Types Of Rules Research Articles

What is a Physical Taking?

The Supreme Court often says that a “per se” (or “categorical”) rule governs “physical taking” claims under the Taking Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. These statements suggest the government must pay compensation whenever it physically intrudes upon private property, without regard to any other factor or circumstance. However, there are substantial reasons to doubt that a literal per se rule for physical taking claims actually does — or should — exist. In practice, the Court has frequently departed from a per se analysis of physical taking claims, and in some instances the Court has rejected physical taking claims outright. These outcomes are plainly inconsistent with a per se rule. While the Court has suggested the purported per se approach to physical taking cases has a venerable history (“as old as the Republic,” it has said), it is actually a relatively modern invention and lacks strong support in precedent. The per se theory also is impossible to square with the many traditional government physical invasions of private property that have generally not been regarded as implicating the taking issue, including, for example, forfeitures, seizures of distressed financial institutions, or impoundments of dangerous animals or adulterated foods. Finally, the Court has failed to identify persuasive justifications for applying a per se rule in physical taking cases, and some of its reasoning in support of per se analysis is simply incoherent. The serious problems with the Court’s purported per se theory reveal the need to rethink physical takings doctrine. This Article takes up this challenge by first addressing how to distinguish physical taking claims from other types of taking claims. It proposes that physical takings be classified as either appropriations or occupations, with appropriations defined as de jure or de facto government acquisitions of ownership from a prior owner, and occupations defined as government-caused invasions of private property by people or objects. Both types of physical taking claims stand in contrast to taking claims based on restrictions on the use of property, which are generally analyzed under a relatively more forgiving, complex analytic framework. This Article argues that each type of taking claim should be understood as arising from an impairment of a distinctive normative value: in the case of appropriations, the instrumental exploitation of citizens for governmental purposes; in the case of occupations, the impairment of personal privacy; and in the case of restrictions on the use of property, the potentially extreme and unfair redistribution of wealth. Particular government actions may implicate several of these different property-related values with the result that a single government action can potentially support different types of taking claims. However, the values associated with each type of claim are sufficiently distinctive to support different rules for different types of alleged takings. This analysis yields a new approach to physical taking cases that eschews an absolute per se theory but also recognizes that courts should analyze physical taking claims (based on either appropriations or occupations) differently than claims based on use restrictions. Under the proposed approach, courts would evaluate physical taking claims without regard to the economic impact of the government action or the size of the portion of the property affected by the government action. However, courts would evaluate physical taking claims by considering other factors from traditional takings analysis, including the extent of interference with the owner’s reasonable expectations and the purposes of the government action.

Data mining artificial intelligence technology for college english test framework and performance analysis system

This article first studies and designs the college English test framework and performance analysis system. The author analyzes a large number of data collected by the system in three dimensions: using data mining title association models, using machine learning to merge college English score prediction models, and finally diagnosing on the basis of the sexual evaluation model, the author designed and implemented a test paper algorithm based on the association rules of the question type, and carried out relevant verification from the three aspects of test paper time, test question recommendation and improvement according to scores. Finally, according to the needs analysis, the author uses the diagnostic evaluation model and related test paper algorithm to design and implement the diagnostic evaluation model, which is added to the college English diagnostic practice system. It can be obtained through comparative experiments that the paper-based algorithm based on the diagnostic evaluation model proposed in this paper can effectively give better practice guidance and test question recommendation to the learner’s learning status and knowledge point problem obstacles, and can effectively improve learning. The achievements of the authors have broad application prospects and research value.

The salience of local schemas in a productive word-formation process

Abstract Word-formation rules of a generative type are insufficient to describe a mechanism which appears to be productive, on the one hand, but is also irregular in its productivity, on the other. Cognitive morphological accounts have stressed the importance of a wide range of more and less detailed schemas (rather than rules), sanctioning different kinds of novel formations. This article addresses the issue of morphological productivity in the context of the formation of abstract deverbal action nouns, also known as Nomina Actionis, with names of political states as derivational bases. The very number and variety of relevant lexicalized nominalizations as well as hapax legomena is impressive, which makes the phenomenon look productive. The data obtained from COCA and specialist literature show interesting tendencies and gaps in the system. Numerous nominalizations are motivated semantically and pragmatically and are sanctioned by local schemas.

