Types Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Biodiesel production from used cooking oil at room temperature using novel solvent – A techno-economic perspective, sensitivity analysis and societal implications

Biodiesel is perceived as a renewable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuel as it can hold the reins of growing economics, energy and environmental concerns. Most biodiesel production approaches in the literature and commercial practice are energy-intensive, require skilled operations, and are largely dependent on feedstock availability. This present work entails screening different feedstocks focusing on biodiesel quality and efficiency. Further, it delves into the novel process for making biodiesel in energy-free pathways covering energy and environmental concerns. Two types of biodiesels viz. crude and distilled biodiesel were produced and were characterized by analytical techniques like FTIR, NMR, GC, CHNS and TGA. The physicochemical analysis of produced biodiesels showed results as per ASTM/BIS specifications and these results were discussed thoroughly from a technical perspective.Next, it examines the economic feasibility of novel processes entailing capital investment and operating costs for different biodiesel production scenarios (Crude and Distilled) at varying production capacities (1.8 and 3.6 TPD). The payback period was 0.79 yr and 0.57 yr for distilled and 0.44 yr and 0.32 yr for crude biodiesel at 1.8 TPD and 3.6 TPD respectively. The sensitivity analysis has been carried out by varying UCO prices. Further, comparative analysis was also done against existing literature reports. Furthermore, the two models (drop and drive, centralized model) were developed and discussed along with their applications in rural and sub-urban areas in line with UN sustainable development goals (SDG 7 and 13) covering the societal perspective of the process.

Determination of Some Physicochemical Properties of Binary Biodiesel and Binary Biodiesel-Diesel Blend Fuels Obtained from Waste Pumpkin Seed- Camelina Oils

The primary aim of utilizing biodiesel is to reduce dependency on fossil fuels, decrease harmful emissions, and promote the use of renewable energy sources. Studies on biodiesel commonly revolve around singular biodiesel-petroleum diesel blends. Binary biodiesel is generally obtained by mixing different types of biodiesel or blending these mixtures with petroleum diesel. The combination of these diverse feedstocks with distinct properties can offer varying characteristics and benefits. Many studies regarding liquid biofuels primarily focus on blends of singular biodiesel with diesel. Raw materials constitute a substantial portion of the cost in biodiesel production. Hence, efforts have been made to favor non-edible and waste products as raw materials. Additionally, products that are suitable for cultivation in Turkey and easy to obtain as raw materials, supporting domestic biofuel production, have been chosen. Biodiesels obtained from waste pumpkin seeds and linseed oils through the transesterification method were blended at volumetric ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 to obtain binary biodiesel fuels (C50P50, C25P75, and C75P25). The binary biodiesel-diesel blend fuels were achieved by blending different volume ratios of binary biodiesel fuels (C25P25D50 and C10P10D80) with traditional petroleum diesel after their preparation. Subsequent analyses focused on determining the physicochemical properties (density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, water content, calorific value, cold filter plugging point, and copper strip corrosion) of the prepared binary biodiesel and binary biodiesel-diesel blend fuels. Compliance with biodiesel standards (EN 14214, ASTM D-6751) was observed for all fuels, and the results were compared with the reference fuel, diesel (petroleum). According to the analysis results, all the tested fuels met the standards, with the C10P10D80 blend fuel displaying the closest resemblance to diesel.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cellular engineering for the production of FAME biodiesel

The unsustainable and widespread utilization of fossil fuels continues to drive the rapid depletion of global supplies. Biodiesel has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives to conventional diesel, leading to growing research interest in its production. Microbes can facilitate the de novo synthesis of a type of biodiesel in the form of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolic activity was engineered to facilitate enhanced FAME production. Initially, free fatty acid concentrations were increased by deleting two acetyl-CoA synthetase genes (FAA1, FAA4) and an acyl-CoA oxidase gene (POX1). Intracellular S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels were then enhanced via the deletion of an adenosine kinase gene (ADO1) and the overexpression of a SAM synthetase gene (SAM2). Lastly, the S. cerevisiae strain overproducing free fatty acids and SAM were manipulated to express a plasmid encoding the Drosophila melanogaster Juvenile Hormone Acid O-Methyltransferase (DmJHAMT). Using this combination of engineering approaches, a FAME concentration of 5.79 ± 0.56 mg/L was achieved using these cells in the context of shaking flask fermentation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of FAME production in S. cerevisiae. These results will provide a valuable basis for future efforts to engineer S. cerevisiae strains for highly efficient production of biodiesel.

