Wheel Type Research Articles

Analysis of stress intensity factors in railway wheel under the influence of stress field due to heat treatment and press-fitting process

Railway transportation system is one of the main needs of the population living in industrialized countries. Many studies have been conducted by engineers due to the importance of railway wheels and railways as a major part of the train. But due to progress in railway technology, in recent years a new type of train wheel known as rim-wheels is presented that their fracture is investigated in this study. The goal of the present study is to calculate stress intensity factors numerically using the boundary element method in railway wheels based on experimental data of material behavior. For this purpose, a series of experiments were performed to determine the behavior of the railway wheel material as well as the data required for numerical analysis. The innovation of this research is that the stress intensity factor is calculated resulting from residual stress of press-fit and heat-treatment processes. Then, the stress intensity factors resulting from the two processes are superimposed in pure mode I, mode II, and mode III loading due to the same crack geometries. Also, the study includes a survey on the effect of crack length on crack propagation as one of its main effective factors. Besides, fatigue crack growth path is calculated and its propagation is also estimated and the effect of different parameters is studied on fatigue crack growth and path.

Pipeline Inspection Robot using IoT

Pipeline inspection robot is a device which is inserted into pipe to check the damages, cracks, corrosion present in the pipe. There are many types of robot available in the market like screw robot, wheel type robot. it is used for inspecting up to 300mm diameter above the pipes. this type of robot used in oil and gas field industries. Aim of robot is to perform horizontal crawling.

Closing wheel type and row unit downforce can affect corn germination in no‐tillage production systems

AbstractAdopting no‐till planting can have many soil health benefits and cost savings but may present challenges with respect to planter performance. Aftermarket attachments such as hydraulic row unit down force and closing wheels have been hypothesized to overcome the challenges of uneven planting depth and poor furrow closure due to residue within the field. In addition, starter fertilizer could improve early season growth in cooler soil conditions. This study evaluated the effect of closing wheel type, row unit down force, and starter fertilizer on corn (Zea mays L.) emergence and yield across soil types and micro‐climates within Wisconsin. Aftermarket closing wheels were compared to a standard (rubber) factory provided one, within two down force settings (Low at 333 N and High at 667 N) and liquid starter fertilizer (0 and 47 L ha–1 of 7–21–7). The standard rubber closing wheel with high down force resulted in lower emergence compared to the low setting (p = .013). No effect of starter fertilizer was observed on either emergence or yield. Aftermarket wheels resulted in greater emergence regardless of down force setting, which might appear to be an advantage from an operator point of view, but greater corn emergence did not result in greater yield. These and other factors should be considered when selecting closing wheels for a particular set of seeding conditions.

A Review Paper on Modification in Worktable of Belt Grinder

In most of the industries grinding is the final stage of finishing process. Grinding is a machining process which uses an abrasive wheel or belt type cutting tool. This grinding machine is used in various industries for finishing of work pieces and give high surface quality. Grinding with wheel or belt type cutting tool is used for different precision applications such as deburring in foundries and constructions, polishing, engraving and cut-off grinding. Our project provides flexible worktable through which angular grinding with better surface finish can be obtain. Also less force is generated through this arrangement which in turn provides firm gripping.

Comparison of Hardness and Microstructure of Cast Wheel and Spoke Wheel Rims of Motorcycles Made of Aluminum Alloy Alloy

The rim is one of the main components in a motorized vehicle system, both two and three wheels. Rim loads when used are dynamic and often even shock. This study aims to study the mechanical characteristics, especially the hardness properties of spoke wheel rims and cast wheel rims made of aluminum alloy used in motorcycles and compare the results. Hardness testing is carried out on the spoke wheel and cast wheel specimens, using the Rockwell method with an identifier of 1/16 ball and a spectrometer used for both microstructure observations. The result of the average hardness test for the spoke wheel is HRB 99.3, while for the cast wheel is HRB 76.5. From the hardness test, it can be concluded that the hardness of the spoke wheel type is higher than the cast wheel type due to the difference in the manufacturing process. Cast wheel rims can withstand a load of 3 tons (30000 N) and the value of rim tension that can be accepted until the fracture is 45.84 MPa. Meanwhile, spoke wheel rims have the ability to withstand smaller compressive loads than cast wheel rims, which are 2 tonnes (20000 N) and the rims can accept the stress of 66.04 MPa until they break.

