Types Of Weapons Research Articles

Германская социал-демократия в неопределенной реальности

The article analyzes new aspects of the evolution of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) against the backdrop of the situation in Europe and in the world, confirming the forecasts made in the author’s previous publications. The party remains an important political force in Europe and globally, influences the development of European social-democratic thought, actively participates in reforming the European Union. The German Social Democrats uphold the principles of liberal democracies, entering into disputes with Budapest and Warsaw in view of their heightened sense of national exclusiveness. The updated conceptual guidelines of the party testify to further tightening of the SPD’s course in the Russian direction. The party does not give an answer to the fundamental questions: how the outlines of a new world order in Europe can be built without the participation of Russia, especially against it; to what extent the turn of the SPD’s top meets the interests of ordinary party members and citizens of the country. The approach of the German Social Democrats may exacerbate the already tense situation. The SPD has forgotten Willy Brandt’s warnings about the inadmissibility of exporting the FRG’s and other Western countries’ model, of imposing certain rules. The military-political choice made by O. Scholz and L. Klingbeil, their definition of February 24, 2022 as drawing a line under the moral and historical responsibility of Berlin for the atrocities of the Nazis, depreciating the important role of Moscow in the defeat of fascism and the reunification of Germany, have become the milestone ideological imperatives of modern Germany. These and other factors will go down in the history of Moscow–Berlin relations as a major mistake of the German Social Democracy. Moscow should not negotiate with those leaders of the SPD who will certainly bring the content of conversations to the attention of Washington, Brussels, Kyiv, Warsaw, Vilnius, Riga. The German ruling class without the sovereignty of its country does not inspire confidence. The trend of expanding hostilities in Ukraine with the use of new types of weapons, a possible direct intervention of NATO countries in the conflict continues. Moscow should clearly analyze the reasons for the rise and fall of the RF–FRG relations, Russia’s miscalculations, and sketch out various scenarios. Despite everything, in Germany, especially in the new federal states, in a part of the SPD, German business and civil society, hopes for normalizing relations with Russia have not been lost completely. Their cautious statements about the common roots of the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany belonging to the European civilization cannot but inspire restrained optimism in terms of preserving the experience of dialogue between the two countries.

Bullet trajectory detection in the lung: Multiplanar reformatted imaging of multidetector computed tomography in children.

Trauma is a leading cause of childhood injuries. Although blunt traumas in children are more common in penetrating traumas, children in civilian life and near conflict areas can often be affected by gunshot wounds. Among all gunshot wounds, thoracic injuries constitute a significant proportion. In our study, we detected bullet trajectory in children with gunshot wounds penetrating the thorax by analyzing reformatted images of multidetector computed tomography (CT). Nineteen pediatric patients with thoracic gunshot wounds were evaluated retrospectively. After all patients admitted the emergency service, their hemodynamics were stabilized first. Then, PA-AC radiography and thorax CT were taken and necessary imaging studies of other body parts were performed. CT scans were performed with multi-detector CT. Using reformatted axial, sagittal, and coronal and oblique images of multidetector CT, we detected projectile trajectory in the lung parenchyma in 74% of patients. In 26% of the patients, the projectile trajectory could not be detected due to excessive parenchymal hemorrhage, hemothorax, and pneumothorax. In our study, a standard could not be made due to the fact that the types of weapons used could not be determined, the firing distances could not be known, different ages and different bullet entry and exit angles. However, detecting the trajectory of the bullet in the lungs will assist the physician in making the treatment plan and following up the patient. In addition, the evaluation of the data obtained will be beneficial to forensic medicine physicians and scientists interested in wound ballistics.

Does Weapon Type Affect a BattleBot’s Performance?

The objective of this research project is to investigate data from the 2021 BattleBots season, play-in, and championship matches to see if any variables have a statistically significant contribution to how many wins a bot achieves. A reason to investigate these relationships could be to gauge how much investment is needed to be successful in the ever-evolving sport. Those in charge of the competition have worried about the possibility of the bots becoming too homogeneous by having only the same weapons fight each other. After investigating the relationships of many factors, the weapon type used does not seem to be statistically significant if the weapon can still achieve knockouts.