Comparative Analysis of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesels from Animal Fats and Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Common Rail Engines

Currently, solving global environmental problems is recognized as an important task for humanity. In particular, automobile exhaust gases, which are pointed out as the main cause of environmental pollution, are increasing environmental pollutants and pollution problems, and exhaust gas regulations are being strengthened around the world. In particular, when an engine is idling while a car is stopped and not running, a lot of fine dust and toxic gases are emitted into the atmosphere due to the unnecessary fuel consumption of the engine. These idling emissions are making the Earth’s environmental pollution more serious and depleting limited oil resources. Biodiesel, which can replace diesel fuel, generally has similar physical properties to diesel fuel, so it is receiving a lot of attention as an eco-friendly alternative fuel. Biodiesel can be extracted from various substances of vegetable or animal origin and can also be extracted from waste resources discarded in nature. In this study, we used biodiesel blended fuel (B20) in a CRDI diesel engine to study the characteristics of gases emitted during combustion in the engine’s idling state. There were a total of four types of biodiesels used in the experiment. New Soybean Oil and New Lard Oil extracted from new resources and Waste Soybean Fried Oil and Waste Barbecue Lard Oil extracted from waste resources were used, and the gaseous substances emitted during combustion with pure diesel fuel and with the biodiesels were compared and analyzed. It was confirmed that all four B20 biodiesels had a reduction effect on PM, CO, and HC emissions, excluding NOx emissions, compared to pure diesel in terms of the emissions generated during combustion under no-load idling conditions. In particular, New Soybean Oil had the highest PM reduction rate of 20.3% compared to pure diesel, and Waste Soybean Fried Oil had the highest CO and HC reduction rates of 36.6% and 19.3%, respectively. However, NOx was confirmed to be highest in New Soybean Oil, and Waste Barbecue Lard Oil was the highest in fuel consumption.

Various Types of Biodiesel as Sustainable Fuel Choices: a Review

The energy sources used today are non-renewable energy. Non-renewable energy, if used continuously will experience scarcity. Therefore, renewable energy sources are needed as an alternative energy. One of alternative energy source is biodiesel. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel produced from vegetable or animal raw materials. The sustainability and diversity of biodiesel feedstock sources make it an attractive option for reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The problem is that all existing natural resources have not been utilized, the potential availability of raw materials and their production, lack of knowledge about the types of biodiesel and other types of biodiesel that can be developed. This article aims to review the different types of biodiesel that are being researched and developed and increasing knowledge and becoming a reference regarding the potential of natural resources and the opportunity to develop other types based on the potential of available natural resources. The research method used is a literature review study using the Publish or Perish 8 application, on the search menu Google Scholar is selected. Article search retrieved September 19, 2023. Based on this search, 14 articles were obtained that were in accordance with this research. The research results showed that the various types of biodiesel are bintaro oil, hazelnut oil, corn oil, crude palm oil, hydrotreated vegetable oil, kapok seed oil, rubber seed oil, used cooking oil, kesambi oil and graphene nanoplatelets. Each type of biodiesel has its own advantages, while the biodiesel feedstock that has the potential to be produced in large quantities is palm oil. This research also suggests that Indonesia's natural resource potential is very large, so we can also process and develop other types of biodiesel which can be used as alternative fuel.

Long-term storage and quality stability of biodiesel fuels

Abstract A special nano-composition of biodiesel was created that can increase the storage capacity and quality stability of the biodiesel fuel. The group compositions of pure nano-biodiesel and its blends with mineral diesel fuel were analyzed using a Fourier Infra Red (IR) spectrometer, and the individual hydrocarbons were identified by a gas chromatograph. The group compositions and physical and chemical parameters of the nano-biodiesel fuel fully met the standards and remained stable from 2018 through 2021, proving that this type of biodiesel can be stored for more than 4 years while maintaining physical and chemical properties and quality parameters.

