Types Of Rules Research Articles

From semantics to types: The case of the imperative λ-calculus

We study the logical semantics of an untyped λ-calculus equipped with operators representing read and write operations from and to a global store. Such a logic consists of an intersection type assignment system, which we derive from the denotational semantics of the calculus, based on the monadic approach to model computational λ-calculi.The system is obtained by constructing a filter model in the category of ω-algebraic lattices, such that the typing rules can be recovered out of the term interpretation. By construction, the so-obtained type system satisfies the “type-semantics” property and completeness.

Choice and independence of premise rules in intuitionistic set theory

Choice and independence of premise principles play an important role in characterizing Kreisel's modified realizability and Gödel's Dialectica interpretation. In this paper we show that a great many intuitionistic set theories are closed under the corresponding rules for finite types over N. It is also shown that the existence property (or existential definability property) holds for statements of the form ∃yσφ(y), where the variable y ranges over objects of finite type σ. This applies in particular to CZF (Constructive Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory) and IZF (Intuitionistic Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory), two systems known not to have the general existence property. On the technical side, the paper uses a method that amalgamates generic realizability for set theory with truth, whereby the underlying partial combinatory algebra is required to contain all objects of finite type.

Application of the Student Facilitator and Explaining Learning Model to Improve Student Learning Outcomes in Basic Competencies Applying Concepts and Rules Types of Lines in Technical Drawings at SMK Negeri 1 Lotu for the 2022/2023 Academic Year

The problem in this study is that the Student Facilitator and Explaining learning model has not been optimally applied to the Basic Competence of Applying Concepts and Rules of Types of Lines in Technical Drawings and student learning outcomes are only limited to achieving KKM, namely 70. Research objectives: (1) To describe the learning process by using apply the Student Facilitator and Explaining learning model to the Basic Competency of Applying Concepts and Rules of Types of Lines in Technical Drawings at SMK Negeri 1 Lotu for the 2022/2023 Academic Year, and (2) To find out student learning outcomes in the Basic Competency of Applying Type Concepts and Rules -Types of Lines in Technical Drawings at SMK Negeri 1 Lotu for the 2022/2023 Academic Year. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (CAR). This research was conducted at SMK Negeri 1 Lotu with research subjects of class X DPIB, totaling 22 people. The instruments in this study were observation sheets of the learning process (teacher respondents), student activity observation sheets, photo documentation, and student practical activity tests. Research results: (1) In cycle I (First) the average percentage of observations in the learning process (teacher respondents) is 62.50%, the average percentage of observations of student activity is 53.13%, the average learning outcomes is 65.07 with a percentage of student completeness of 45% and this result has not reached the target that has been set, namely 70. (2) While in cycle II (two) the average percentage of observations in the learning process (teacher respondents) is 85.71%, the average – the average percentage of observations of student activity is 82.10%, the average calculated student learning outcomes is 82.99 which is categorized as good with a complete percentage of student learning outcomes of 100% and has reached the set target of 70. From the research findings above it can be concluded that by applying the Student Facilitator and Explaining learning model to the subject of Technical Drawing Basic Competency Applying Concepts and Rules of Types of Lines in Technical Drawings and can improve student learning outcomes at SMK Negeri 1 Lotu.

Fuzzy Modeling of DC Motors using the stimulus-response method

In this paper gives a brief review of the traditional modeling of direct current (DC) motors using the stimulus response method is made and a method is proposed to obtain an alternative model, using fuzzy logic theory. The two models capture the behavior of the DC motor in an acceptable manner. The connotation of acceptable is because some characteristics of the DC motor are disregarded, which do not have repercussions, in practical terms, as error factors in its study. The first model relates the analysis to the classical forms of control theory, through a first-order differential equation. The second model relates the analysis to the principles of generalization of necessary knowledge in reasoning and learning within the area of Artificial Intelligence where fuzzy sets and a series of if-then type rules are used. The fuzzy DC motor model is very convenient, within the control context, when using Artificial Intelligence paradigms but it not limited to this area.

