Types Of Authors Research Articles

Assessment of Health Information About COVID-19 Prevention on the Internet: Infodemiological Study.

BackgroundThe internet is a large source of health information and has the capacity to influence its users. However, the information found on the internet often lacks scientific rigor, as anyone may upload content. This factor is a cause of great concern to scientific societies, governments, and users.ObjectiveThe objective of our study was to investigate the information about the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the internet.MethodsOn February 29, 2020, we performed a Google search with the terms “Prevention coronavirus,” “Prevention COVID-19,” “Prevención coronavirus,” and “Prevención COVID-19”. A univariate analysis was performed to study the association between the type of authorship, country of publication, and recommendations to avoid COVID-19 according to the World Health Organization (WHO).ResultsIn total, 80 weblinks were reviewed. Most of them were produced in the United States and Spain (n=58, 73%) by digital media sources and official public health organizations (n=60, 75%). The most mentioned WHO preventive measure was “wash your hands frequently” (n=65, 81%). A less frequent recommendation was to “stay home if you feel unwell” (n=26, 33%). The analysis by type of author (official public health organizations versus digital media) revealed significant differences regarding the recommendation to wear a mask when you are healthy only if caring for a person with suspected COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR] 4.39). According to the country of publication (Spain versus the United States), significant differences were detected regarding some recommendations such as “wash your hands frequently” (OR 9.82), “cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze” (OR 4.59), or “stay home if you feel unwell” (OR 0.31).ConclusionsIt is necessary to urge and promote the use of the websites of official public health organizations when seeking information on COVID-19 preventive measures on the internet. In this way, users will be able to obtain high-quality information more frequently, and such websites may improve their accessibility and positioning, given that search engines justify the positioning of links obtained in a search based on the frequency of access to them.

New Developments in Publishing Related to Authorship.

To present the inappropriate types of authorship and practice, and the most recent developments related to basic principles and criteria to a fair system for allocating authorship in scientific publications. An analysis of relevant materials and documents, sources from the internet and published literature and personal experience and observations of the author. Working in multidisciplinary teams is a common feature of modern research processes. The most sensitive question is how to decide on who to acknowledge as author of a multi-authored publication. The pertinence of this question is growing with the increasing importance of individual scientists' publication records for professional status and career. However, discussions about authorship allocation might lead to serious conflicts and disputes among coworkers which could even endanger cooperation and successful completion of a research project. It seems that discussion and education about ethical standards and practical guidelines for fairly allocating authorship are insufficient and the question of ethical practices related to authorship in multi-authored publications remains generally unresolved. It is necessary to work for raising awareness about the importance and need for education about principles of scientific communication and fair allocation of authorship, ethics of research and publication of results. The use of various forms of education in the scientific community, especially young researchers and students, in order to create an ethical environment, is one of the most effective ways to prevent the emergence of scientific and publication dishonesty and fraud, including pathology of authorship.

Platelet-Rich Plasma for Knee Osteoarthritis: Internet Marketing and Patient Education-An Appraisal of Content for Websites with the Greatest Search Engine Visibility.

The internet is increasingly being used as a resource for health-related information by the general public. We sought to establish the authorship, content, and accuracy of the information available online regarding platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy for knee osteoarthritis. Top 200 search results from each of the 3 leading search engines available online (Google, Yahoo!, Bing) were screened, and 181 websites were finally reviewed for content with emphasis on specific claims, comparing between websites authored by private physicians/groups and other authorship types. Nearly 80% of the websites claimed that PRP injections for osteoarthritis of the knee improve patients' pain. A total of 42.8% of the private websites and 27.6% of nonprivate websites have stated that the procedure can delay or eliminate the need for future surgery. Costs were only mentioned by few (11.6%), and mainly by the nonprivate websites. Both website groups were unlikely to mention that PRP therapy is not the treatment of choice for end-stage knee osteoarthritis (7.9% of private and 17.2% of the nonprivate sites), or to state that patients with less advanced disease may benefit more from the treatment (11.8% and 20.6%, respectively). Private websites were less likely to refer to peer-reviewed literature (18.4% vs. 41.4%) and were more than 3 times less likely to mention lack of adequate evidence (13.2% vs. 48.2%). Patients seeking online information regarding PRP therapy are vulnerable to websites presenting a narrow viewpoint of this treatment modality, putting emphasis on unsubstantiated benefits while disregarding potential drawbacks and concerns.