Efficient mass and stiffness matrix assembly via weighted Gaussian quadrature rules for B-splines

Calabrò et al. (2017) changed the paradigm of the mass and stiffness computation from the traditional element-wise assembly to a row-wise concept, showing that the latter one offers integration that may be orders of magnitude faster. Considering a B-spline basis function as a non-negative measure, each mass matrix row is integrated by its own quadrature rule with respect to that measure. Each rule is easy to compute as it leads to a linear system of equations, however, the quadrature rules are of the Newton–Cotes type, that is, they require a number of quadrature points that is equal to the dimension of the spline space. In this work, we propose weighted quadrature rules of Gaussian type which require the minimum number of quadrature points while guaranteeing exactness of integration with respect to the weight function. The weighted Gaussian rules arise as solutions of non-linear systems of equations. We derive rules for the mass and stiffness matrices for uniform C1 quadratic and C2 cubic isogeometric discretizations. In each parameter direction, our rules require locally only p+1 quadrature points, p being the polynomial degree. While the nodes cannot be reused for various weight functions as in Calabrò et al. (2017), the computational cost of the mass and stiffness matrix assembly is comparable.

An Agent-Based Model Driven Decision Support System for Reactive Aggregate Production Scheduling in the Green Coffee Supply Chain

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the thread of research regarding the need for logistic systems for planning and scheduling/rescheduling within the agro-industry. To this end, an agent-based model driven decision support system for the agri-food supply chain is presented. Inputs in this research are taken from a case example of a Mexican green coffee supply chain. In this context, the decision support agent serves the purposes of deriving useful knowledge to accomplish (i) the decision regarding the estimation of Cherry coffee yield obtained at the coffee plantation, and the Parchment coffee sample verification decision, using fuzzy logic involving an inference engine with IF-THEN type rules; (ii) the production plan establishment decision, using a decision-making rule approach based upon the coupling of IF-THEN fuzzy inference rules and equation-based representation by means of mixed integer programming with the aim to maximize customer service level; and (iii) the production plan update decision using mathematical equations once the customer service level falls below the expected level. Three scenarios of demand patterns were considered to conduct the experiments: increasing, unimodal and decreasing. We found that the input inventory and output inventory vary similar over time for the unimodal demand pattern, not the case for both the increasing and decreasing demand patterns. For the decreasing demand pattern, ten tardy orders for the initial production schedule, an 88% service level, and nineteen tardy orders from the estimated production results, a 77% service level. This value falls below the expected level. Consequently, the updated aggregate production schedule resulted in ten tardy orders and an 88% service level.

Association rule learning to improve deficiency inspection in port state control

ABSTRACTThe inspection of foreign ships in national ports is a critical measure in port state control (PSC), preventing substandard ships from entering national ports. Multifarious inspection items, limited inspection time and inspector manpower are challenging PSC inspection. This research applies data mining to analyze historical PSC inspection records in Taiwan’s major ports to extract potential valuable information for PSC onboard inspections. Using the Apriori Algorithm, the analysis identifies many useful association rules among PSC deficiencies in terms of specific ship characteristics, such as ship types, societies, and flags. The general rules identified show that the items ‘Water/Weathertight conditions’ and ‘Fire safety’ are significantly related. Besides, in the analysis of the various ship types, several different rules are found. After comparing the analysis of ship types and ship societies, it can be observed that the association rules for specific ship types, such as oil tankers, have a better effect than those for individual ship societies do. These identified rules can not only help inspectors effectively spot the associated deficiencies, but also improve the efficiency of PSC inspection. The ports other than Taiwan’s ports can apply a similar analysis method to identify corresponding association rules suitable for their own inspections.

Elastomer Encapsulated Pressure Sensor With Engineered Air Cavity for Force Sensing

Ground contact and force detection sensors are of critical technical importance in the realization of articulated robots capable of navigating unknown or challenging terrains. Current force sensors for robotic ground contact have limitations, including being too heavy, vulnerability to inertial noise, and lacking robustness and redundancy against failure. In this paper, we present the design, laboratory testing, and flight testing of a novel force sensor which addresses the aforementioned difficulties. The force sensor presented here is based on a custom elastomer dome with an engineered air cavity adhered to a barometric pressure sensor. Uniquely, we may tailor the sensitivity and range of the sensor by engineering the elastomer shape and the air cavity within it. Further, the large deformations incurred by the sensor are exploited to design a sensor enclosure which transfers large loads to structural members rather than onto the force sensor itself. An experimentally validated finite element model is developed to numerically predict the response of the sensor under an applied load. The model is used to perform trade studies on the geometry and material properties of the elastomer dome with a focus on developing design rules for this new type of sensor. With these simple design rules and finite element model, we design, manufacture, and test these new sensors as individuals and within arrays specifically for use on a rotorcraft robotic landing gear.