THE BROADCASTER'S COMMUNICATION WITH LISTENERS ON THE LONDON SCHOOL COMMUNITY RADIO MOVIE TIME PROGRAMME IN KARET TENGSIN VILLAGE

The large number of radio stations in Jakarta, whether commercial or community radio has posed challenges to London School Radio as a broadcast media in communicating the information to the listeners. The competitive level in the market has driven London School Radio to set up suitable program with the segments, one of them is the communication pattern introduced by the announcer. The announcer has an important role which demands capabilities and skills to communicate with the listeners on matters according to the program and to establish sound communication and interaction which would promote the success of the broadcast. The study applied the concept of communication patterns and explains the types of such communication patterns. There are four types of communication patterns which include wheel, chain and circular communication patterns. The study method used was descriptive method using approach qualitative. Data collection was performed through interview and documentation. The result of study is presented in the form of descriptive paper. In the course of the broadcast, London School Radio announcer especially Movie Time program applies the types of wheel and circular communication patterns. By applying the wheel communication pattern, it is the announcer who communicates the information to the listeners without their feedback, while circular communication allows the announcer to interact with the listeners through social media such as instagram and twitter. There are also times when the announcer interact with the listeners via telephone.

Influence of structure and material on the vibration modal characteristics of novel combined flexible road wheel

Aiming at the independent development of tracked vehicles, it is urgent to improve its mobility, passability and ride comfort, a new type of flexible road wheel with a “wheel-hinge-hub” combined structure is proposed in this study. The vibration model characteristics of the flexible road wheel were studied by the combination of numerical simulation and experiments. The superelasticity of rubber is obtained through uniaxial tensile experiment of the material and a detail three-dimensional nolinear finite element model of the flexible road wheel is established through finite element software ABAQUS. The free vibration equation of the flexible road wheel is solved by Lanczos vector direct superposition method, and its predicted modes and natural frequencies are compared with experimental results, which verifies the accuracy and reliability of the established finite element model. On this basis, the effects of various key structural or material factors on the natural frequencies of the flexible road wheel are studied using orthogonal experimental design method. Besides, the vibration modal characteristics of the flexible road wheel are also compared with those of the rigid road wheel. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the vibration and noise reduction of flexible road wheel.

Self-Assembled Heterometallic Complexes by Incorporation of Calcium or Strontium Ion into a Manganese(II) 12-Metallacrown-3 Framework Supported by a Tripodal Ligand with Pyridine-Carboxylate Motifs: Stability in Their Manganese(III) Oxidized Form.

We report on the isolation of a new family of μ-carboxylato-bridged metallocrown (MC) compounds by self-assembly of the recently isolated hexadentate tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine ligand tpada2- incorporating two carboxylate units with metal cations. Twelve-membered MCs of manganese of the type 12-MC-3, namely, [{MnII(tpada)}3(M)(H2O)n]2+ (Mn3M) (M = Mn2+ (n = 0), Ca2+ (n = 1), or Sr2+ (n = 2)), were structurally characterized. The metallamacrocycles connectivity consisting in three -[Mn-O-C-O]- repeating units is provided by one carboxylate unit of the three tpada2- ligands, while the second carboxylate coordinated a fourth cation in the central cavity of the MC, Mn2+ or an alkaline earth metal, Ca2+ or Sr2+. Mn3Ca and {Mn3Sr}2 join the small family of heterometallic manganese-calcium complexes and even rarer manganese-strontium complexes as models of the OEC of photosystem II (PSII). A 8-MC-4 of strontium of the molecular wheel type with four -[Sr-O]- repeating unit was also isolated by self-assembly of the tpada2- ligand with Sr2+. This complex, namely, [Sr(tpada)(OH2)]4 (Sr4), does not incorporate any cation in the central cavity but instead four water molecules coordinated to each Sr2+. Electrochemical investigations coupled to UV-visible absorption and EPR spectroscopies as well as electrospray mass spectrometry reveal the stability of the 12-MC-3 tetranuclear structures in solution, both in the initial oxidation state, MnII3M, as well as in the three-electrons oxidized state, MnIII3M. Indeed, the cyclic voltammogram of all these complexes exhibits three-successive reversible oxidation waves between +0.5 and +0.9 V corresponding to the successive one-electron oxidation of the Mn(II) ion into Mn(III) of the three {Mn(tpada)} units constituting the ring, which are fully maintained after bulk electrolysis.