Characteristics of YouTube videos in Spanish about the influenza vaccine

To analyze the characteristics of YouTube videos in Spanish about the influenza vaccine. In April 2019, a search was conducted on YouTube with the term vacuna gripe. We studied the association between the type of author, and country of publication, and the rest of the variables (tone of the message, type of publication, and vaccination recommendations according to the Spanish Ministry of Health, among others) with univariate analysis and a multiple logistic regression model. In total, 208 videos were assessed; 51.0% had been published from Spain and Mexico, and 79.8% of the videos supported the use of influenza vaccines. The main topics discussed in the videos were whether the vaccine should be considered the most effective method to prevent influenza (64.4%) and recommendations concerning the vaccination of people over 65 years old (43.3%). The variables type of authorship (healthcare professionals) and country of publication (Spain) were associated with a positive attitude towards vaccination (OR: 2.91; 95%CI: 1.12-7.53 and OR: 0.31; 95%CI: 0.15-0.65, respectively). The existing information on YouTube about the influenza vaccine is not generally very complete, and it varies depending on the authorship of the videos and the country of publication. It would be advisable for healthcare professionals to publish videos promoting vaccination based on the guidelines from the Spanish Ministry of Health, and it is necessary to promote those videos for Spanish users who search for reliable information about this vaccine on YouTube.

P488 How reliable is the online medical information on paediatric inflammatory bowel diseases?

Abstract Background Patients with paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (p-IBD) and their families widely use the Internet as a resource and tend to read the first page of 10 results. However, online content may be of questionable quality, and valuable information may be hard to find. This study aimed to (i) determine the average quality of online information on p-IBD and (ii) analyze whether it depends on the source of information. Methods A google search was performed on the 28 October 2019 using the keywords: ‘Crohn’s disease’, ‘ulcerative colitis’, ‘Inflammatory Bowel Disease’, ‘colonoscopy’, ‘endoscopy’, all of them combined with the terms ‘paediatric’ and ‘children’. We recorded the first 10 results for each search and excluded scientific papers, advertisements, videos and sites requiring subscription. Websites were classified according to their origin as hospital, professional society, government agency, health press or patient organisations. The quality of the information was assessed with the DISCERN instrument, a validated 16-point questionnaire (total score 16–80) to evaluate the quality of written information. DISCERN scores were graded as excellent (68–80), good (55–67), fair (42–54), poor (29–41) or very poor (16–28). In order to minimise subjectivity, four evaluators assessed the quality, and the mean total score was calculated for every selected website. The proportion of websites with excellent or good grading in each category was compared using the Fisher test. Results We identified 100 websites and 65 met the inclusion criteria. The type of authorship and DISCERN scores are shown in Table 1. The overall median DISCERN score was 40.8 [interquartile range, IQR 10.5]. Only 5 websites had an excellent or good score. The proportion of websites with excellent or good grading was significantly higher in those from government agencies and professional societies (33.3% and 30% vs. 2% and 0%, p < 0.05). None of the health press websites showed excellent or good grading. Surprisingly, no websites from patient organisations were identified. Conclusion The quality of online information on p-IBD is highly variable. Most of the easily found websites are from hospitals, but professional societies and government agencies provide a higher quality of information. Improvement of online information on p-IBD is still needed.

Региональные особенности социально-экономических условий развития детства в России

To identify regional features of socio-economic conditions of childhood development, the author's method of typologizing Russian regions by the level of well-being of childhood development conditions based on the multi-sign classification method was used. This method is used for comparing objects by a set of indicators. To conduct the analysis, we calculated the ranks of indicators for five groups of indicators (institutional, demographic, infrastructure, financial and economic, and security). The analysis of the obtained results allowed us to distinguish five author's types of regions of the Russian Federation (RF) by the level of favorability of childhood formation.