Experimental Investigation of Performance Characteristics of Pre-Heated Milkscum Oil Bio Diesel Using Exhaust Gas on a Diesel Engine

The primary carbon-neutral and sustainable fuel for compression ignition engines is biodiesel. The high surface tension and high viscosity of different types of biodiesel are the primary causes of technical issues. High viscosity and surface tension in the CI engine lead to incorrect fuel atomization and charge uniformity. Preheating is hence the process used to reduce the biodiesel's viscosity. The Utilizing exhaust gases to pre-heat biodiesel to temperatures of 30°C, 40°C, and 45°C lowers its viscosity and surface tension, improving fuel injection and ultimately enhancing engine performance. Preheating of biodiesel can be made by using special arrangement of exhaust manifold.

Production of biofuel from AD digestate waste and their combustion characteristics in a low-speed diesel engine

Anaerobic digestion biogas plants generate large amounts of digestate that cannot always be valorised as fertilizer. This study proposes an alternative use through pyrolysis of the digestate for the production of liquid fuels for compression ignition engines. The digestate pyrolysis oil (DPO) and two types of biodiesel were produced and mixed with different alcohols. A total of five blends of DPO, biodiesel and alcohol were prepared and characterized, showing that their acidity and viscosity were higher than for pure diesel, and their heating value was lower. Blends containing 60 % biodiesel, 20 % DPO, and 20 % butanol were then tested in an engine, showing that the maximum in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were 4.6 % and 3 % lower, respectively, compared to diesel, and the engine thermal efficiency at full load was 6–8% lower. The nitric oxide and smoke emissions were 7 % and 40 % lower, respectively, but the carbon dioxide emissions were 7–10 % higher than with diesel. The blends showed retarded start of combustion by 1.5° crank angle, which delays the ignition by about 6.4 %. This study concludes that blends can be used as a fuel for agriculture and marine diesel engines, although their viscosity should be reduced by improving the pyrolysis conditions.

Antioxidant properties of some plant extracts and effect of their addition on the oxidation stability of biodiesel

The extracts from the leaves of Deschampsia antarctica É. Desv., Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, and Camellia japonica L. plants, as well as from defatted Camelina sativa and Silybum marianum seedcakes were investigated as potential additives for improvement of biodiesel stability against oxidation. Composition of the extracts was studied by means of HPLC, and antioxidant properties were evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the DPPH test. The oxidation of biodiesel was monitored during the accelerated procedure at 43C, with the changes in the acid number of biodiesel samples being the criteria of this process. In spite of significant distinctions in the content of various phenolic compounds, all the extracts were found to possess high antioxidant activity and decelerate biodiesel oxidation by 9-26%. The data did not reveal a directly proportional relationship between the antioxidants content in the extract, on the one hand, and the enhancement in biodiesel stability, on the other hand; various extracts had different influence on the behaviour of biodiesel from rape and Camelina seed oils. The results obtained are consistent with the assumption that there is no universal stabilizer for different types of biodiesel and indicate the prospects on searching for novel antioxidants of natural origin to inhibit oxidative processes.

Survey on Antioxidants Used as Additives to Improve Biodiesel’s Stability to Degradation through Oxidation

A major problem that limits the use of biodiesel is maintaining the fuel at the specified standards for a longer period. Biodiesel oxidizes much more easily than diesel, and the final oxidation products change its physical and chemical properties and cause the formation of insoluble gums that can block fuel filters and the supply pipes. This instability of biodiesel is a major problem and has not yet been satisfactorily resolved. Recently, the use of biodiesel has increased quite a lot, but the problem related to oxidation could become a significant impediment. A promising and cost-effective approach to improving biodiesel’s stability is to add appropriate antioxidants. Antioxidants work better or less effectively in different biodiesel fuels, and there is no one-size-fits-all inhibitor for every type of biodiesel fuel. To establish a suitable antioxidant for a certain type of biodiesel, it is necessary to know the chemistry of the antioxidants and factors that influence their effectiveness against biodiesel oxidation. Most studies on the use of antioxidants to improve the oxidative stability of biodiesel have been conducted independently. This study presents an analysis of these studies and mentions factors that must be taken into account for the choice of antioxidants so that the storage stability of biodiesel fuels can be improved.