Calculation of Equivalent Axle Load Factor Based on Artificial Intelligence

In most road pavements design methods, a solution is required to transform the traffic spectrum to standard axle load with using equivalent axle load factor (EALF). The EALF depends on various parameters, but in existing design methods, only the axle type (single, tandem, and tridem) and pavement structure number were considered. Also, the EALF only determined for experimental axles and axle details (i.e., axle weight, length, pressure), wheel type (single or dual wheel) plus pavement properties were overlooked which may cause inaccuracy and unusable for the new axle. This paper presented a developed model based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for calculation of EALFs considering axle type, axle length, contact area, pavement structure number (SN), tire pressure, speed, and final serviceability. Backpropagation architecture was selected for the model for the EALF prediction based on fatigue criteria. Finally, among all reviewed ANN configuration, a network with 7-13-1 was selected for the optimum network.

The Impact of the Human Body Position Changes During Wheelchair Propelling on Motion Resistance Force: A Preliminary Study.

The aim of this research was to analyze the impact of the human body position changes caused by propelling a wheelchair with the pushrim propulsion on the value of motion resistance force. The discussed research works are in progress; therefore, the presented results should be treated as preliminary. The research was carried out in the group of six volunteers propelling a wheelchair of which frame was inclined, in respect to the horizontal plane, under the angle of 0 deg, 7 deg, and 14 deg. The area of the position variability of the human body center of gravity (COG) and the coefficients of wheelchair rolling resistance have been determined. Based on the measurements conducted, rolling resistance force FT and motion resistance force FR have been defined for three values of frame inclination angle. The determined force of rolling resistance Ft depended on the location of the COG of the human body and the value of the coefficients of rolling resistance of the front and rear wheels of a wheelchair. This force was a component of the resistance to motion FR, which also took into account the influence of gravity resulting from the inclination of the wheelchair on an inclined plane. For the tested inclination angles relative to the horizontal plane, the rolling resistance force ranged from 9.82 N to 22.81 N. Analyzing the variability of the rolling resistance force FT, it was found that for the final phase of the driving motion, it increased by 36% for the inclination angle of 0 deg and 43% for the inclination angle of 7 deg. Its increase was 48% for the inclination angle of 14 deg in relation to the human body position for the beginning of the driving motion. In the case of measuring the value of the resistance to motion FR, it was observed that, depending on the angle of the incline of the wheelchair, it ranged from 14.69 N to 256.33 N. The measurements conducted enabled the derivation of an analytical model for determining rolling resistance force depending on the position of the human body COG and the wheelchair inclination angle. The conducted research demonstrated the impact of the COG position on the changes of motion resistance force, thus expanding the state of knowledge, introducing a new parameter which, like a surface type and wheel type, affects motion resistances.

A preliminary study of rotation velocity regulation in pottery wheel-throwing: Fieldwork with Indian potters using the low-inertia kick-wheel

The present study examined rotation velocity regulation in pottery wheel-throwing. Long assumed to be a key parameter in the control of the centrifugal force, we interpret its role rather as a means to control the linear velocity at the point of hand-clay contact. To test this hypothesis, we set up a field experiment with Indian potters working with a low-inertia kick-wheel. Six expert potters were asked to produce eight types of pots (four shapes × two masses), each type in five specimens (in total each potter threw 40 vessels). We measured the rotation velocity during the pre-forming and forming fashioning phases, as well as the maximal vessel radii at the end of both phases. Results demonstrated that potters reduced the rotation velocity from the pre-forming phase to the forming phase, but also for the large clay masses compared to the small clay masses, and -uniquely during the forming phase- for the shapes characterized by the largest diameter. Overall, the observed decreases in rotation velocity corresponded to increases in mean vessel diameter, suggesting that the potters were applying a limit on the linear velocity. Our results thus provide empirical evidence supporting the role of linear velocity as a key functional parameter in wheel-throwing. Directly relating to the potter-vessel interaction, it indicates both when and by how much the rotation velocity deceleration caused by the exertion of manual pressure forces should be compensated, as well as how to avoid the risk of velocity-induced collapse. While only preliminary, our results also suggest that large-sized ancient wheel-thrown vessels were most likely produced using low-velocity and high-inertia wheels. Future work, examining rotation velocity regulation over different types of wheels, is needed to allow definite conclusions to be drawn.