Análisis bibliométrico de la autoría femenina en artículos originales en la revista ATENCIÓN PRIMARIA

ObjectivesTo determine the percentage of female authors in original articles published during 2periods, in the journal of Atención Primaria (Primary Care), and to examine the differences between the categories of authorship (first, last author, and co-author) between both periods. DesignCross-sectional study. SettingFeminine scientific production published during the periods 2007-2008 and 2017-2018. ParticipantsThe study was focused on original articles. Main measurementsThe following variables were collected in an ad hoc form: gender based on the name of the author, total number of women and men appearing as authors, and order of authorship. Absolute and relative authorship frequencies were calculated, and the χ2 test was used to examine the evolution of the percentages by type of authorship and gender. ResultsA total of 108 articles were analysed in 2007-2008, and 100 in 2017-2018. No statistically significant differences were observed between the mean numbers of women authors within and between periods. In 2007-2008 a total of 548 female authors were identified and 540 in 2017-2018, the percentage of female authors was 48.7% and 54.4%, respectively. Only an increase in the percentage of first authors was observed between periods. ConclusionsPractically one out of every 2authors of original articles published in the journal Atención Primaria was female. There was also a significant increase in the percentage of female first authors between the 2periods. Nevertheless, and despite the greater number of health workers, the number of latest female authors remain unchanged, which points to the persistence of female under-representation.

Unethical Authorship in Scientific Publications (A Review of the Problem)

Unfair authorship in scientific publications is one of the most common types of violations of publication ethics, which is associated either with the unfair inclusion among authors of persons who do not meet the criteria for authorship, or, conversely, with the concealment of the real performers of scientific work. The main reasons for the intense spread of unethical behavior in relation to authorship in recent years include the imperfection of the science management system, which requires high rates of publication activity from researchers; partly discriminatory policies of journals in relation to young authors, which force them to include authoritative scientists as co-authors; and conflicts of interest in medical publications, which prompt pharmaceutical companies to exclude real the performers of the work. The scientific and publishing international communities have been offered a set of approaches both to the fight against unfair authorship and to its prevention, including the development of additional criteria for authorship; clarification of instructions and guidelines for authors, reviewers, and editors; and organization of training events to familiarize authors with the principles of publication ethics. The scientometric methods for identifying unacceptable types of authorship seem promising. This review article presents the current state of the problem and the ways to solve it that have been outlined by the professional community.

La autoría de las Relaciones Geográficas mexicanas: las voces náhuatl a través de los redactores

Este trabajo ofrece una propuesta tipológica en torno a la autoría de las Relaciones Geográficas americanas del siglo XVI, realizada a través de los datos que se desprenden de los agentes implicados en su elaboración, así como de los redactores de los textos. Se realiza un análisis de los procesos de designación, la creación léxica y las voces de origen náhuatl. Los resultados muestran cómo el tratamiento de las voces indígenas y las diferencias en los procedimientos de designación, permiten establecer una correlación entre el tipo de autoría y los mecanismos de transmisión del mundo indígena.

Producción científica estudiantil en las revistas biomédicas indexadas en SciELO Cuba 2015 y 2016

Introducción: En la actualidad se reconoce el papel activo del estudiante en la construcción del conocimiento y se le concede gran importancia a la publicación científica desde el pregrado.Objetivo: Describir la producción científica estudiantil en las revistas biomédicas indexadas en SciELO Cuba durante los años 2015 y 2016.
 Método: Se realizó un estudio bibliométrico descriptivo considerando como unidad de análisis los artículos publicados electrónicamente en las revistas biomédicas indexadas en la colección SciELO-Cuba. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: nombre de la revista, factor de impacto, artículo con participación estudiantil, tipología, año de publicación, tipo de autoría, número de estudiantes por artículo, universidad, país, carrera, año académico y ayudantía.
 Resultados: En 18 revistas (58.06%) no se encontraron artículos con autoría estudiantil, y fue la Revista Médica Electrónica (n = 13; 6.13%) la publicación con más artículos con participación estudiantil. Se publicaron 3,736 artículos, de los cuales 55 (1.47%) tuvieron participación estudiantil, con una contribución, en su mayoría, como coautores (85.45%). Existió predominio de artículos originales (n = 24; 43.64%) y se contabilizaron 85 autores estudiantiles, de los cuales 51 (60.0%) fueron estudiantes de medicina.
 Conclusiones: La producción científica estudiantil en las revistas biomédicas indexadas en SciELO Cuba es baja y no se corresponde con la elevada matrícula de estudiantes de las carreras de ciencias de la salud así como con las numerosas revistas indexadas en esta base de datos y las aspiraciones de la educación médica superior cubana.