THE EFFECT OF BLENDING RATIO ON BIODIESEL PROPERTIES, EMISSIONS AND ENGINE PERFORMANCE

This work presents the effects of biodiesel blending on its properties, emissions, and performance. The rubber seed oil (RSO) and waste cooking oil (WCO)-based biodiesel were prepared using a transesterification method in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst. Several formulations were derived from two types of biodiesels (RSO and WCO) and tested according to the ASTM D6751 specification for acid value, free fatty acid (FFA), kinematic viscosity, pour point, cloud point, density, and calorific value. For the WCO-based biodiesel, the best blend was WCO B5, with properties closely matching those of petrodiesel. Significantly, the formulations with higher WCO content (e.g., B10 and above) suffered from serious drops (above 8%) in calorific value. In contrast, the RSO diesel blend showed less than 5% drops in calorific value for formulations up to a 20% biodiesel blend (B20). In addition, an indiscernible difference was obtained between the WCO B5, RSO B5, and petrodiesel in terms of engine power, torque, and CO2 emissions, although the RSO B5 did produce less NOx (158 ppm) than both the WCO B5 (390 ppm) and the petrodiesel (220 ppm). The results showed that blending of WCO and RSO with petrodiesel up to 10%, i.e., B10, is practically applicable for diesel cars with power reduction less than 10%.

Synthesis of spirulina microalgae biodiesel, and experimental research of its effects on compression ignition engine responses with iron II-III oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticle supplementation

The raw material from which biodiesel is produced, the pioneer of alternative fuels in compression ignition engines, has increased importance in recent years. Third-generation biodiesels, which do not harm the food chain and environment, have become popular in recent years. In this study, fuel mixtures were obtained by mixing biodiesel produced from spirulina microalgae, the third-generation biodiesel type, with diesel and iron II-III oxide (Fe3O4) at different concentrations. Microalgae biodiesel (MAB) was mixed with diesel at two different percentages (10% and 20%), and three diverse quantities of Fe3O4 (25, 50, and 75 ppm) were added to 20MAB80D. Since the effects of the fuel mixture containing 20% MAB on the engine response are more optimistic, nanoparticles were added to the fuel containing 20% MAB. These fuel blends were evaluated under various engine loads (from 25% to 100%) at a constant engine speed (1500 rpm), and a compression ratio (15.5:1). Brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) and brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) improved with the addition of both MAB and Fe3O4. Compared to diesel (D100), the highest increases were achieved with 20MAB80D75IO fuel, with an average of 28.64% and 13.18%, respectively. With the 20MAB80D, these increases averaged 12.85% and 3.85%, respectively. On the other hand, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) response increased with MAB and decreased with Fe3O4. With 20MAB80D75IO fuel, it showed an average decrease of 19.02% compared to BSFC diesel. With the 20MAB80D, there was an average increase of 11.31%. MAB and Fe3O4 contributed to reducing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, which are products of incomplete combustion. With 20MAB80D75IO fuel, an average of 24.21% and 57.36% reductions were achieved, respectively, compared to D100. With the 20MAB80D, there was an average of 20.14% and 22.62% reductions, respectively. Conversely, NOx produced by 20MAB80D75IO was 11.63% higher than D100, while NOx produced by 20MAB80D was 3.83% higher. In conclusion, the experimental data obtained using Fe3O4 nanoparticles added to improve engine responses by improving the properties of MAB produced as third-generation biofuels revealed that MAB would be an excellent alternative fuel and Fe3O4 was a suitable additive.