ВОТИВНЫЕ КЛЕВЦЫ ИЗ ФОНДОВ БИЙСКОГО КРАЕВЕДЧЕСКОГО МУЗЕЯ ИМ. В.В. БИАНКИ

The presented work publishes two battle axes from the funds of the Biysk Museum of Local Lorenamed after VV Biachi. These products, according to the preserved information, originate from the Minusinsk basin and were transferred to the museum by S.M. Sergeev. Both items are small in size, which allows them to be treated as reduced copies. Of particular interest is an instance that imitates, in all likelihood, specific Chinese products of the “ge” type. A detailed description of the items is given, including specifying the parameters. The closest analogies are considered, on the basis of which cultural and chronological attribution is given. The article also touches upon the issue of the differentiation of some types of shaft weapons. Morphological features characteristic of each type of such weapons are noted.

Overview of the evolution process of the Soviet and American ASAT weapons in the second half of the XX century

Russia and the United States have a long history of military-technical rivalry that began after World War II in Soviet-American relations and continues up to this day. This rivalry has been a momentum for the development of many types of military equipment and weapons, including, since the beginning of the space age, anti-satellite weapons. The article provides a detailed analysis of the emergence and development of anti-satellite warfare, their categories and variety of types, as well as technologies applicable in the creation of anti-satellite weapons. In addition, the article traces the relationship between the technologies for creating anti-missile defense and anti-satellite weapons, and also shows the influence on its implementation of both the domestic political course of each of the superpowers and the Soviet-American negotiations on arms control.

ФОРМАЛІЗОВАНИЙ ОПИС ПРОЦЕСУ ЗАКИДАННЯ ЕЛЕМЕНТУ, ЩО ТРАЛИТЬ НАТЯЖНІ ДАТЧИКИ ЦІЛІ ВИБУХОНЕБЕЗПЕЧНИХ ПРЕДМЕТІВ

As a result of the aggression of the Russian Federation in 2014, as well as the large-scale invasion in February 2022, Ukraine became the most explosive contaminated country in the world. The relevance of the issue of reconnaissance and demining of the area from explosive devices both during and in the absence of combat operations has increased many times over. The experience of war shows that the enemy, despite international conventions banning certain types of mine weapons, uses its entire arsenal of mines and improvised explosive devices, which are often set to be unremovable. The most widespread and dangerous IEDs during the war were those with tensioned target sensors (tripwires).Due to the moral and physical obsolescence of reconnaissance and demining equipment in the units of the Armed Forces and the SES of Ukraine, manual reconnaissance and demining is the main method of reconnaissance and demining, which poses a great danger to sappers. To reduce the risk to the personnel of demining groups and pyrotechnic units, it is proposed to use a mechanical means of trawling for UXOs with tension target sensors. Based on the analysis of existing approaches to modeling demining processes, in particular the use of means for trawling tension sensors of explosive objects, a formalized description of the throwing of the element that trawls the tension sensors of the target is proposed, which, unlike the existing ones, takes into account the increase in the specific mass of the trawling means (a combination of the trawling element and the cable) during the flight. One of the most difficult issues in modeling is to determine the dependence of the flight parameters of the trawling element on the dynamics of the mass gain of the cable (cord). The kinematic parameters of the trawling element under study are: angle of departure, range, height, time, and flight speed. The proposed improvements to the mathematical model and the sequence of calculations will improve the accuracy of the results of modeling the process of trawling the tension sensors of an explosive target when substantiating the requirements for this type of demining equipment.

One Injury, Two Tracks and Two Weapons with Two Thoughts: An Exhumation Case Report

Exhumation is authorised digging out of already buried body from his legitimate graveyard. The autopsy in exhumed dead body require extreme attention and thorough examination of the corpse to determine the exact cause and manner of death. Exhumation also helps to evaluate and rule out any disease responsible for death. In the present case, authors discuss and report an unusual case of decomposed young adult male of 24-year-old, who was killed/stabbed by his younger brother. Body of deceased was buried by the perpetrator of crime without police information and medicolegal autopsy. The stab wound was altered by accused to misguide or create confusion in identifying the type of injury and weapon of offence. Later, this scenario was solved by autopsy surgeons after visiting incident scene, complete postmortem examination of the corpse and examinations of belongings.

