Types Of Ambiguity Research Articles

P014 Next generation sequencing is capable of detecting contaminating alleles from malignancy for a bone marrow transplant recipient

HLA typing using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) for bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients has been recognized to outperform traditional molecular typing methodologies in detecting contaminating alleles from malignancy. Here we report a case with ambiguous HLA typing that was clearly resolved by NGS. A 61 year old female with atypical chronic myeloid leukemia was evaluated for allogeneic BMT. Initial HLA typing by NGS on peripheral blood (PB) of the patient and her 2 siblings showed that one sibling was most likely HLA identical, and the other was haplo-identical to the patient, except an extra HLA-DRB1* allele was detected in the patient. NGS presented a mixture of DRB1*03:01 and 03:16 for the patient and DRB1*03:01 only for both siblings (Table 1a). The difference between DRB1*03:01 and 03:16 is located in Exon 2 at NT 229 as C and T, respectively. The number of NGS reads (R#345) from the patients’ PB at this position showed 10 reads mapping to DRB1*03:01 and 335 to DRB1*03:16, indicating 2.9% DRB1*03:01 and 97.1% DRB1*03:16. To investigate the possible involvement of malignant cells, DNA from the patients’ buccal swab (BS) was typed by NGS and also revealed a mixture of DRB1*03:01 and 03:16. The number of NGS reads (R#543) showed 420 and 123 reads (77.3% and 22.7%) mapped to the DRB1*03:01 and 03:16, respectively (Table 1b). Confirmatory typing of the patients’ PB and BS verified the initial typing result, thus concluding the DRB1*03:16 allele originated in the malignancy of the patient. BMT was performed with the HLA identical sibling. Parallel testing by NGS typing and engraftment monitoring by short tandem repeat (STR) was performed with post-BMT PB. Interestingly, NGS analysis indicated 63.1% of DRB1*03:01 and 36.9% of DRB1*03:16, which presented a close correlation with 61% and 39% donor and recipient chimerism, respectively, as detected by STR (Table 1c). This case study highlights the great potential of NGS in detecting minor component alleles from malignancy in a semi-quantitative manner.

P150 HLA typing ambiguities are increasing at antigen level

Aim During the last years, DNA typing with commercial kits based on PCR-SSO methods were most commonly used for clinical purposes for low resolution HLA typing. However, the increase of alleles that are being described suggests that SSO methods might not be enough even for HLA-typing at antigen level because new ambiguities are continually being found. Some of the ambiguities involve alleles that were described at low frequencies and need to be resolved for clinical purpose. Our Aim is to describe the proportion of samples in our laboratory with any ambiguous result at antigen level by SSO. Methods We have analyzed retrospectively the samples typed by SSO Luminex HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1 using One lambda reagents (LABType® SSO) from 2017 until now. Results During 2017 we typed 735 samples for the three named genes; 633 family-related samples and 102 unrelated samples. Ninety out of 633 samples (14%) showed at least one locus with ambiguous result at antigen level (27 for HLA-A, 43 for HLA-B and 18 for DRB1 and two samples showed two loci with ambiguities). From unrelated samples 9,8 % showed ambiguities for any of the studied genes (5 samples for HLA-A, 4 for HLA-B and 1 for DRB1). During the first trimester of 2018 we typed 158 samples (138 family-related and 20 unrelated). We found ambiguous results at 32/138 samples (23 %) from family-related samples (4 for locus A, 22 for HLA-B, 5 for HLA-DRB1 and one sample for HLA-B and DRB). For unrelated samples 4/20 (20%) showed ambiguities (1, 2 and 1 for HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 respectively). The most frequently found ambiguity was: A*02:ANCHT, A*24:ANCBX or A*02:19, A*02:571. The allele A*02:19 was first described in our country, it is considered WD (CWD alleles catalogue version 2.0.0), the allele A*02:571 is not included at the named catalogue. Conclusions Our results show that LABType® SSO technique is not enough for HLA- typing with clinical purposes, even as a screening method to look for suitable donors because many samples need to be further typed with other method.