Geopolíticas del Conocimiento Psicológico y Riesgos Psicosociales: Reproduciendo la Subordinación por Medio de las Tesis de Grado y Postgrado

This article presents the results of a study on the geopolitical relationships of psychology. One hundred and eight undergraduate and graduate theses on the topic of psychosocial risks were examined. They were produced by students of 7 of the main universities of Bogotá, Colombia, between 1991 and 2014. The following aspects were analyzed: the years when the theses were submitted, the academic institution where they were produced, the specific program to which they belonged, the title assigned to each research project, and the design used. In addition, the present study also identified the references consulted, the language in which they had been published, and their type of authorship: national, international, independent researchers, and labor regulation agencies. Results reveal the channels through which psychological knowledge about psychosocial risks circulates, the fading of disciplinary boundaries of psychology, and the emulation that takes place in the local construction of psychology, as well as its consequent subordination to international knowledge networks

Representações do professor generalista acerca do papel do professor especialista: análise da produção científica em educação especial no período de 2008 a 2015

O presente trabalho objetivou identificar e analisar a produção científica nacional divulgada em periódicos da área de Educação Especial sobre as representações do professor generalista acerca do papel do professor especialista no processo de escolarização dos alunos público-alvo da Educação Especial. A pesquisa bibliográfica considerou os periódicos classificados nos extratos de B2 a A1: a Revista de Educação Especial de Santa Maria (REESM); e a Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial (RBEE), respectivamente, bem como os artigos publicados nesses periódicos, no período de 2008 a 2015, relacionados à temática em questão. Para a coleta de dados foram considerados, inicialmente, os sumários, seguidos dos resumos e artigos na íntegra que atenderam ao objetivo proposto. Foi efetuada análise qualiquantitativa, subsidiada pelos indicadores: ano e quantidade de publicação; tipo de autoria; área de formação dos autores e coautores; e temas relacionados às representações do professor generalista sobre o papel do especialista. Foi constatada maior concentração de artigos publicados em 2015 no periódico B2, bem como predomínio: de autoria em dupla nos dois periódicos; da Educação como principal área de formação dos autores e coautores; e da reflexão sobre concepções de professores acerca da inclusão escolar como subtema relacionado à temática em questão. A escassez de publicações sobre a temática ora investigada revelou a necessidade de divulgação de estudos que ampliem as reflexões e proposições sobre a mesma.

Kienböck Disease: Quality, Accuracy, and Readability of Online Information.

Background: Patients with limited health literacy require online educational materials to be written below a sixth grade level for optimal understanding. We assessed the quality, accuracy, and readability of online materials for Kienböck disease (KD). Methods: "Kienbock's Disease" and "Lunate Avacular Necrosis" were entered into 3 search engines. The first 25 Web sites from each search were collected. Quality was assessed via a custom grading rubric, accuracy by 2 residents and a fellow, and readability by Flesch-Kincaid grade level (FKGL) and New Dale-Chall test. Web sites were stratified according to the search term, FKGL, order of appearance, and authorship type. Results: A total of 38 unique Web sites were included, of which 22 were assigned to "KD" and 16 to "Lunate Avascular Necrosis." The average quality score out of 30, accuracy score out of 12, and FKGL for all Web sites were 13.3 ± 7.3, 10.4 ± 1.9, and 10.5 ± 1.4, respectively. Web sites assigned to the term "Kienbock's Disease" had a significantly higher FKGL. Web sites of higher FKGL had significantly worse accuracy scores. Order of appearance had no influence. Physician specialty societies (PSS) had a significantly lower FKGL than Web sites of other authorship types. Conclusions: Despite concerted efforts by national organizations, the readability of online patient materials is above the recommended level for KD. Patients with limited health literacy will be most affected by this reality. Until readability improves, patients should continue to consult their physicians when uncertain and prioritize Web sites that are easier to read and produced by PSS.