Лингвопереводческие особенности интернациональной лексики военной тематики

Introduction. In the military domain, the interpreter plays a very important role, since it is the interpreter, who sometimes determines an adequate assessment of the situation, as well as awareness of the enemy’s plans. The meanings of words encountered in everyday communication may be quite different in military texts, and therefore the translator is required to be well trained in military translation. The relevance of this research lies in the study of the specifics of international military vocabulary. When translating military texts, the translator encounters internationalisms related to the names and tactical and technical characteristics of weapons and equipment. Military translation requires the utmost precision of concepts while preserving informativeness. Covering the problems of translation of internationalisms and «translator’s false friends» allow us to reveal the peculiarities of their functioning in the texts on military topics and to determine the ways of their translation. Materials and methods. In the work such methods were used as a component analysis to establish the semantic components of the lexical units, a comparative-comparative analysis, which involves comparing the contextual units as a result of analyzing the German and Russian language materials, the method of continuous sampling and quantitative calculations, descriptive-analytical, contextual analysis methods, which constitute a comprehensive method of text interpretation. The material of the study was an online dictionary of concepts and terms of the German armed forces, presented on the specialized German-language Internet site of the German armed forces. Analysis. The compositional structure of a military text is determined by its volume and genre. Military-technical texts include various kinds of instructions on types of military equipment and weapons, descriptions of new weapon models and instructions on the operation of equipment. These texts are characterized by such features as the presence of military-technical terminology of the narrow field of military affairs, the presence of pictures, drawings, diagrams, neutral tone of narration. Results. Military texts are a kind of official-business style of speech, characterized by the prescriptive-duty character of speech, its non-personal nature, accuracy, logic, objectivity, clarity, formality, stereotyping, concreteness, generalization, rigor, as well as a special set of clichés and terms. In the texts on military subjects’ various types of internationalisms are widely represented: single-word names, abbreviations, nominative word combinations, term elements. The advantage of the international vocabulary is its brevity and ease of use, its translation by transliteration or transcription, in most cases also its unambiguity.

Mapping the Lethal Autonomous Weapons Debate: An Introduction

AbstractThe UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) can, on the one hand, be considered vital for the global governance process—in the sense of urging international cooperation on the ethical, developmental, and standards aspects of lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS). On the other hand, the CCW may also embody a global trend that does not augur well for international solidarity, namely the lack of credible and comprehensive collaboration to advance global objectives of peace and security. In 2022, a majority of the 125 nations that belong to the CCW requested limits on a specific type of lethal autonomous weapons: “killer robots.” Yet, most of the major global powers—namely the United States, Russia, and China—opposed not only a ban on LAWS but also on any restrictions on the development of these weapons, not least because the United States, Russia, and China are actively developing this weapons technology. While there is currently much focus on the technological evolution of LAWS, less has been written about how ethical values can exert influence on a growing global consciousness around factors such as power, technology, human judgment, accountability, autonomy, dehumanization, and the use of force. This introduction lays the groundwork for dealing with these issues. It does so by showing that all these factors warrant a pluralist approach to the global governance of LAWS, based on multiple grounds, including the military, tech, law, and distinctive theoretical-ethical orientations; the rationale being to combine this expertise into a collection for publication. Reflecting the contributing authors’ firsthand experiences of the ethics surrounding the management of LAWS to address decisive and critical questions at an expert level, it provides a framing for the collection, showing that the use of international legal mechanisms like the CCW are crucial to considering both the potential and the limits of LAWS, as well as what it can contribute to areas such as international law, human rights, and national security.

���˲� ������ ������������ �����ֲ� �Ϊ����� ��������� �� �� ���˲�ʲ�

During the last decades, the world historical situation has fundamentally changed, humanity has entered the nuclear-space age. The development of civilization and society could not exclude wars and military conflicts as a means of forceful resolution of interstate, religious, ethnic and other contradictions. The way out of conflict situations with the help of weapons remains a distinctive feature of the modern era. The achievements of science and technology today are aimed not only at the development of modern production, improvement of working conditions and welfare of citizens, but also at the development of the latest types of weapons and ammunition, which increases the risks of emergency situations due to their use. Emergency situations of a military nature are associated with the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction or modern conventional means of destruction, during which secondary factors of damage to the population arise as a result of the destruction of nuclear and hydroelectric power plants, warehouses and storages of radioactive and toxic substances, waste oil products, explosives, highly toxic substances, toxic waste, transport and engineering communications. As a result of emergencies of a military nature, emergencies of man-made, natural, social nature, mass deaths of people and animals may arise. The dangerous sources of emergencies of a military nature include: weapons themselves, extraordinary unsanitary conditions during hostilities (a large number of corpses, disruption of the normal operation of various communal services, disruption of water supply and sewage systems, insufficient medical care, occurrence of epidemics), complex ecological and the man-made situation, the presence of high-risk enterprises (chemical enterprises, nuclear power plants, oil refineries) and the like. The article examines the characteristic features of possible modern wars and conflicts, analyzes the sources of emergency situations of a military nature, their features and possible consequences for the population and the territory of the state. In addition, an analysis of the specifics of the terrorist nature of Russia's war against Ukraine and the consequences of armed aggression for the country's territory, population, and economy was carried out.