Mapping molecular HLA typing data to UNOS antigen equivalents

BackgroundHistocompatibility labs must convert molecular HLA typing data to antigen equivalencies for entry into the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) UNet system. While an Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) policy document provides general guidelines for conversion, the process is complex because no antigen mapping table is available. We present a UNOS antigen equivalency table for all IPD-IMGT/HLA alleles at the A, B, C, DRB1, DRB3/4/5, DQA1, and DQB1 loci. MethodsAn automated script was developed to generate a UNOS antigen equivalency table. Data sources used in the conversion algorithm included the World Marrow Donor Association (WMDA) antigen table, the HLA Dictionary, and UNOS-provided tables. To validate antigen mappings, we converted National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) high resolution allele frequencies to antigen equivalents and compared with the UNOS Calculated Panel Reactive Antibodies (CPRA) reference panel. ResultsNormalized frequency similarity scores between independent NMDP and UNOS panels for 4 US population categories (Caucasian, Hispanic, African American and Asian/Pacific Islander) ranged from 0.85 to 0.97, indicating correct antigen mapping. An open source web application (ALLele to ANtigen (“ALLAN”)) and web services were also developed to map unambiguous and ambiguous HLA typing data to UNOS antigen equivalents based on NMDP population-specific allele frequencies (http://www.transplanttoolbox.org). ConclusionsComputer-assisted interpretation of molecular HLA data may aid in reducing typing discrepancies in UNet. This work also sets a foundation for molecular typing data to be utilized directly in the UNet match run as well as the virtual crossmatch process at transplant centers.

Specimens of Convolvulaceae linked to the plates of Dillenius’s Hortus Elthamensis

AbstractDillenius’s Hortus Elthamensis was published in 1732. In most versions the plates are uncoloured, but a few surviving coloured versions are known. The plates are of considerable historical and scientific importance as many Linnaean types are founded on these illustrations. The specimens on which the plates were based are still housed in the Oxford University Herbaria (OXF) and examples from Convolvulaceae are discussed to show how the plates were based on and sometimes copied exactly from the original specimens. A second‐step lectotypification is made for Ipomoea glaucifolia. Our study of Convolvulaceae types highlights the value of consulting corresponding specimens in other families when interpreting ambiguous types based on plates in Hortus Elthamensis.

Integrating LiDAR and high-resolution imagery for object-based mapping of forest habitats in a heterogeneous temperate forest landscape

ABSTRACTLand-cover mapping (LCM) at a fine scale would be useful for forest management across heterogeneous natural landscapes. However, the heterogeneity of land covers at such scales results in complex spectral and textural properties that hinder the applicability of LCM. Besides, the method suffers from, e.g. inconsistent representation of different land-cover types, lack of sufficient and balanced training samples, and instability of classifiers trained by a high number of predictor variables. Even well-known object-based classification approaches are challenged with an objective evaluation of segmentation outputs. Here we classified partially ambiguous land-cover types across heterogeneous forest landscapes in the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany) by combining metrics from airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and colour infrared (CIR) imagery data and a random forest classifier implemented in an object-based paradigm. We evaluated the segmentation results by creating a global quality score based on inter- and intra-measurements of variance and the number of segments. Selected segmentation outputs were combined with balanced training samples to run the classification algorithm based on representative blocks within the national park. The entire processing chain was implemented in an open-source domain. The final segmentation consisted of LiDAR-based height, image-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and red band, with 20 cluster seeds and a minimum segment size of 40 pixels. In the classification, the most important variables included the height of the top layer, NDVI, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Green–Red Vegetation Index (GRVI). The average values of 500 random forest runs indicated an overall accuracy of 86.6% and an estimated Cohen’s kappa coefficient of 85.2%, with different probabilities of correct classification for land-cover classes. Mature deciduous, standing deadwood, fallen deadwood, meadow, and bare soil classes were classified most accurately, whereas classification of young coniferous, intermediate-age coniferous, mature coniferous, young deciduous, and intermediate-age deciduous were associated with the highest uncertainties. Our methodology is sufficiently robust to be applied to other similarly structured sites across temperate forested landscapes. The versatility of the method is partially guaranteed by the proposed segmentation quality score, which satisfactorily corrects under- and over-segmentation.