Energy outputs and emissions of biodiesels as a function of coolant temperature and composition

Strict emission legislation forced engine manufacturers to replace fossil diesel with sustainable biofuels. Biodiesel combustion produced lower thermal efficiency and higher nitric oxide (NO) emissions. The NO gas emissions depend on the saturated fatty acid (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) levels present in the plant oil. To overcome biodiesel combustion challenges, effective utilisation of engine waste heat could help in achieving high thermal efficiency and low emissions. Effects of biodiesel SFA and USFA levels, and engine coolant temperature on four different biodiesel types are studied. Lamb fat biodiesel (LFB), chicken fat biodiesel (CFB), waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB), and Karanja biodiesel (KB) were used. LFB and CFB have higher SFA%, whereas WCOB and KB have higher USFA%. The coolant temperature was varied from 65 °C to 85 °C at different engine loads. It was observed that with increased coolant temperatures, the brake thermal efficiency of the engine was increased by 4–5% with LFB and CFB compared to diesel, due to reduced heat losses and better oxy-fuel combustion. The NO and CO2 emissions for high SFA fuel (LFB and CFB) were reduced by 19–22% and 0.2–6%, respectively, as compared to USFA rich fuel (WCOB and KB) and diesel fuel. However, smoke emissions were found to be higher for CFB, WCOB, and KB than diesel, but LFB produced 4–6% less smoke than USFA (WCOB and KB) and diesel fuel. The study concludes that coolant temperature influences engine performance and pollutants, but use of appropriate SFA-level biodiesel could reduce emissions without compromising thermal efficiency.

Support vector regression approach to optimize the biodiesel composition for improved engine performance and lower exhaust emissions

The practical applicability of biodiesel is limited due to poor fuel economy and higher emissions of oxides of nitrogen. Moreover, engine characteristics vary significantly with biodiesel type, highlighting the necessity to determine the most suitable biodiesel for improved fuel economy and emissions. Choosing the most suitable biodiesel is challenging as the relationship between biodiesel composition and engine characteristics is complex. Thus, it is intended to determine the most suitable biodiesel by developing composition-based models that predict engine characteristics and use them for optimization. This study explores the applicability of support vector machine regression to correlate biodiesel composition with engine characteristics. Two additional biodiesels not used for calibration validate the developed models with an acceptable mean absolute percentage error of less than 7%. Further, the models are fed to the genetic algorithm to determine the optimal composition for lower brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and emissions of unburnt hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). The optimized biodiesel has 8% shorter chain esters and 92% longer chain esters. Sunflower biodiesel exhibits 23% higher BSFC than diesel, whereas for optimized biodiesel, it is 4% higher. The proposed biodiesel results in 42% and 2% less HC and CO emissions than diesel and are reasonably lower than other biodiesels. The optimized biodiesel results in 42% higher NOx emissions, while sunflower biodiesel exhibits 83% higher NOx emissions than diesel. Overall, the optimized biodiesel resulted in a minimum penalty in fuel economy and NOx emissions compared to other commercially available biodiesels.

Impact of Waste Fry Biofuel on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions

Energy is primarily obtained from fossil fuels and with the use of fossil fuels, we are increasing the emissions and greenhouse gases. It takes constant effort to meet the energy need from environmentally acceptable and renewable fuels. In order to find a replacement for depleting fossil fuel energy, a range of oxygenated fuels was investigated based on their accessibility and geographic areas. This work assessed the transesterification process’s feasibility of turning used fry oil into biodiesel fuel and its physiochemical characteristics. The performances of a diesel engine operating on biodiesel and diesel fuel were assessed and compared. Four different types of fry oils were utilized for the research on a diesel agricultural engine with indirect injection. The first fry, second fry, third fry, and restaurant fry were the various sorts of fry oil. Five different types of biodiesels and their blends were investigated for their engine efficiency and emission metrics. B40 (biodiesel 40% and diesel 60%) and B80 (biodiesel 80% and diesel 20%) biodiesel blends were tested in different engine speed conditions under 50% and 100% engine loads. While the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) decreased as the engine rpm increased, it was found that the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased. Due to the poor air–fuel ratio at higher engine speeds, the BTE decreased. NOx (nitrogen oxides) emissions were higher for all the biodiesel blends because of the higher oxygen content in the biodiesel blends. The smoke opacity in both blends decreased with rising rpm under both load situations and was lower than in pure diesel. Because of the larger cetane number and lower heating value, the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) dropped. It was determined that prolonging the fry time altered the engine performance and emission metrics. The use of sustainable fuel is essential; waste fry cooking oil as a substitute for fossil diesel could be a prospective replacement in the agricultural engine and transportation sector.