CONSTRUCTING THE IMAGE OF THE PAKISTAN ARMED FORCES IN THE 21st CENTURY

This article examines the image of the armed forces of Pakistan in the XXI century. It was revealed that in the 21st century the armed forces of Pakistan and, in particular, a special unit (Inter-Services Public Relations), responsible for public relations, are actively working on constructing the necessary image of the Armed Forces. We see that the strategy of Inter-Services Public Relations covers a large number of channels (social networks, magazines, and so on). The article examines the historical context and various channels of communication: primarily the presence in social networks (both in video and in text format). The construction of the image after the conflict in Kargil in 1999 and the coming to power of P. Musharraf is considered. After these events, an active process was launched to work on the image of the armed forces both in the media and in the ISPR materials. It was revealed that the video materials are primarily aimed at the widest possible audience, also covering various ethnic groups; various problems related to the armed forces (for example, counter-terrorism operations). It is shown that two main directions of image construction can be distinguished: positive-aggressive, that is, armed forces equipped with the most advanced types of weapons that defeat the enemy; emotional – the armed forces value and honor the heroes who gave their lives for their homeland. A special place is occupied by the emotional involvement of the population, as a result of which the image of the armed forces is constructed as a force that protects the Motherland from any enemies, and the hero-soldier turns out to be the object of the nation's love. Much attention is paid to the personality of the Chief of the Army Staff, whose image, similar to the hero soldier, can be seen as the image of the armed forces as a whole.

ДОСВІД ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ ТЕХНІЧНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СИЛОВИХ СТРУКТУР ПРОВІДНИХ КРАЇН СВІТУ В УМОВАХ КРИЗОВИХ СИТУАЦІЙ

The article analyzes the functioning of the system of technical support of the power structures of the leading countries of the world in crisis situations. Some problematic aspects of equipping the military formations of the security and defense sector of Ukraine are considered. One of the aspects of the development of the technical support of the security forces of Ukraine, in the conditions of crisis situations, is its adaptation to NATO standards. The directions of development of systems of technical support of the armed forces of the leading NATO member countries are given. The appearance of new modern types of weapons and military equipment has always caused the need to develop not only new forms and methods of using troops (forces) in operations (combat operations), but also new approaches to their comprehensive support. This concerns: the structure of the technical support system itself; organizing the recovery of weapons and military equipment, taking into account possible losses during operations (combat); norms of stocks of weapons and military equipment and their echeloning both in peacetime and in a special period; management of technical support of troops (forces) in operations. The further development of the technical support of the security forces of Ukraine in crisis situations can be considered to be the improvement of the mechanisms of supplying OVST to units of the operational-tactical and tactical units, bringing the standards of belonging and supply to NATO standards, adapting the regulatory and legal framework of the technical support of the security forces of Ukraine to NATO standards.

Особенности оказания специализированной хирургической помощи при огнестрельных ранениях шеи с повреждением полых органов (гортани, трахеи, глотки, пищевода)

The objective of this work is to share our experience in providing specialized surgical care to patients coming from stages of medical evacuation with wounds of hollow neck organs. A special military operation (SMO) takes place in an environment different from previous local wars. The nature of military operations and the saturation of the enemy's armed forces with new types of weapons gave a significantly higher number of wounded than previous local conflicts. The predominance of mine-explosive shrapnel wounds, different time intervals from injury to getting to the stage of specialized medical care for wounded with already existing purulent complications of gunshot wounds are the features of the SMO. Wounded with injuries of the hollow organs of the neck, entering the MMCH named after N.N. Burdenko from 3 to 6 days after injury, with already developed purulent complications, require comprehensive intensive therapy and participation in the treatment of specialists of various surgical specialties. An integrated approach with the compliance with the regulations of military-field surgery using new methods of diagnostics and treatment of wounds can improve the effectiveness of therapy and reduce the number of lethal outcomes. This article discusses diagnostic and treatment algorithms for different variants of neck wounds. The experience of the described cases of successful treatment of wounded with injuries of the hollow organs of the neck shows the possibilities of MMCH named after N.N. Burdenko in treatment using various methods, and can be useful to doctors of both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