The decline of infinitival complementation in Ancient Greek

Several reasons have been proposed for the decline of infinitival complementation in Ancient Greek: the fact that the infinitive became morphologically restricted, the inherent redundancy of the Classical complementation system, and language contact. In this article, I explore yet another reason for the decline of the infinitive: I argue that the system of infinitival complementation became fundamentally ambiguous in its expression in later Greek. As has been noted previously, the loss of the future and perfect tense had a serious impact on the use of infinitival complementation. However, rather than there being an ‘omission’ of temporal distinctions, as previous studies have claimed, I argue that the present and aorist infinitive became polyfunctional, being used for anterior, simultaneous, and posterior events. Next to temporal ambiguity, a second type of ambiguity occurred: ‘modal’ ambiguity or ambiguity with regard to the speech function of the complement clause. Already in Classical times, the present and aorist infinitive could be used after certain verb classes to encode both ‘propositions’ and ‘proposals’ (offers/commands), an ambiguity which continues to be found in later Greek. The study is based on a corpus of documentary texts from the Roman and Byzantine periods (I – VIII AD).

Ambiguity in Indonesian Jokes on the Instagram “Dagelan”

This study aims firstly to capture some linguistic aspects of ambiguity-based jokes and secondly to identify and explain the types of ambiguity involved in each joke. The data are 100 ambiguous jokes found on the Instagram account, “Dagelan”. The result of the study is that jokes are formed with conversation, sentences consisting of independent clauses and subordinate/dependent clauses such as adverbial clauses, relative clauses, simple sentence from independent clauses, multiple independent clauses and even some jokes are just made from smaller linguistic forms such as words, and phrases. When it comes to the types of ambiguity involved, there are 10 types of jokes such as lexical ambiguity based jokes, around 38% of the total, followed by phonological ambiguity based jokes at 19%, and lexicalization of larger unit based jokes at 11%, pragmatic ambiguity based jokes at 13%, textual cohesion based jokes at 8%, syntactic ambiguity based jokes at 5%, orthographic jokes at 2%, multiple ambiguity jokes at 2%, type of modality jokes and deictic reference jokes at 1%.

Syncretic translation

In the 1930s and 1940s Chen Yinque offered an account of a transitional phase which he called “geyi” or “matching meanings”: Buddhist preachers would have used phrases and concepts familiar to practitioners of Daoism to transmit their new doctrines. This account has persuaded many scholars in East Asia and the European‐influenced world, to the point of being included in most manuals and histories. Though somewhat speculative and requiring a closer examination, the concept may also be extended to cover other types of referential ambiguity, often enabling cultural innovation. And when we look carefully at the examples of “geyi” offered by Chen Yinque, we find that they do not present actual syncretism, or a fusion on the level of ideology; rather, they consist of momentary coincidences or intellectual “puns” between details of different, indeed often quite unrelated, structures of argument. Thus the idea of “geyi” needs to be reformulated, both in terms of definition and in view of its longer‐term consequences of translation of terms and meanings that show changes over a longer period of history.

The detection of 3 ambiguous type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV2s) in Uganda

BackgroundThe Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV or Sabin) is genetically unstable and may mutate to form vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs).MethodsIn 2014, two VDPVs type 2 were identified during routine surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases. Consequently, a retrospective VDPV survey was conducted to ensure that there was no circulating VDPV in the country. All Sabin poliovirus isolates identified in Uganda 6 months before and 6 months after were re-screened; Sabin 1 and 3 polioviruses were re-screened for Sabin 2 and Sabin 2 polioviruses were re-screened for VDPVs type 2. The Poliovirus rRT-PCR ITD/VDPV 4.0 assay and sequencing were used respectively.ResultsThe first two VDPVs type2 were identified in Eastern Uganda and the third was identified during the survey from South-western Uganda. These regions had low OPV coverage and poor AFP surveillance indicators.ConclusionThe retrospective VDPV survey was a useful strategy to screen for VDPVs more exhaustively. Supplementary surveillance methods need to be encouraged.