Life cycle assessment: Sustainability of biodiesel production from black soldier fly larvae feeding on thermally pre-treated sewage sludge under a tropical country setting

More energy is needed nowadays due to global population growth. Concurrently, sewage sludge generation has also increased steadily stemming from the inevitable urbanization. As such, black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can be potentially deployed to solve both issues. This paper investigates the environmental sustainability of biodiesel production derived from sludge-fed BSFL feedstock. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed through SimaPro software utilizing the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) and Endpoint (H) methods. The entire LCA covered 3 main stages, including the thermal pre-treatment of sludge, BSFL rearing and processing, and lastly lipid extraction and biodiesel production. LCA showed that the sludge pre-treatment stage had the highest environmental impact, while BSFL rearing and processing had the least due to the suitable geographical climate. Electricity usage during the pre-treatment stage was the main contributing component, followed by chemical usage during biodiesel production. After normalizing, it was observed that land occupation, marine ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity and freshwater eutrophication were more impactful than the commonly studied global warming potential (GWP). Lipid content and biodiesel conversion efficiency were determined as the sensitive factors which could influence the LCA outcome. In comparison with other types of biodiesel, BSFL biodiesel had a milder impact in terms of climate change, land occupation, terrestrial acidification, marine and freshwater eutrophication. Furthermore, this biological reduction of sludge through BSFL valorization avoided sludge landfilling, which reduced up to 100 times GWP. Therefore, sludge-fed BSFL biodiesel production is an environmentally-sound and highly potential solution that should be investigated comprehensively.

Modeling and optimization of performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine: A comparative evaluation between date seed oil biodiesel produced via three different heating systems

In this study, the performance of a diesel engine fueled with date seed oil (DSO) biodiesel, produced under microwave, ultrasonic and conventional heating system, is investigated by experimental and statistical methods. The multi-linear regressions (MLR) were developed using the percentage of biodiesel in fuel and the engine speeds (as independent variables) and the power, torque, and SFC and CO, CO2, HC, O2, and NOx emissions (as dependent variables). Then, the best-fitted regression model was used for analyzing the response surface of the performance parameters, and finding the optimal values of biodiesel blending percentages using genetic algorithm (GA) approaches at different engine speeds. Finally, the engine performance parameters were assessed when the engine is fueled with these optimal blending for three types of biodiesel. The results showed that technologies used in the biodiesel production would have a noticeable effect on the response of engine performance, however, the response surface of exhaust emission follows roughly the same trend with different slope and curvature. Moreover, optimization indicated that the optimal percentage of DSO biodiesel at different speeds was between 11%-%13, %13-%19, and %17-%20 for microwave, ultrasonic, and conventional production method, respectively. Subsequently, when the engine is fueled with the optimal blending of biodiesel at every engine speed, biodiesel produced via an alternative heating system can significantly improve the engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions, especially HC, CO, and NOx by microwave-assisted produced biodiesel.

A Review on Recent Advances in Bio-Fuel Development

For the concurrent energy researches around the world, the question of energy availability and the effects of global warming have taken on particular importance. This situation creates room for prospective, more modern and sustainable alternative energy sources. In the industrial, automotive and even as a fuel source for power plants, biodiesel can be used as a sustainable alternative energy. This study offers a detailed overview of the use and advancement of bio-diesel as a fuel for the production of renewable energy from material sources. The creation of various bio-diesel mixture combinations and their use in diverse sectors is a key topic covered in this study. In order to use different types of biodiesel in different parts of the world, its physical and chemical properties have been researched. Although the use of biodiesel reduces emissions and pollutants, a specific approach is required to maximise efficiency and effectiveness, both technically and non-technically. However, the use of biodiesel together with the optimization of its properties and parameters demonstrates that this alternative energy is practical and might be used as a sustainable fuel source for the auto industry and electricity generation in the future.