Fuzzi: a three-level logic for differential privacy

Curators of sensitive datasets sometimes need to know whether queries against the data are differentially private . Two sorts of logics have been proposed for checking this property: (1) type systems and other static analyses, which fully automate straightforward reasoning with concepts like “program sensitivity” and “privacy loss,” and (2) full-blown program logics such as apRHL (an approximate, probabilistic, relational Hoare logic), which support more flexible reasoning about subtle privacy-preserving algorithmic techniques but offer only minimal automation. We propose a three-level logic for differential privacy in an imperative setting and present a prototype implementation called Fuzzi. Fuzzi’s lowest level is a general-purpose logic; its middle level is apRHL; and its top level is a novel sensitivity logic adapted from the linear-logic-inspired type system of Fuzz, a differentially private functional language. The key novelty is a high degree of integration between the sensitivity logic and the two lower-level logics: the judgments and proofs of the sensitivity logic can be easily translated into apRHL; conversely, privacy properties of key algorithmic building blocks can be proved manually in apRHL and the base logic, then packaged up as typing rules that can be applied by a checker for the sensitivity logic to automatically construct privacy proofs for composite programs of arbitrary size. We demonstrate Fuzzi’s utility by implementing four different private machine-learning algorithms and showing that Fuzzi’s checker is able to derive tight sensitivity bounds.

Formation mechanisms and rules of typical types of folding defects during die forging

Folding defect is one of the most important forging defects, which can deteriorate the surface quality, mechanical properties, and material utilization of forged parts. In this work, the common folding defects in die forging were classified into three typical types: local-loading-type folding, confluence-type folding, and bending-type folding. Three simple Eigen experiments were employed to analyze the formation mechanisms and rules of three typical types of folding accordingly. By FE simulation, the formation mechanisms of three typical types of folding defects were analyzed based on the evolution of the velocity field. In addition, the effects of geometric and forging parameters on each type of folding defect were investigated by uniform experiment design. Especially, a quantitative folding index was applied to uniformly evaluate the formation possibility and severity of folding defect for any samples whether producing folding or not. It is found that the local-loading-type folding is produced by the formation and collapse of a step, which is sensitive to the reduction amount but insensitive to the feed amount. The confluence-type folding is formed due to the local lack of material, which is sensitive to the reduction degree and insensitive to the rib width and billet height in this work. The bending-type folding is mainly formed by the geometric instability of workpiece during the forming process, which is sensitive to the reduction degree and insensitive to the geometric parameters of billet.

Developing and Evaluating Multi-Scale Map Styles: Creating a Multi-Scale Legend

Abstract. In recent years, the usage of zoomable maps strongly increased. The development of small and cheap electronic devices with wireless internet connection such as smartphones and tablets has made maps nowadays to a crucial part of everyday life. For the navigation and orientation, the user often uses zoomable maps (Muehlenhaus, 2014). Currently the technological development controls the map design and less cartographic design rules, which leads to the impress those current maps have a lower graphic quality. A sample for this trend is the new vector tile based maps, which offer the advantage of rotatable, multilingual maps build on one database (Martinelli and Roth, 2016). There is a need for the development of cartographic design guidelines to guarantee consistent map readability over all zoom levels. The infinitely zoomable maps especially vector maps intensify this development. Analog maps had one specific scale, while a series of topographic maps were offered in manageable number of scales in comparison to OpenStreetMaps 20 zoom levels for raster tiles (Anon, 2019). Raster web maps had a number of predefined zoom levels, while vector maps offer the possibility of continuous zooming. This fact clarifies the requirement of research and development of rules for such types of maps. A first important task for the fulfilment of this objective is the evaluation of a multi-scale map styles. For this task, we developed the concept of a multi-scale legend. This new tool should help cartographers and designer to create, modify and improve multi-scale map styles. It can help to explore existing map styles, identify inconsistencies and support the design process. We decided to use the legend due to the abstraction of the map style from map content. For visualization of the scale-dependencies for each feature in a row, the scale/zoom level changes in each column. In combination with other map features and zoom levels results a two-dimensional matrix showing the scale-dependent visualization. This legend matrix shows the map features in every zoom level, which allows reaching an overview of the symbolization of features over several scales. In this way, it is possible to check how consistent a map style is in one zoom level as well as over a set of zoom levels. Figure 1 shows an example for a legend matrix using the OpenStreetMap Carto style: the representation of selected water bodies depending on the scale is illustrated. Streams and springs always occur together within the same zoom levels. In contrast to the rivers, the width of the streams remains nearly constant across the different scales. It is also visible that the color for the spring differs from the other water features. A multi-scale legend offers the possibility of grouping feature classes by topics (e.g. water bodies, vegetation and road network) as in the example. Other possibilities are geometry, color or occurrence in similar zoom levels. This can help in the search for errors, in the identification of breaks in the symbolization and in the development of continuous symbolization. The result is similar but more illustrative than the ScaleMaster (Brewer and Buttenfield, 2007, 2010), which is a diagram describing how feature classes are visualized depending from scale. Benefits of this legend are clarification of scale depended visualizations and the graphic implementation of design guidelines. A challenge is the implementation for different map styles due to the associated effort and the resulting sometimes very large overviews. An on-going technological development takes place, wherefore cartographers should upgrade the design guidelines and methods for the production of current technological, well-looking maps. With the multi-scale legend, we provided a smart legend for a zoomable map. Nevertheless, these new ideas we have developed need more research and should always take the map purpose in account. Further, we would like to apply the multi-scale legend on existing map styles to reach more information about how these styles are working. In addition, we will further develop the multi-scale legend to a documentation of the creation of the map, showing how data is generalized and visualized.

Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Para Politikası Reaksiyon Fonksiyonu Tahmini

There is a famous debate about whether monetary policy follows a rule or discretion which was started a century ago . The mile stone is introducing the Taylor rule. After that, this rule has adapted to the developing countries. In this study, Taylor type rules are validated for Turkish economy. ARDL approach is employed because of unit root test results. According to the results some of variables are stationary, others not. It found that modified Mohanty-Klau model is best for the explaining the behavior of Turkish central bank. In the short run, a change in reel exchange rate has also substantial effect on interest rate. Moreover, while Turkish Central Bank makes decision about interest rate, output gap is ignored means that the priority of the central bank is price stability.

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of particle-laden flows using an improved curved boundary condition

In the application of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for the simulation of the interface-resolved particulate flows, the bounce-back (BB) type rules have been widely adopted to handle the complex boundaries of moving particle. However, the original method cannot preserve the integrity of the particle shape, resulting in a low-resolution for the flow description near the solid boundary. Even though the subsequent modified BB scheme, i.e. the curved boundary condition (CBC), improves the overall accuracy, it generally loses the local-computation property of the simple BB. Therefore, a CBC is proposed in this paper, which maintains the two advantages of the second-order accuracy and local computation in the boundary treatment simultaneously. In the present scheme, information of only a single fluid point is needed. Furthermore, the relative distance between the fluid point and the boundary surface is involved, contributing to the second-order accuracy that is validated in the Poiseuille and cylindrical Couette flows. Particularly, it is found that the precision of the present scheme can be greatly improved with the nonequilibrium distribution functions of two directions included. Three more test cases of particle-laden flow, including particle migration in a channel, the sedimentation of a particle under gravity and the drafting-kissing-tumbling (DKT) dynamics of two settling particles, further demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the present scheme.

Leibniz type rule: ψ-Hilfer fractional operator

In this paper, we present a Leibniz type rule for the ψ-Hilfer (ψ-H) fractional derivative operator in two forms, one written in terms of the ψ-Riemann-Liouville (ψ-RL) fractional derivative operator and the other in terms of the ψ-H fractional derivative operator. Direct consequences of this new formulation of a Leibniz type rule are the possibility of writing recurrence relations involving solutions of fractional differential equations and of investigating the existence, uniqueness and Ulam-Hyers stabilities of mild solutions of fractional differential equations involving ψ-H fractional operator. We present some specific cases of Leibniz type rule for the ψ-H fractional derivative operator which emerge from different choices of parameter β and the function ψ.

Potential of crowdsourced data for integrating landmarks and routes for rescue in mountain areas

ABSTRACTMany different websites offer the opportunity to share and download landmarks and routes produced by the crowd. Landmarks near to a route or routes passing near to some landmarks may help in the context of mountain rescue. Therefore, it is necessary to identify relevant data sources and to describe their characteristics. In this paper, we set out to explore the potential of crowdsourced data in order to be considered such as data sources in the context of mountain rescue. Thus, our aim is to study the content of different sources to have a better knowledge on how landmarks and routes are mapped, to demonstrate the complementarity of crowdsourced data with respect with authoritative data, and to study the feasibility of defining links between routes and landmarks. The proposed method used integration techniques such as map matching, route construction and data matching. Among the results, the large number of non-matched features proves the richness of crowdsourced data. The matching results generate new semantic rules for both type of landmarks and geometries of route.