Performance Enhancement of Rotary Desiccant Wheel using Novel Homogenous Composite Desiccant Designs

Rotary solid desiccant wheels are used as sensible and latent heat recovery wheels in the Desiccant-HVAC systems. The two major types of these wheels include enthalpy (total energy recovery) wheels which remove sensible heat and latent heat from process air and transfer them to regeneration air, and dehumidification wheels which transfer a significant amount of moisture (latent heat) at the same time minimizes heat transfer. In this work a set of novel design of hybrid rotary desiccant wheel constructed using a composite homogeneous mixture of solid desiccants (multiple types of silica gel and molecular sieves) are proposed. The transport phenomena taking place in the proposed set of novel design of hybrid rotary desiccant wheel are simulated numerically using an in house finite volume method based CFD code. The performances of these wheels are compared with conventional type of wheels made of molecular sieves and silica gel, respectively. The results show that the performance of these hybrid wheels are enhanced by up to 40 % by using these novel composite wheel designs.

Design and conception of Arduino based quadruped robot

In their world, mobile robots can travel about and are not fixed to one physical position. Mobile robots may be “autonomous” (AMR, autonomous mobile robots), meaning they can handle an unregulated setting. Nowadays, mobile robots are becoming useful in many departments such as warehouses, hospitals, industries, military and security purposes. This robot mainly uses legged type (human-like legs or animal-like legs), wheeled type, and tracks follower type. Legged robots are mobile robots that use mechanical limbs for motion, similar to wheeled robots, but compared to their wheeled counterparts, their locomotion methods are more complex, performing much better on rough terrain than wheeled robots. With the incorporation of sensors such as DH11 (Temperature sensor), MQ2 (Smoke sensor), HC-SR04 (Ultrasonic sensor), the four-legged spider robot can monitor the environment, and the OLED display gives the respective readings. This design will enhance and improve the existing development of spider robots.

Design of Kinematic Mechanism of Wheel-legged Robot

Mobile robots can be roughly categorized in wheeled type, tracked-skidded type, legged type, trunked type, etc. Among them, the wheeled mobile robot can move on the flat road, but with poor performance when crossing an obstacle; the legged type mobile robot has a slow motion speed and poor bearing capacity; the tracked-skidded mobile robot has a large weight; while the trunked mobile robot has limited use occasions. In order to overcome these shortcomings, this paper studies the wheel-legged structure and distributes the performance of various commonly used structures. On the other hand, by analyzing the newly emerged structure, the impact of the organization’s own shortcomings on performance is hoped to be reduced. By comparing the structure and distribution of different leg configurations, the advantages of the locomotion performance of each type of wheel-legged mobile robot and the development trend of the wheel-legged mobile robot in the future are analyzed.

Experimental evaluation of the lubrication performance of MoS2/TiO2 nanoparticles for diamond wheel bond in silicon carbide ceramic grinding

In this study, a new type of self-lubricating nanoparticle diamond grinding wheel with MoS2 and TiO2 nanoparticles as filling materials was proposed. According to the macro parameters (grinding force) and micro parameters (surface roughness, surface morphology, grinding wheel wear), the lubricated characteristic on tool and workpiece surface with various concentrations of nanoparticles was studied. The research indicated that the composite nanoparticles can effectively improve the lubricated characteristic of the tool. The nanoparticles released from the grinding wheel can participate in lubrication and decrease the adhesion of abrasive grains to the workpiece surface, so as to enhance the surface quality of the workpiece. Moreover, there is a suitable addition range of composite nanoparticles in the grinding wheel. Adding too little or exceeding this range will weaken the friction reduction performance of the nanoparticles. It had the best lubrication performance and surface quality of the workpiece at a nanoparticle volume concentration of 8%.

Recent Trends of the In-Pipe Inspection Robotic System from Academia and Industry Perspectives

This paper presents the recent designs of the in-pipe inspection robotic system from the researchers in the academia and industrial fields. The scope of the paper will focus on the designs, locomotion of the systems and the actuator that will actuate or provide force to drive the in-pipe robot forward. The study covers the trends of the research from recent years to date. It is observable that most of the researches conducted by academic researchers focused on the designs and locomotion of the robots which commonly used wheel drive, screw drive and modular locomotion method. The screw drive in-pipe robotic system has a set of wheels located at certain distance apart from the centre of the body with a certain angle so that the system rotates like a screw when it is actuated. On the contrary, the in-pipe robotic system from the industry like oil and gas industry uses wheel type robot combined with other parts like disc, cups, scraper and attached with the sensory system to conduct the inspection.