Combustion, performance, and emission behavior of a CI engine fueled with different biodiesels: A modelling, forecasting and experimental study

The current automobile industry is greatly dependent upon petroleum supplies and is moving toward its terminating phases very soon. The depletion of petrol fuel reserves is therefore driving research in the field of alternative fuels. Several biofuels are produced from plants and natural waste, thus having the potential to reduce the level of CO2 in the atmosphere. Therefore, it is renewable and relatively cheaper than conventional fossil fuels since it is abundant and easier to produce. In this present experimental work, four types of biodiesels were investigated: SME (soybean methyl ester 100% by volume), RME (rapeseed methyl ester 100% by volume), B55 (SME 50%, RME 50%), B82 (SME 80%, RME 20%), and diesel fuel. The heat release rate diagram showed combustion period and ignition delay in the Blend 82 at elevated compression ratio compared to diesel fuel. Brake thermal efficiency was on average 4% to 7% lesser than diesel fuel for B82 blend; the value of cylinder pressure was higher in upper-level compression ratio but without knocking, thus ensuring safe combustion. Lower compression ratios gave lower values with maximum reduction of approximately 35% due to reduced temperature and lower brake mean effective pressure. The oxides of nitrogen emissions from the Blend 82 were higher around 20% than that of diesel. Also, the hydrocarbon emissions of the Blend 82 were lower between 7% and 62% than conventional diesel fuel. In addition to optimization and various results connectivity, Response surface analysis (RSM) and then ANN (Artificial neural network) modeling is performed for all the engine characteristics at the end of study.

Evaluation of Ukrainian Camelina sativa germplasm productivity and analysis of its amenability for efficient biodiesel production

Camelina or false flax ( Camelina sativa ) is an emerging crop that is currently considered one of the most promising feedstock for production of vegetable oil-based liquid biofuels: biodiesel and jet biofuel. Originally, camelina comes from the East European region, where this crop used to be widely cultivated before it was substituted with other oilseed crops, such as rapeseed, sunflower, etc. Due to increasing interest in biofuel production and sustainable agriculture, camelina has re-emerged as a viable oil-rich crop of multiple purposes. However, camelina varieties are not free from some undesirable traits, one of which is low yields. Over the recent years, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to breeding and improving this crop although this work has been restricted by limited genetic diversity of camelina. This limitation can be overcome by using unexploited germplasm, which previously was not involved into the camelina breeding process. In present study, we aimed to evaluate the productivity potential of unexploited Ukrainian spring camelina varieties and to perform comprehensive estimation of their suitability for use as oil feedstock for biodiesel production. The productivity data of all nine existing Ukrainian varieties of spring camelina was assessed for the 2001–19 period, based on the available data. It has been established that average productivity of the analyzed cultivars is 1756 kg/ha in the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe zone and 1146 kg/ha in the Steppe zone. The latter is characterized by a dryer climate, which significantly impacts spring camelina seed yields and thus their oil outputs, which are crucial for biofuel production. Potential rates of FAME- and FAEE-based biodiesel production have been evaluated. The conducted comprehensive analysis suggests that cultivation of spring camelina for biofuel production purposes can be more sustainable and feasible in the Forest-Steppe zone, rather than in the Steppe zone. Finally, a brief investigation of potential obstacles, impacting the production efficiency and feasibility of different biodiesel types, has also been conducted, as well as potential solutions were proposed for them. The obtained results create strong background for further efficient camelina breeding and for analyses of techno-economic feasibility of production camelina-based biofuels in Eastern Europe and specifically in Ukraine. • Performance of unexploited Ukrainian camelina germplasm was first evaluated. • Productivity of Ukrainian varieties of camelina was assessed for the 2001–19 period. • The average camelina yields were 1.76 t/ha in Forest-Steppe and 1.15 t/ha in Steppe. • Camelina oil yields depends more on seed yield, rather than seed oil content. • Biodiesel production rates were 726.53 and 374.96 L/ha in Forest-Steppe and Steppe.