Intersection Subtyping with Constructors

We study the question of extending the BCD intersection type system with additional type constructors. On the typing side, we focus on adding the usual rules for product types. On the subtyping side, we consider a generic way of defining a subtyping relation on families of types which include intersection types. We find back the BCD subtyping relation by considering the particular case where the type constructors are intersection, omega and arrow. We obtain an extension of BCD subtyping to product types as another instance. We show how the preservation of typing by both reduction and expansion is satisfied in all the considered cases. Our approach takes benefits from a "subformula property" of the proposed presentation of the subtyping relation.

QPCF: Higher-Order Languages and Quantum Circuits

qPCF is a paradigmatic quantum programming language that extends PCF with quantum circuits and a quantum co-processor. Quantum circuits are treated as classical data that can be duplicated and manipulated in flexible ways by means of a dependent type system. The co-processor is essentially a standard QRAM device, albeit we avoid to store permanently quantum states in between two co-processor’s calls. Despite its quantum features, qPCF retains the classic programming approach of PCF. We introduce qPCF syntax, typing rules, and its operational semantics. We prove fundamental syntactic properties of the system. Moreover, we provide some higher-order examples of circuit encoding.

Application of characteristic fragment filtering with ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry for comprehensive identification of components in Schisandrae chinensis Fructus.

An integrated strategy of characteristic fragment filtering combined with target database screening based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was proposed for comprehensive profiling of components in Schisandrae chinensis Fructus. The strategy consisted of following five steps: (1) Representative standards were analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer for characteristic fragments and fragmentation rules of each structure type. (2) The raw data of 70% methanol extract was collected by ultra high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. (3) The chemical components database that consisted of names, chemical formulas and structures of potential components in Schisandrae chinensis Fructus was established by summarizing previous literature to screen the collected liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry data and obtain matched compounds. (4) Characteristic fragments, literature, and reference standards were used to verify the matches. (5) Characteristic fragment filtering combined with online database querying was used to deduce potential new compounds. As a result, a total of 94 compounds were identified or characterized and 16 of them were potential new compounds. The study provided a reference for comprehensive characterization of ingredients in herbal medicine and formed the foundation for pharmacodynamic study of Schisandrae chinensis Fructus.

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A compiler architecture for domain-specific type error diagnosis

AbstractDomain-specific languages (DSLs) permeate current programming practices. An important kind of DSLs includes those developed and integrated within a host language, which we call embedded or internal DSLs. Unfortunately, embedded DSLs usually fall short on domain-specific error diagnosis, that is, they do not give control to DSL authors over how errors are reported to the programmer. As a consequence, implementation details of the DSL leak through in error messages, and programmers need to understand the internals of the DSL implementation to fix their code in a productive way. This paper addresses the challenge of building a compiler with integrated support for domain-specific error diagnosis. We assume that the type system is described using a constraint-based approach, and constraint solving is specified using rewrite rules. Domain information can then be injected at constraint gathering time via type rules, during constraint solving via specialized rules and axioms, and finally at blaming and reparation time via transformations. Furthermore, we define error contexts as a way to control the order in which solving and blaming proceeds. We engineer domain-specific error diagnosis in such a way that the compiler can also reuse the techniques for improving general error diagnosis.

Sound and complete bidirectional typechecking for higher-rank polymorphism with existentials and indexed types

Bidirectional typechecking, in which terms either synthesize a type or are checked against a known type, has become popular for its applicability to a variety of type systems, its error reporting, and its ease of implementation. Following principles from proof theory, bidirectional typing can be applied to many type constructs. The principles underlying a bidirectional approach to indexed types (generalized algebraic datatypes) are less clear. Building on proof-theoretic treatments of equality, we give a declarative specification of typing based on focalization. This approach permits declarative rules for coverage of pattern matching, as well as support for first-class existential types using a focalized subtyping judgment. We use refinement types to avoid explicitly passing equality proofs in our term syntax, making our calculus similar to languages such as Haskell and OCaml. We also extend the declarative specification with an explicit rules for deducing when a type is principal, permitting us to give a complete declarative specification for a rich type system with significant type inference. We also give a set of algorithmic typing rules, and prove that it is sound and complete with respect to the declarative system. The proof requires a number of technical innovations, including proving soundness and completeness in a mutually recursive fashion.