: Cloud Point, Cold Flow Properties, Jatropha Biodiesel, Mahua Biodiesel, Pour Point, Transesterificaion

ÓLEO DE RESÍDUOS DA FILETAGEM DE TILÁPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) PARA PRODUÇÃO DE BIODIESEL

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial dos óleos extraídos dos resíduos da filetagem de tilápia, para produção de biodiesel, selecionando o que apresentou maior potencial. Para tanto, foram extraídos os óleos brutos de cabeças, carcaças e vísceras os quais passaram por análises físico-químicas e de rendimento. Utilizou-se um DIC, com três tratamentos (cabeça, carcaça e víscera) e cinco repetições para análise estatística dos dados. Observaram-se diferenças significativas para os óleos (P