Leveraging Rust Types for Program Synthesis

The Rust type system guarantees memory safety and data-race freedom. However, to satisfy Rust's type rules, many familiar implementation patterns must be adapted substantially. These necessary adaptations complicate programming and might hinder language adoption. In this paper, we demonstrate that, in contrast to manual programming, automatic synthesis is not complicated by Rust's type system, but rather benefits in two major ways. First, a Rust synthesizer can get away with significantly simpler specifications. While in more traditional imperative languages, synthesizers often require lengthy annotations in a complex logic to describe the shape of data structures, aliasing, and potential side effects, in Rust, all this information can be inferred from the types, letting the user focus on specifying functional properties using a slight extension of Rust expressions. Second, the Rust type system reduces the search space for synthesis, which improves performance. In this work, we present the first approach to automatically synthesizing correct-by-construction programs in safe Rust. The key ingredient of our synthesis procedure is Synthetic Ownership Logic, a new program logic for deriving programs that are guaranteed to satisfy both a user-provided functional specification and, importantly, Rust's intricate type system. We implement this logic in a new tool called RusSOL. Our evaluation shows the effectiveness of RusSOL, both in terms of annotation burden and performance, in synthesizing provably correct solutions to common problems faced by new Rust developers.

Parallelism in a Region Inference Context

Region inference is a type-based program analysis that takes a non-annotated program as input and constructs a program that explicitly manages memory allocation and deallocation by dividing the heap into a stack of regions, each of which can grow and shrink independently from other regions, using constant-time operations. Whereas region-based memory management has shown useful in the contexts of explicit region-based memory management, and in particular, in combination with parallel execution of code, combining region inference with techniques for higher-order parallel programming has not been investigated. In this paper, we present an implementation of a fork-join parallel construct suitable for a compiler based on region inference. We present a minimal higher-order language incorporating the parallel construct, including typing rules and a dynamic semantics for the language, and demonstrate type soundness. We present a novel effect-based region-protection inference algorithm and discuss benefits and shortcomings of the approach. We also describe an efficient implementation embedded in the MLKit Standard ML compiler. Finally, we evaluate the approach and the implementation based on a number of parallel benchmarks, and thereby demonstrate that the technique effectively utilises multi-core architectures in a higher-order functional setting.

UNIFICATION OF TRANSLATION OF CHINESE TOPONYMS INTO RUSSIAN IN VIEW OF THEIR STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES

Translation of toponyms from Chinese into Russian is to be standardized and unifi ed. Scientific methods of description, comparison, and generalization identified the structural and semantic peculiarities of Chinese toponyms. These characteristics have become the basis for an inductively developed method of unifi cation of the translation of Chinese toponyms into Russian. Th is method eliminates existing communicative errors, standardizes the translation of Chinese toponyms, creates a unifi ed structured system of the translation of Chinese toponyms into Russian, distinguishes interdependent toponyms, emphasizes the features of the internal structure of Chinese toponyms, and unifi es the rules of toponyms translation with the rules of other types of proper names in the Russian — Chinese language pair.

Quadrature rules of Gaussian type for trigonometric polynomials with preassigned nodes

In this paper we consider Gaussian type quadrature rules for trigonometric polynomials where an even number of nodes is fixed in advance. For an integrable and nonnegative weight function w on the interval E=[a,a+2π), a∈R, these quadrature rules have the following form∫Et(x)w(x)dx=∑i=12kait(yi)+∑i=12(n+γ)Ait(xi),t∈T2(n+γ)+k−1, where the nodes yi∈E, i=1,2,…,2k, are fixed and prescribed in advance, γ∈{0,1/2} and Tn={cos⁡kx,sin⁡kx|k=0,1,…,n}, n∈N.Also, for γ=1/2, i.e., for the case of quadrature rules for trigonometric polynomials with odd number of nodes, we consider the optimal sets of quadrature rules in the sense of Borges (see [1,13]) for trigonometric polynomials with even number of fixed nodes. Let n=(n1,n2,…,nr), r∈N, be a multi-index and let W=(w1,w2,…,wr) be a system of weight functions on the interval E=[a,a+2π), a∈R. The optimal set of quadrature rules with respect to (W,n), with even number of fixed nodes, have the form∫Ef(x)wm(x)dx≈∑i=12kam,if(yi)+∑i=12|n|+1Am,if(xi),m=1,2,…r, where |n|=n1+n2+⋯+nr and the nodes yi∈E, i=1,2,…,2k, are fixed and prescribed in advance. For r=1 the optimal set of quadrature rules reduces to Gaussian quadrature rule for trigonometric polynomials with odd number of nodes.For all mentioned quadrature rules, in addition to the theoretical results, we will present the method for construction and give appropriate numerical examples.