Writing Laws in Antiquity / L’écriture du droit dans l’Antiquité

Scholars since the 20th century have approached comparative studies of ancient laws from diverse backgrounds. Recent scholarship has particularly emphasized the distinction between “difference” and “similarity” through diachronic and synchronic studies. This volume follows this sort of methodology.This book is an edited work written by seven scholars. Originally, these seven articles (four in French and three in English) were delivered at a conference held at the University of Lausanne in 2011. The articles focus on questions concerning the codification of ancient written laws and their “functions.” They are divided into two parts in this book: “Codes, Codification and Legislators,” and “Writing Ritual Norms: Meaning and Functions.” The first four articles discuss the creation of legal collections in Mesopotamia, Greece, Israel, and Egypt, respectively. The remaining three essays address issues related to the codification of ritual laws in Greece and Israel.The first part begins with an article by Sophie Démare-Lafont. She surveys the uses of terms such as code and codification as applied to the Mesopotamian laws by early Assyriologists such as Vincent Scheil, G. R. Driver, John C. Miles, and Jean Bottéro, as well as more recent scholars such as Martha T. Roth. Démare-Lafont argues that ancient Mesopotamian laws are compilations of existing laws, comprehensive sets of norms of legal decisions, and that these laws function as a principle of subsidiarity for local rules and customs. The second essay, by Françoise Ruzé, discusses codification in ancient Greece (mainly, legal collections between the seventh and the fifth centuries BC) and the possible complementary functions between written and oral laws. In the third essay, Gary N. Knoppers explores the analogies and contrasts between lawgivers in ancient Greek and the Mediterranean world, specifically Moses (the lawgiver of the Torah) and Greek lawgivers. The comparisons are significant and call for further investigation of the larger Mediterranean context. The section concludes with Sandra L. Lippert, who suggests that the compilation of a law collection in Egypt under Darius I was first translated into Aramaic in the Persian period, later into Greek under the Ptolemies, and continued to be copied into the second century BC.The second part of the volume opens with an essay by Pierre Brulé, who discusses the distinction and relationship between hiéra and hosia in sources describing the function of deliberative assemblies in Greek cities. The author concludes that, while the term hosia appears to denote human matters and hiéra divine matters, these terms cannot be mapped onto an explicit binary as “sacred” and “profane.” The next essay, by Anselm C. Hagedorn, compares Greek and biblical laws in relationship to their differences in divine authorship. Greek gods were never presented as the authors of the written laws, whereas Yhwh takes an active writing role in the Pentateuch. The latter moves beyond the Greek world and serves as the basis for a national identity that marks the greatest distinction between the two cultures. The final essay is written by Jan-Mathieu Carbon and Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge. They reassess the “sacred laws” in ancient Greece and suggest, through a comprehensive reexamination, that “ritual norms” can be a better descriptor than “sacred laws.”In terms of the geographic proximity and the contacts in history, it is not surprising to see similar subject matter, type of authorship asserted, and methods of compilation among these ancient written laws. The suggestions of borrowing and interaction are highly possible. Personally, I find that the most interesting facet of comparative studies of ancient laws is the study of differences rather than parallels. Differences often show the specific purposes of a legal collection within a society or religious community. The various essays in this book highlight such differences and thus suggest their possible function.I particularity appreciate the authors’ clarification and discussion of common terminology in the study of the ancient laws. The last part of the introduction gives clear guidelines for future discussion, which is helpful. For those who are interested in the comparative study of ancient Greek laws and other counterparts, this book provides fascinating discussions and potential directions for further study.

A Study on Writing Tweet Skills of Turkish Language Teacher Candidates

Bireyin
 zihinsel, duygusal ve sosyal becerilerini geliştirmeyi esas alan eğitim, çağın
 enerjisine veya zamanın ruhuna göre değişimler gösterebilmektedir. İnsanlık
 tarihinde tarım ve sanayi devriminden sonra en etkili dönüm noktası bilişim
 devrimi olmuştur. Yirmi birinci yüzyıldaki teknolojik gelişmelere koşut olarak
 farklı yazarlık türlerinin oluştuğu bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda kâğıt temelli
 yazma çalışmaları yerini yavaş yavaş elektronik yazmaya bırakmaktadır.
 Yenilenen öğretim programları da bu değişimi göz önünde bulundurarak e-posta,
 blog vs. gibi ekran yazma becerilerine ait türlere yer vermektedir. Bu
 araştırmanın amacı, Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının bir sosyal medya uygulaması
 olan Twitter kanalıyla tweet atma becerilerini, okudukları farklı metin
 türlerinden hareketle anahtar kelimeleri kullanma becerileri açısından
 incelemektir. Çalışma grubunu İstanbul’daki bir devlet üniversitesinin Türkçe
 eğitimi bölümünde öğrenim gören 36 öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma
 grubundaki öğretmen adaylarına  “haber
 metni, küçürek öykü, köşe yazısı, anı ve deneme” türlerinde birer metin
 okutulmuş, metinden anladıklarını Twitter uygulamasının bir sınırlılığı olan
 140 karakterle ifade etmeleri istenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre,
 Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının deneme ve köşe yazısı türlerinde daha başarılı
 olduğu; haber, küçürek öykü ve anı metninde ise başarılarının daha düşük
 seviyede olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Genel anlamda Türkçe öğretmeni adaylarının 3
 ve üzerinde anahtar kelimeyi kullanamadıkları görülmüş, bu sebeple okudukları
 bir metinden hareketle çıkarımlarını yazılı olarak ifade etmede zorlandıkları
 sonucuna varılmıştır.

Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

This is a cross-sectional study. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the content of information available on the Internet regarding minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS). Patients look to the Internet for quick and accessible information on orthopedic procedures to help guide their personal decision making process regarding the care they receive. However, the quality of internet-based orthopedic education material varies significantly with respect to accuracy and readability. The top 50 results were generated from each of 3 search engines (Google, Yahoo!, and Bing) using the search term "minimally invasive spine surgery." Results were categorized by authorship type and evaluated for their description of key factors such as procedural benefits, risks, and techniques. Comparisons between search engines and between authorship types were done using the Freeman-Halton extension for the Fisher exact test. The content of websites certified by Health on the Net Foundation (HONcode) was compared with those not HONcode certified. Of the 150 websites and videos, only 26% were authored by a hospital or university, whereas 50% were by a private physician or clinic. Most resources presented some benefits of MISS (84%, 126/150), but only 17% presented risks of the procedure (26/150). Almost half of all resources described the technique of MISS, but only 27% had thorough descriptions that included visual representations while 26% failed to describe the procedure. Only 12 results were HONcode certified, and 10 (83%) of these were authored by a medical industry company. Internet-based resources on MISS provide inconsistent content and tend to emphasize benefits of MISS over risks.

Formas de autoría en la persecución de crímenes internacionales

El presente artículo tiene por objeto indagar sobre las diversas formas de autoría en el orden internacional y su aplicación en la persecución de crímenes internacionales en el derecho interno. Este aspecto se viene presentando en los diversos precedentes nacionales mediante el alcance de la interpretación de precedentes de instancias de la justicia internacional. Dicha interpretación amplía las bases del derecho interno generando problemas de definición en un aspecto concreto como la autoría para tales casos, lo cual incide en la responsabilidad penal. Para los fines correspondientes, este documento se desarrolla según el método de investigación dogmático-jurídico y de análisis jurisprudencial, con uso de herramientas metodológicas, históricas, descriptivas, comparativas y propositivas.

Do Patients Access Appropriate Information Online?

AbstractHealth care providers should be aware of information available on the Internet to ensure proper patient care. The current analysis assesses the reliability, quality, and readability of internet information describing rhytidectomy. Previously validated survey instruments to assess the reliability, quality, and readability of online websites describing rhytidectomy were used. An internet search using Google with the search term “facelift” was conducted. The first 50 search results were reviewed, and 36 were deemed appropriate to be included in this analysis. Websites were divided based on type of authorship into professional organization, academic, physician based, and unidentified. The validated DISCERN instrument was used to determine reliability, quality, and overall rating of each site. The Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) and Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) were used to measure readability. A 1 to 3 point scale was used to rate websites, with a higher number indicating a website that possessed either greater reliability or greater quality. Mean scores for reliability ranged from 1.7 (±0.99) in the academic group to 2.0 (±0.12) in the unidentified group. Mean scores for quality ranged from 1.5 (±0.13) in the unidentified group to 1.7 (±0.38) in the physician-based group. The highest overall rating was 1.4 (±0.22 and ± 0.31, respectively) in the unidentified and physician-based groups. The lowest overall rating was 1 (±0.58) in the academic group. FRESs ranged from 21.6 to 74.6. FKGLs ranged from 6.9 to 13.9. Information available online regarding rhytidectomy may be significantly deficient in reliability, quality, and readability. These deficiencies are present in articles with all types of author affiliations. This underscores the clinicians' duty to provide patients with high-quality information at an adequate level of comprehension.

Rhytidectomy: Analysis of Videos Available Online.