Equivalent Vertical Stiffness Design of Modular Deformable Wheel

This study aims to determine the structural parameters of the equivalent vertical stiffness design of a modular deformable wheel. A gas stiffness model in the air cavity of the modular deformable wheel is established on the basis of the wheel’s structure and the ideal gas equation. Then, the change curve of the radial stiffness of the modular deformable wheel is obtained, and the design model of the equivalent vertical stiffness of the wheel is constructed on the basis of the gas stiffness model. Finally, some relevant design parameters of heavyweight and lightweight wheels are obtained through numerical calculation based on existing experimental data. The results show that the design parameters of the equivalent vertical stiffness of the modular deformable wheel can meet the ride comfort requirements of vehicles. The obtained wheel structure parameters and mechanical parameters will provide effective theoretical compliance for the selection of this type of wheel. Moreover, this modular deformable wheel not only meets the requirements of the riding comfort of pneumatic wheels, but also has the advantages that common pneumatic wheels do not have (such as explosion-proof and puncture-proof functions), which also provides the practical theoretical basis for the use and promotion of this wheel in the complex geological environment.

PEMETAAN POSISI ROBOT SOCCER MENGGUNAKAN GYRODOMETRY DAN TRIGONOMETRY UNTUK MEMPREDIKSI SUDUT TENDANGAN

The main robot that robots must have in wheeled balls is the ability to find balls, position in the goal, kick the ball and between robots with base station in the wheeled Indonesian Soccer Robot Contest (KRSBI). Wheeled type. KRSBI is one of the activities that are part of the Indonesian Robot Contest (KRI) as a venue for engineering and design competition in the field of robotics. One obstacle to the robot In the detection of the goal is still applying the Robust Algorithms method using only a camera, so that the search process is still relatively slow and kicking the ball is still often deviated from the opponent's goal. In this research, applying the Gyrodometry method in mapping the position of the robot in the field based on reading the sensor data of Rotary encoder and Gyroscope. Then the data will be sent from the microcontroller to the base station via PC and Router to be mapped. Whereas to detect the goal using Trigonometry calculation with the search of the goal based on the position of the robot's data on the Field with the opponent's goal point. The advantage of applying the Gyrodometry method in mapping the position of the robot in the field and Trigonometry calculations for goal detection can improve the efficiency of the robot to detect the goal with average speed (2.1s) and with an accuracy of 91.7%.

Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Tread Pattern on Rotating Wheel Aerodynamics

The present work investigates the dynamic effect of wheel rotation on the aerodynamic characteristics of slick type (ST) wheel of Formula One racing cars using a computational approach. The ST wheel model was compared to experimental results as a validation case. The pressure coefficient over the ST wheel circumference at its middle plane (xy) has been considered as an experimental case from literature and the computed results showed a reasonable agreement. Furthermore, a quantitative evaluation of the numerically-determined wheel drag, local separation and stagnation angles has been also compared to those extracted experimentally from literature. The validation work served by assessing the suitability of using Moving Reference Frame (MRF) method to simulate the effect of wheel rotation, as well as defining the most reliable conditions of testing such as the optimal meshing criteria, the computational domain size, and the adopted turbulence model. According to wheel studies, all computational work was performed at a Reynolds number of 6.8×105 based on the wheel diameter. The wheels aerodynamic drag, lift, and moment coefficients were computed for each wheel model. Further parametric study on the tread design of the tread type (TT) wheel was performed by varying the tread depth, h. Besides, general schematic pictures of the flow behavior around the TT wheel are presented.

Design of a modular locomotion system for autonomous mobile robots

Autonomous mobile robots are becoming more popular today and are successfully integrated into many civil and industrial projects. In the industrial sectors flexibility and modularity have an important role, so the production can be diversified and achieved with low costs. This paper presents the conceptual and functional design of a modular locomotion system for an autonomous mobile platform that can be configured according to the needs of the industrial environment it serves. The architecture of the locomotion system is based on a spring suspension system and three types of wheels: conventional wheels, omnidirectional wheels and mechanum wheels. The calculations for the chosen suspension system are presented, which ensure the contact with the ground for each type of wheel and the resignation calculations for the engine that will drive the wheel. Finally, some variants of configurations are presented that can be made on an autonomous mobile platform with these modules.