An Expert System for Bolt Selection

Expert systems are one of the widely used artificial intelligence techniques and their use is increasing day by day. Expert systems are a technique that can use the knowledge and experience of experts, evaluate them at the decision-making stage and make inferences. Bolts are fasteners used to connect various parts and are within the scope of standard machine elements. There are different types of bolts in the industry and choosing the right bolt requires expertise. In this study, an expert system called Exbolt System, which selects bolts according to head types, was developed. Commonly used standard bolt types were based on bolt head types. Relevant rules for bolt types were established by collecting and analysing information about each bolt. While the rules were written, it was aimed to choose the truest bolt type. Criteria such as the need for fine-tuning, use in rotating parts, centring in the hole, flat surface requirement, mounting accuracy, system weight status, high force-holding and use in dirty environments were considered in the creation of the rules. The programme makes the best choice and recommends the bolt that can be used according to the head type to the user. CLIPS expert system programming language was used in the development of the Exbolt System. With the answers to the questions asked to the user by the programme, it was ensured that the truest bolt selection was made. The most accurate result was achieved by making faster, easier and more comprehensive decisions in the bolt selection, which requires expertise, and a more effective and efficient selection process was realised by saving time and labour.

PROBLEMS OF FAMILY LAW AT THE PRESENT STAGE: THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE PRACTICE OF APPLYING NORMS AIMED AT PROTECTING THE FAMILY AND CHILDHOOD

Purpose of the study. The article deals with the problems caused by the lack of certainty in the content of the rules of the family type, arising from the insufficient development of the basic categories of family law. Their absence or underdevelopment leads to defects not only in family norms, but also forms an incorrect practice of their application, which does not allow for effective protection of participants in family relations, including children. The author comes to the conclusion that the imperfection of the norms can be eliminated through theoretical research and legislative decisions aimed at enriching the categorical apparatus of family law, as well as through the active use of fictions and presumptions in the field of family relations, which will eliminate the emerging gaps in their regulation and ensure uniform the use of the same terms in meaning, but different in meaning.

Dynamic hypernetwork-based evolutionary model of command-and-control network

Studies on an evolution model of a command and control (C2) network help reveal the internal operation mechanism and external behavior of the network, which is of great significance to improving its invulnerability performance. In response to the shortcomings of existing evolutionary models, which have incomplete descriptions of evolutionary behavior, and are insufficient in reflecting the evolutionary differences of the different types of combat entities, a dynamic hypernetwork-based evolutionary model of C2 is proposed. First, the evolution characteristics of the C2 network are analyzed, and the evolution behavior and constraints are defined. Second, the evolution rules of the different types of nodes and edges are provided, and the network dynamic evolution steps are proposed. Finally, the simulation experiments conducted on the dynamic evolution model of a C2 hypernetwork are described, and the network performance and dynamic characteristics of the evolution of the confrontation phase are analyzed. The simulation results showed that the model has an obvious attack resistance, which effectively improves the invulnerability of the C2 network.

Finding the Best Dueler

Consider a set of n players. We suppose that each game involves two players, that there is some unknown player who wins each game it plays with a probability greater than 1/2, and that our objective is to determine this best player. Under the requirement that the policy employed guarantees a correct choice with a probability of at least some specified value, we look for a policy that has a relatively small expected number of games played before decision. We consider this problem both under the assumption that the best player wins each game with a probability of at least some specified value p0>1/2, and under a Bayesian assumption that the probability that player i wins a game against player j is vivi+vj, where v1,…,vn are the unknown values of n independent and identically distributed exponential random variables. In the former case, we propose a policy where chosen pairs play a match that ends when one of them has had a specified number of wins more than the other; in the latter case, we propose a Thompson sampling type rule.