Theoretical implications of research on bilingual subject production: The Vulnerability Hypothesis

In this paper we propose a new hypothesis for the formal analysis of cross-linguistic influence, the Vulnerability Hypothesis (VH), with the support of data from subject personal pronoun use in Spanish and Catalan in Minorca, and contrast it to the Interface Hypothesis (IH). The VH establishes a categorical–variable continuum of permeability, that is, structures that show variable distributions are permeable while those that exhibit categorical distributions are not. To test the predictions of the VH, Spanish language samples were collected from 12 monolingual Spanish speakers, 11 Spanish-dominant bilinguals, and 12 Catalan-dominant bilinguals, and Catalan language samples from 12 Catalan-dominant speakers. Following a variationist comparative analysis, 4,466 first person singular (1sg) and 1,291 third person singular (3sg) tokens were coded for speech connectivity, verb form ambiguity, and semantic verb type. The language-external variable included in the analysis was language group (Spanish monolinguals, Spanish-dominant bilinguals, Catalan-dominant bilinguals, and Catalan controls). Results indicated that speech connectivity is the highest ranked variable in the Spanish control group (most categorical variable), while ambiguity and verb type are ranked lower, with only ambiguity reaching significance. The VH would, therefore, predict bilinguals would be similar to monolinguals in the most categorical variables, in this case, speech connectivity. This is in contrast to the IH, which would predict bilinguals would exhibit difficulty with the pragmatically driven distributions (e.g. speech connectivity), while they would show no contact effects or lesser effects with distributions at the lexico-semantic interface with syntax (e.g. verb form ambiguity and verb type). The prediction of the VH bears out in our data. Bilinguals do not differ with respect to speech connectivity. Ambiguity, on the other hand, is no longer significant in the bilingual groups and verb type reaches significance with 1sg (and not with 3sg) subjects. These results are discussed, redefining the concepts of convergence and simplification from language contact research to adapt to the variationist analysis used. Simplification is specified as the reduction of lower ranked predicting variables, while convergence is defined as an increase in parallels across languages with respect to the variables that are significant, their effect size (variable ranking), and the direction of effects (constraint ranking). Regarding language group, it was not returned as significant in 1sg data. Thus, the groups did not differ in their rates of overt pronominal expression. Differences, however, emerged across groups in the 3sg data, where bilinguals used significantly more overt pronominal subjects than monolinguals do. This paper contributes to current discussions in the fields of language contact, second language acquisition, and bilingualism, introducing a new hypothesis and contrasting it with the IH. In addition, it contributes to variationist approaches by examining a novel community of bilingual speakers.

Number of Meanings and Number of Senses: An ERP Study of Sublexical Ambiguities in Reading Chinese Disyllabic Compounds.

In English, an extensive body of work in both behavioral and neuropsychological domains has produced strong evidence that homonymy (words with many distinct meanings) and polysemy (many related senses) are represented, retrieved, and processed differently in the human brain. In Chinese, most words are compounds, and the constituent characters within a compound word can have different meanings and/or related senses on their own. Thus, in order to resolve lexical ambiguity in Chinese, one has to consider the composition of constituent characters, as well as how they contribute to whole word reading, known as “sublexical ambiguity.” This study investigates how two types of sublexical ambiguity affect Chinese word processing. The number of meanings (NOM) and the number of senses (NOS) corresponding to the first character of Chinese compounds were manipulated in a lexical decision task. The interactions between NOM and NOS were observed in both behavioral results and N400s, in which NOM disadvantage effect was found for words with few-senses only. On the other hand, the NOS facilitation effect was significant for words with multiple-meanings (NOM > 1) only. The sublexical ambiguity disadvantage suggested that semantically unrelated morphemes are represented as separate entries. For characters with multiple meanings, one orthographic form is associated with more than one morphemic representation. In contrast, the sublexical sense advantage supported the idea that semantically related senses that shared a morphological root are represented within a single entry. The more senses listed in a morphological root, the stronger representation will be formed. These results suggest that two types of sublexical ambiguities are represented and processed differently in Chinese word recognition models and also demonstrate that how they interact with each other in the mental lexicon.