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine YouTube videos related to rhytidectomy created by both physicians and nonphysicians to determine the content of the videos, the selected topics of discussion, and other important parameters using a cross-sectional analysis study design. A YouTube search result for the keyword “facelift” was performed. Videos pertaining to the rhytidectomy procedure were included in this analysis. Authorship, length of video, primary objective, and total views were recorded. Total 80 videos (81%) were authored by physicians, 14 (14%) were authored by patients, and 5 (5%) were authored by a third party. Fifty-eight (59%) videos were shorter than 5 minutes, and 41 videos (41%) were longer than 5 minutes. Fifty-two (53%) videos were viewed fewer than 10,000 times, and 47 videos (47%) were viewed more than 10,000 times. Forty (40%) videos had a primary objective of providing information, 13 (13%) had a primary objective of providing the patient's perspective, and 46 (46%) had a primary objective of advertising a physician's practice. A chi-square test for independence with threshold of significance < 0.05 was used to compare whether or not the primary objective of the videos depended on the type of authorship. A significant difference was found between physician- and patient-authored videos. In addition, the 12 (12%) videos with the most views of videos included in this study were responsible for 75% of the total views of videos included in this study. Advertising was a goal of both physician- and patient-based videos, but physician-based videos were more likely to provide information about the procedure whereas patient-based videos more commonly presented a patient's personal perspective. The most popular 12% of videos were responsible for 75% of total views in this analysis, indicating that a small minority of perspectives dominates the YouTube viewership regarding rhytidectomy. The general public may be misled by information found by viewing these videos as the Internet generally lacks safeguards for quality or accuracy. It may be prudent for academic or professional organizations to provide videos intended to achieve a more neutral, well-informed perspective.

Copyrightable Subject Matter in the "Next Great Copyright Act"

The drafters of the Next Great Copyright Act will have to establish the subject matter that their statute will protect. Currently, the 1976 Copyright Act protects a very broad range of subject matter, though its reach is not unlimited. Perfume, for example, falls outside all of the categories of subject matter protected in the current statute. The question of what subject matter copyright law protects has been largely, though not entirely, uncontroversial in recent years, and this Article does not propose that the Next Great Copyright Act expand or contract copyright’s subject matter. Instead, it draws on experience under the current act and its predecessor (the 1909 Copyright Act) to offer lessons to guide legislators in drafting a new statute’s subject-matter provisions. Most importantly, Congress should expressly and exhaustively enumerate in the statute all of the categories of subject matter that it intends to protect. Congress should not delegate authority to the courts or the Copyright Office to find other, unenumerated categories of subject matter copyrightable. In the past, Congress appears to have left open the possibility that subject matter not enumerated in the statute—such as, for example, perfume under the 1976 Act—might nevertheless be copyrightable, either by writing a statute (the 1909 Act) that could be read to protect every type of authorship that the Constitution authorizes Congress to protect or by indicating (in the 1976 Act) that the statutory list of categories of copyrightable subject matter is nonexhaustive. The Next Great Copyright Act should reject both approaches. In addition to identifying all of the categories of authorship that it wishes to protect, Congress should statutorily define each enumerated category, and should do so with sufficient breadth that rapid technological developments do not quickly make the definitions obsolete. The current statute, in contrast to the 1909 Act, demonstrates how this can be done. Finally, Congress should make clear that works of authorship incorporating preexisting material—in particular, compilations of preexisting material—are copyrightable only if they come within one of the expressly enumerated categories. © 2014 R. Anthony Reese. † Chancellor’s Professor of Law, University of California, Irvine. Thanks to the participants in the symposium, and to Jane Ginsburg, Rob Kasunic, Jessica Litman, Lydia Loren, Pam Samuelson, Chris Sprigman, and Molly Van Houweling for helpful discussions on the topic of copyright’s subject matter. Thanks also to Chris Buccafusco, Ed Lee, David Schwartz, the participants in the Spring 2013 Chicago IP Colloquium, and the participants in the January 2012 Vanderbilt JET Copyright & Creativity Symposium for comments on an earlier draft paper on this topic. 1490 BERKELEY TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 29:1489 Following these principles in establishing the subject matter protected by the Next Great Copyright Act would improve upon the 1976 Act’s provisions and would resolve a number of uncertainties generated by the current statutory language.