Immutability and Encapsulation for Sound OO Information Flow Control

Security-critical software applications contain confidential information which has to be protected from leaking to unauthorized systems. With language-based techniques, the confidentiality of applications can be enforced. Such techniques are for example type systems that enforce an information flow policy through typing rules. The precision of such type systems, especially in object-oriented languages, is an area of active research: an appropriate system should not reject too many secure programs while soundly preserving noninterference. In this work, we introduce the language SIFO which supports information flow control for an object-oriented language with type modifiers. Type modifiers increase the precision of the type system by utilizing immutability and uniqueness properties of objects for the detection of information leaks. We present SIFO informally by using examples to demonstrate the applicability of the language, formalize the type system, prove noninterference, implement SIFO as a pluggable type system in the programming language L42, and evaluate it with a feasibility study and a benchmark.

Composition analysis and identification of ancient glass products based on population forest-KNN algorithm

This paper is based on the KNN and Random Forest algorithms in machine learning to analyze the differences and correlations in the compositions of ancient glass objects, determine their classification and identify the unknown categories of artifacts. The classification rules of different types of glass are analyzed; for each category, appropriate sub-classification processes are performed according to their chemical composition, specific classification methods and processing results are given, and sensitivity and rationality analyses are performed on the results. The chemical composition of glass artifacts of unknown categories is analyzed, and then their categories are identified and sensitivity analysis is performed on their classification results. Samples of glass artifacts from different categories and analyze the relationships between their chemical compositions, and compare the differences that exist in the relationships between the chemical compositions of different categories.

Composition analysis and classification prediction of ancient glass

Ancient glass is easily affected by environmental factors, which cause chemical changes between glass composition and environmental substances and leads to weathering. Analysis of the chemical composition of the ancient glass plays an important role in the study of the Silk Road. To study the composition of glass relics, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine the chemical composition of different glass types; A decision tree was established to explore and visualize the classification rules of glass types, and the sensitivity analysis of subclass classification was carried out by setting the value of chemical composition content of cultural relics sampling points from -10% to 10%. It was found that high potash glass was most sensitive to SiO2, and lead-barium glass was most sensitive to PbO. Finally, based on the random forest algorithm, the sensitivity of the model is analyzed. According to the experimental hypothesis and data validation, it is proved that the comprehensive model has good robustness, and can accurately and quickly analyze and identify the chemical composition of ancient glass.

Modeling land-use change using partitioned vector cellular automata while considering urban spatial structure

While many published studies have explored the impact of spatial heterogeneity on land-use change, few have focused on regional differences in land-use transition rules caused by urban spatial structure. In this paper, we measured urban land-use diversity by developing self-adaptive kernel density estimation and entropy weight methods and determine the urban spatial structure (composed of urban regions, inner and outer urban-rural fringes, and a rural hinterland) by applying a spectral clustering method. Combining local neighborhood effects and environmental effects, the land-use transition rules of different types of regions were mined to construct a partitioned vector cellular automata (CA) model that zonally simulates urban land-use change. The proposed model was applied to the simulation of the land-use change process in Jiangyin City, China, from 2007 to 2017. The resulting simulation accuracy was higher than that of other well-accepted CA models that do not consider urban spatial structure, and the conventional neighborhood assimilation rule was found not to be applicable to the conversion of construction land. The results and findings demonstrate that the proposed model is an effective means for urban planners to simulate and analyze urban evolution processes of cities with urban spatial structures that fit a concentric circle model.

Estimating individualized treatment rules for multicategory type 2 diabetes treatments using electronic health records.

In this article, we propose a general framework to learn optimal treatment rules for type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients using electronic health records (EHRs). We first propose a joint modeling approach to characterize patient's pretreatment conditions using longitudinal markers from EHRs. The estimation accounts for informative measurement times using inverse-intensity weighting methods. The predicted latent processes in the joint model are used to divide patients into a finite of subgroups and, within each group, patients share similar health profiles in EHRs. Within each patient group, we estimate optimal individualized treatment rules by extending a matched learning method to handle multicategory treatments using a one-versus-one approach. Each matched learning for two treatments is implemented by a weighted support vector machine with matched pairs of patients. We apply our method to estimate optimal treatment rules for T2D patients in a large sample of EHRs from the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. We demonstrate the utility of our method to select the optimal treatments from four classes of drugs and achieve a better control of glycated hemoglobin than any one-size-fits-all rules.