Associations of child emotion recognition with interparental conflict and shy child temperament traits

Severe early adversity, such as maltreatment and neglect, has been associated with alterations in children’s recognition of emotion. We sought to build on such findings by testing whether children’s exposure to interparental conflict, a much less severe form of adversity, is also associated with children’s emotion recognition. Further, we sought to examine the role of temperamental shyness in these associations. We presented 99 9- to 11-year-olds (56 males) with photographs of actors posing as a couple portraying interpersonal anger, happiness, and neutrality, and children classified the emotions in the photos. Children reported on interparental conflict, and their mothers reported on children’s shyness. Children’s perceptions of threat regarding interparental conflict interacted with trial type (angry, happy, neutral) to predict accuracy; greater threat perceptions predicted less accuracy for neutral expressions, a relatively ambiguous stimulus type. Additionally, shyness interacted with children’s threat perceptions. At low levels of shyness, low levels of threat perceptions predicted high accuracy, whereas high threat, high shyness, and their combination predicted poorer accuracy. Results suggest the significance of interparental conflict in altering children’s emotion recognition and of shyness in strengthening such adaptations. These findings suggest that even forms of adversity that are less severe than maltreatment and neglect have substantial implications for emotion processing, particularly for children with shy traits.

Semantic analysis of ambiguous types in dynamic languages

The recent expansion of cloud-based solutions highlights that legacy programming languages and technologies, such as the PHP language, are still in heavy use. Furthermore, it turns out that for their effective integration into modern platforms, it is important to understand the legacy code base to provide modern analysis, testing and eventually compiler tooling. The dynamic language PHP would be the perfect candidate for such a synergy, due to its extensive usage, frequent issues in source codes and the need for a better performance and scalability. In this paper, we describe a solution that combines known static language code analysis techniques, and that is enhanced by numerous modifications. As a result, we have a design and implementation of a PHP dynamic language code analysis, compiler and runtime, which improves performance and allows for more advanced high-level code analysis and tools, all incorporated into the modern platform of .NET Core while taking advantage of the Microsoft Roslyn Compiler Platform.

Accommodating different conspiratorial views on 9/11 through ambiguity in Bleeding Edge

ABSTRACTImportant figures such as Don DeLillo and Roger Rosenblatt claimed that 9/11 saw the “death of irony,” but over a decade later, Thomas Pynchon uses strategies of ironic ambiguity in Bleeding Edge to accommodate an array of differing views on the attacks on the World Trade Center without seeming to opt for any one of them. Each one is shrouded in ambiguity, expressing only one side of the question. Pynchon’s narrative strategies that allow it are, first, a narrator with a very peculiar voice, not omniscient, but with special powers of access; a protagonist whose profession and family life bring her into contact with contrasting figures; but, most of all, he has used all his old strategies of deliberate lack of information, double meanings, overloaded words, breaking the illusion of the ordinary, the reader’s ignorance, ambivalent use of metaphor, allegory, and fantasy. This presentation of a complicated state of mind corresponds to William Empson’s fourth type of ambiguity.

DIFFERENT INTERPRETATION OF AMBIGUITIES SENTENCES (A Study of Class C the Second Semester Postgraduate Students Majoring English of State University of Semarang)

Ambiguityis strictly speaking, used to describe aword, phrase, or sentence when it has more thanone interpretation.Sometimes we found many ambiguities sentences when we are reading or listen to the English sentences. Multiinterpretations not only happen from the English language learners, but also in native speakers themselves. Thisstudy investigated about is there any different interpretation of ambiguities sentences made by students of class c,second semester students of PPs Unnes?, and what types of ambiguous sentence majority missing in theirtranslating. The objectives of study were to know that the students of PPs Unnes have different interpretations whenthey are translating the ambiguities sentences and to identifying the types of ambiguities. This study used descriptivequalitative approach; ten postgraduate students from Class C PPs Unnes participated in this study as respondents.All were university students majoring in English. They were given 5 ambiguous sentences. Sentences includedifferent sources of ambiguity such as, structural ambiguity, and lexical ambiguity. The subjects were asked totranslate the sentences into Indonesian language. The result of study presented that participants who are not nativespeakers of English exhibited the different interpretations in translate both the given types of ambiguous sentences.Almost all of ten respondents have different interpretations in each ambiguous sentence. Most respondents showdifferent translating majority in lexical ambiguous sentences.