ДО АНАЛІЗУ СВІТОВИХ ТЕНДЕНЦІЙ СУЧАСНОЇ ЗБРОЙНОЇ БОРОТЬБИ

The results of the analysis of the experience of military conflicts of recent decades show that modern wars are fundamentally different from the usual stereotypes of wars during the Second World War, the second half and the end of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century. They received not only a new essence and a new meaning, but also revealed new characteristic features of armed struggle, which include the focal and fast-moving nature of hostilities, the absence of protracted positional battles, the use of only long-range weapons, mainly air and space-based, an increase in the number of robotic military equipment and weapons, the growing role of navigation systems in solving the tasks of defeating and coordinating the actions of not only large operational groups of troops, but also small tactical formations. In the article, we examine how the change in the nature of armed struggle affects modern wars, in particular, in modern wars there is a certain evolution of its individual elements, the main of which is fire damage, which is due to the active development of means of reconnaissance, guidance and direct fire impact on objects in the enemy group. It deserves attention the origin of changes in priorities when choosing the objects of damage depending on the scale of the armed conflict, the chosen option for its solution and conduct, features of the composition and nature of the enemy's actions. The transition of military operations into air and space, a significant increase in the range of strike missile and aircraft, led to a significant spread of spatial indicators. Under modern conditions, the armed struggle acquires a multidimensional nature, in contrast to the wars of the past, in which the nature of the armed struggle was determined mainly by horizontal dimensions, and the vertical (aerial coordinate) was only auxiliary in nature. At the same time, along with the spread of the spatial scale of military operations, a significant feature of modern wars and armed conflicts is considered to be changes in the temporal indicators of armed conflict, which is determined by its high dynamism and rapidity due to the use of the latest types of weapons and military equipment.

Management of the development of critical technologies and their significance in the defence capacity of Ukraine

Introduction. Today, the scientific and technological sphere has become the main one for Ukraine in the fight against the aggressor - the Russian Federation, and mastering the so-called "critical technologies" (СT) is used to expand the capabilities of the defence capabilities and offensive operations of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and in the post-war period to achieve the goals of national security ones, primarily military, military-economic and scientific-technological security. The goal of the article. The goal of the article is to generalize the world experience in the development of critical technologies (CT), analyze the state of this sphere in Ukraine, and develop proposals for overcoming problems on the way to the development of the scientific and technological sphere of the state. Methods (methodology). In the research the general scientific methods are applied, in particular theoretical generalization - to generalize the features and main directions of the implementation of innovative technologies in the section of the main functional areas of the military-industrial complex; system economic analysis - to assess the state and development of critical technologies to create the latest types of weapons, military equipment and the safety of functioning of the infrastructure. The results. The world experience of introducing critical technologies is considered. The state of development of critical technologies is analyzed as a national priority to ensure Ukraine's defence capability. The proposals for expanding and overcoming problems on the way to the development of the scientific and technological sphere to create weapons and military equipment have been developed. The steps for establishing an effective interaction of science, education and the industrial sector to develop innovative activities in the field of armaments and military equipment have been determined. Provision of quick and effective implementation of critical technologies in the military-industrial production with maximum effect and key tasks of the executive authority are proposed.

THE FUNCTIONING OF THE VERBAL-NOMINAL COLLOCATIONS WITH COMPONENTS PROIZVODIT'/PROIZVESTI RUSSIAN OFFICIAL TEXTS OF THE XVIII CENTURY (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE RUSSIAN NATIONAL CORPUS)

The article defines the term “stable verb-nominal combinations”, provides criteria for the allocation of stable combinations, briefly describes the features of the language of official texts of the XVIII century. The results of the analysis of the use of verbal-nominal collocations with the components proizvodit'/proizvesti in the official texts of the XVIII century, collected in the Russian National Corpus, are presented. It is established that the most frequent combinations in these texts are proizvodit'/proizvestidejstvie, delo, kanonadu, ogon', pal'bu, nakazanie, stroenie, torg, rukodelie. It is proved that combinations with these verbs were used in the following meanings: ‘to carry out any activity/to perform actions without any specification’; ‘to open artillery fire/to fire shots from different types of weapons’; ‘to carry out specific activities’; ‘to punish/ ttack/ ause harm’. It was determined that the verbsproizvodit' / proizvestiat that time already had several meanings and wide compatibility, however, most of the analyzed collocations are not used in modern Russian, that is, these verbs have changed their compatibility while maintaining the lexical meaning. Such combinations as proizvodit'/proizvestidejstvie, kanonadu, ogon', pal'bucan be attributed to stable collocations.