Understanding of obligation according to H. Hart's doctrine

The article is devoted to the disclosure of the content of the category of obligation according to H. Hart's doctrine. The author emphasizes that the English philosopher singles out two groups of rules that are combined with each other and reflect the essence or basis of law (legal system) as such. Primary rules (rules of the first type) establish obligations, that is, prescribe to do something or refrain from something regardless of the will of individuals. The rules of the second type (secondary) provide power - public or private, that is, they give the primary rules an official status, legal validity, create opportunities to introduce new rules of the first type, change or cancel old rules, or establish control over their implementation (functioning). Therefore, the law in H. Hart is reduced to rules that, among other things, assign obligations that must be performed regardless of the wishes of individuals.
 
 Hart separates legal and moral obligations, takes into account the motivational and even reflexive-critical component in the perception of the obligations imposed on an individual by law. At the same time, H. Hart points to two important aspects inherent in obligations: first, the so-called "internal aspect of rules", that is, motivation of individuals regarding their performance of obligations; secondly, the factor of social pressure, which shows that the society expects the individual to perform his obligations, just as he can expect the same performance from others. Both legal and moral obligations delineate the limits of the behavior of individuals, and their fulfillment is perceived as the minimum contribution of individuals to social life. At the same time, the specifics of moral obligations are determined by their heightened significance, a special form of moral pressure, immunity to conscious change, and the freewill nature of their violations. Moreover, there are a number of manifestations of morality (moral ideals and virtues) that go beyond moral obligations. The existence of a legal obligation requires the presence of the following minimum conditions: first, there is a legal system; second, there is a primary rule that imposes an obligation if a particular set of facts is present; thirdly, a certain set of facts is formed.

Metric-based rule optimizing system for code smell detection using Salp Swarm and Cockroach Swarm algorithm

Software developers find it difficult to select the specific detection rules for different smell types. A set of metrics, thresholds and labels constitutes a code smells detection rule. The generated rules must be optimized efficiently to ensure successful rule selection. The objective is to identify how rules are generated from the labeled data set and selected using bio-inspired algorithms. The goals are met by employing the C4.5 and RIPPER algorithms to generate rules then, optimized using two bio-inspired algorithms, the Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) and Cockroach Swarm Optimization (CSO). The optimized sets of rules are evaluated using the similarity metrics which are computed with the help of expected and the detected code smells. The common rule subsets from SSA and CSO are merged to produce the optimal rule subset which can be used for code smell detection. The proposed work has been experimented on Xerces-J, Log4J, Gantt Project and JFreeChart dataset. The work detected code smells with an accuracy of 91.7% for Xerces-J, 96.7% for JFreeChart, 88.6% for Gantt Project and 98% for Log4J. The findings will be useful for both theory and research since the proposed framework allows focusing on rule selection.

Structural Descriptors to Correlate Pb Ion Displacement and Broadband Emission in 2D Halide Perovskites.

2D hybrid lead halide perovskites exhibit versatile photoluminescent behaviors for narrowband to broadband emissions (BBEs) and have become attractive candidates for potential applications such as solid-state lighting. Establishing the relationship between the perovskite structural distortion and BBE is key but challenging in designing and optimizing the perovskite luminophores. Conventional attention is given to analyzing the intra-octahedron distortion of the [PbX6]4- (X = halide) unit that has not yet provided a clear structure-luminescence relationship. Herein, we introduce a descriptor, Pb displacement, to describe the inter-octahedron distortion to clarify the structure-emission relationship. The displacement of adjacent Pb centers represents the lattice distortion, which determines the broadband/narrowband emission instead of the octahedron distortion itself. We find a kite-type quadrilateral rule in (001) type 2D perovskites, that is, the degree to which the four octahedral central ions deviate from a square relates to the BBE. The kite-type arrangement of the Pb ions usually corresponds to the BBEs due to the large structure distortions. In contrast, the square-type arrangement of the Pb ions corresponds to the narrowband emissions because of the small distortions. The distortion descriptor magnifies the distortion scale, making it larger than the conventional one for the intra-octahedron distortion, which matches the general concept of excitons based on the scale of the crystal lattice. Therefore, the set of structural descriptors is better to correlate the perovskite structures and emission properties.