Structural ambiguity in Xitsonga

This article discusses structural ambiguity in Xitsonga. As a point of departure, structural ambiguity is examined from the theoretical perspective of transformational grammar, which is premised on the understanding that in all human languages, every sentence can be read at two levels: the surface and the deep structure. Whereas the former phenotypically manifests itself as syntax, it is in the latter that meaning is genotypically addressed. It is shown that, like in other human languages, it is possible to discern and describe syntactic patterns that are prone to structural ambiguity in Xitsonga. These patterns are manifested in three forms, namely grouping, functional and referential ambiguity. These types of structural ambiguity are discussed in terms of their structural properties, their causes and possible resolution mechanisms. In conclusion, it is recommended that there is a need for more studies on the interface between the surface and the deep structures in South African indigenous languages.

Context as a Basis for Understanding Pragmatic Ambiguity with Reference to Arabic

The study of ambiguity has been a central issue in the formulation of linguistic theory, and has been an area which serious psycholinguistic study has focused on since the past two decades. The current study deals with “Context as a Basis for Understanding Pragmatic Ambiguity with Reference to Arabic” and the methods that can be used for translating this phenomenon into Arabic taking into consideration the same effect of the SL writer. No doubt, pragmatic ambiguity is problematic since it is based on intentionality. However, it becomes more problematic when it is translated into Arabic, simply, because English and Arabic are genetically different languages. This research paper aims at (1) studying the phenomenon of pragmatic ambiguity which is the output of any other type of ambiguity such as phonetic ambiguity, phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, sentential ambiguity as well as semantic ambiguity, (2) making the context crystal clear which has an effective impact on understanding the expressions under investigation since intentionality cannot be deduced without knowing context, (3) specifying different patterns of pragmatic ambiguity in the books and articles of pragmatics, (4) translating the specified patterns into Arabic to show their realizations and whether, they will have the same effects as to that of source language or not. It is hypothesized in this research that (1) there is no formal correspondence between English and Arabic, (2) pragmatic ambiguity cannot be solved unless both context and cotext of the phenomenon in question are known, (3) all types of ambiguity cannot be interpreted unless the intention of the writer is clear which is context and cotext bound To test the validity of the above mentioned hypothesis, it is to be noted that only eight different patterns have been chosen to be translated into Arabic, (2) these expressions were translated by six assistant lecturers in the department of Translation/Cihan University/Erbil, (3) Newmarks' method of communicative translation will be adopted in the research under investigation, since it tackles the intention of the writer. The basic conclusions of this research are that, (1) all types of ambiguity are based on the intention of the writer, (2) there was no formal correspondence between both source language and target language, (3) the pragmatic ambiguity was solved by resorting to both cotext and context.

Seven Types of Ambiguity

Seven Types of Ambiguity

A Survey of Person Name Disambiguation on the Web

Person name disambiguation on the Web (PNDW) consists of grouping the Web pages retrieved by a search engine when a person’s name is queried according to the individuals they refer to. This problem is of interest to the research community because Internet users often search for information about people on search engines, and also because people’s names are a very ambiguous type of named entity. In addition, the Web domain presents several challenges for natural language processing and information retrieval methods. In this paper, we classify PNDW systems according to their main characteristics: 1) features used to identify different individuals with the same name; 2) mathematical models used to represent the search results; 3) clustering algorithms used to group the Web pages; 4) methods used to address the impact of Web pages from social networking sites; and 5) methods used to deal with the multilingual nature of the Web. Also, we present the data sets most widely used to evaluate PNDW systems. Finally, we analyze the results obtained by the best PNDW systems in the literature.

Improved PLL-based MUSIC Algorithm for Single Receiver DF Systems

In this paper we propose an improved version of a single receiver DF system that combines a PLL scheme with the MUSIC algorithm to obtain both azimuthal and zenithal angles. The new approach uses a more efficient algorithm to remove the typical ambiguities of PLL-based schemes. We carry out several experiments to assess the algorithm performance. Among them, we consider complex environments, such as wireless communication channels where the received signal is corrupted by noise and suffers from distortion, interference, and multipath effects. The new scheme is tested for BPSK and QPSK signals under these conditions. The simulated results show  superior performance of the proposed PLL algorithm when compared to previous techniques.