Homicide mechanisms, weapon types and causes of death in the autopsy material of the Department of Forensic Medicine Medical University of Gdańsk Poland in the years 2010–2019

The study objective was the analysis of homicides based on reports of 107 medicolegal autopsies of victims, which were carried out in 2010–2019 at the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland. The study focused on the analysis of homicide mechanisms, on the weapon type, injuries characteristics, and both pathomechanisms and causes of death. Alcohol and illicit drugs abuse, which is a predisposing factor, was also assessed. In the analysed cohort, 70.1% were males and 29.9% females. The most frequently used weapon was a blunt instrument (accounting for 47.7% of homicides), while the least common was a firearm (accounting for 4.7% of homicides). There were significant differences in homicide mechanisms related to victims’ gender. In males, blunt or sharp instruments predominated, while in females violent suffocation and chop injuries were more frequent. Fatal head injuries and their consequences predominated in the pathomechanisms of death (32.7% of cases). It was shown that the highest blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was found in homicides due to violent strangulation and sharp instrument use, while the lowest BAC was found in gunshot victims. Toxicological tests were performed in 18 cases and in 7 cases showed positive results for illicit drugs. The analysis of various elements involved in homicide may contribute to a conceptual framework for preventive measures aiming at the reduction of homicides number.

AUTOMATED FORMATION OF THE TESTING BRIGADE: APPROACH TO ASSESSING THE COMPETENCIES OF TESTING ENGINEERS

In recent years the task of rearming the Armed Forces of Ukraine with the latest or modernized technological samples of weapons and military equipment has become extremely relevant. In turn, an important stage in the life cycle of military products is their testing. The quality and timeliness of mass tests are largely determined by the effectiveness of the overall testing activities organization and the automation of all processes, including the management of personnel’s testing organization.
 The article discusses the problem of automating the formation of brigades at various stages in testing the weapons’ samples and military equipment in terms of forming a test’s list of test engineers who can independently perform technological operations for testing a sample. The basis of the proposed approach is the register of competences which determines the sufficient level of personnel qualification in relation to one or another type of weapons and military equipment.
 The general principles and features in the selection of test engineers to the test crews are formalized. The main criteria for appointing specialists to certain stages of testing have been formulated. The register’s logical structure of personnel competencies is proposed and examples of correspondence logical expressions of the competence of an individual test engineer to the tasks at different stages during the test are given.
 The proposed approach is consistent with the algorithm for the automated formation of test teams which is proposed to be used in the automated system of supporting OVT tests. It can be expected that the automation of the personnel management subsystem will ensure a reduction in the time spent on appointing a team and the preparation of relevant management and accompanying documents, ensure compliance with the tasks of testing OVT samples and the competence of testers and establish an effective analysis system and assessment of the personal qualities compliance of personnel.

FEATURES OF COMBAT TRAUMA AND ORGANIZATION OF MEDICAL CARE

Summary. The article deals with the features of combat trauma at the present time., first of all – mine-explosive. The types of weapons that are most often injured are described. The etiology of wounds, their epidemiology, classification and pathogenesis are presented in detail. Much attention is paid to factors that affect the nature and severity of the injury. Methods of transportation of wounded, their sorting and stages of medical care in different branches and groups of troops are described. a new clinical protocol for emergency medical care is presented.

To the question about the opportunity of militant use of the checans of the saragashen stage of the Tagar culture

The present work is devoted to the identification of militant properties of the checans of the saragashen stage of the tagar culture. Throughout its length the checans were one of the type of melee weapon. They were intended for infliction of the stab wounds. On the territory of the Khakass-Minusinsk basin the checans are known as early as the late Bronze Age, but they were widely used among the population of the tagar culture. They are an exclusively male subject. In the archaeological literature there was an opinion about non-militant purpose of the checans at the saragashen stage and they are interpreted as «votive» (exclusively intended for ritual use as an accompanying inventory of the deceased). The tagar petroglyphs demonstrate two types of the checans: big and small. Products’ analysis and their images allows to talk about the militant use of both reduced and full sized checans. One can assume that the decrease of sizes is related to a change in combat tactics.