Types Of Treatment Methods Research Articles

Evaluation of Common Herbs for Treating Soak Liquor of Tannery

Wastewater is a very turbid liquid with an offensive smell in most cases. Its composition varies from large floating or suspended solids to smaller suspended solids, very small solids in colloidal form and chemical impurities as dissolved substances. This makes the treatment complicated and hence it is essential to adopt more than one type of treatment method. It is a common practice to carry out cost effective pre treatment to make the actual treatment less tedious and more effective. Chemical impurities such as sulphides, sulphates, chloride, oil and greases are usually found at the second stage of tannery effluent. The pH of tannery effluent ranges from 5.5 to 10. This work explores common herbs as a viable pre treatment option for non – chromium tannery effluent.

Sustainable treatment of landfill leachate

Landfill leachate is a complex liquid that contains excessive concentrations of biodegradable and non-biodegradable products including organic matter, phenols, ammonia nitrogen, phosphate, heavy metals, and sulfide. If not properly treated and safely disposed, landfill leachate could be an impending source to surface and ground water contamination as it may percolate throughout soils and subsoils, causing adverse impacts to receiving waters. Lately, various types of treatment methods have been proposed to alleviate the risks of untreated leachate. However, some of the available techniques remain complicated, expensive and generally require definite adaptation during process. In this article, a review of literature reported from 2008 to 2012 on sustainable landfill leachate treatment technologies is discussed which includes biological and physical–chemical techniques, respectively.

Use of Modular Neural Network for Heart Disease

The medical field is very versatile field and one of the interested research areas for the scientist. It deals with many medical disease problems starting with the diagnosis of the disease, preventing from the disease and treatment for the disease. There are various types of medical disease and accordingly various types of treatment methods. In this paper we mostly concern about the diagnosis of the heart disease. Mainly two types of the diagnosis method are used one is manual and other is automatic diagnosis which consists of diagnosis of disease with the help of intelligent expert system. In this paper the modular neural network is used to diagnosis the heart disease. The attributes are divided and given to the two neural network models Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) for training and testing. The two integration techniques are used two integrate the results and provide the final training accuracy and testing accuracy. The modular neural network with probabilistic product method gave an accuracy of 87.02% over training data and 85.88% over testing accuracy and with probabilistic product method gave an accuracy of 89.72% over training data and 84.70% over testing accuracy, which was experimentally determined to be better than monolithic neural networks.

Evaluation of treatment methods to reduce the corrosivity of soft waters

Soft waters characterised with low alkalinity tend to reduce the lifetime of pipes in drinking water distribution systems. Consequently, the corrosion induced is likely to deteriorate water quality at the consumer's tap. Two different types of treatment methods are commonly used to control the corrosion effects of soft waters: (i) the addition of phosphate corrosion inhibitors, and (ii) the remineralisation process. In order to facilitate the decision making of network operator to use suitable treatment methods, a comparative pilot-scale experiment was performed. The above two treatment strategies were tested using pipes representing both drinking water distribution systems (used materials: cast iron and steel) and household plumbing systems (used material: copper). The impact of the two techniques was assessed by means of water quality monitoring (pH, metal leaching, etc) and of corrosion measurements using electrochemical probes as well as weight-loss coupons. The results obtained after a 15 month long experiment showed that remineralisation method was clearly the most effective way to control soft water corrosion. The implementation of this method resulted in a 50% reduction in metals leaching and about 40% decrease in iron corrosion rates.

Influence of Pretreatment Coping Strategies on the Outcome of Outpatient Treatment of Danish Alcohol Abusers

An important issue regarding treatment for alcohol abuse is the high rate of relapse following treatment. In the research on treatment of alcohol abuse, the concept of coping has been proposed as a relevant factor in the relationship between relapse crises and treatment outcome. The present study investigated the role of pretreatment coping strategies in outcome of outpatient treatment for alcohol abuse. The pretreatment coping strategies of 136 clients receiving outpatient treatment for alcohol abuse were examined as a predictor of drinking pattern after treatment. The pretreatment coping strategies were assessed by the COPE questionnaire. Drinking pattern after treatment was assessed at follow-up one year after treatment was entered. Results indicated that some pretreatment coping strategies are identifiable as adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies, respectively, regarding successful treatment for alcohol abuse. Restraint coping was found predictive of a positive drinking pattern at follow-up while the use of alcohol to cope was found predictive of a negative drinking pattern. Furthermore, the results showed tendencies towards the possibility that some coping strategies co-operated differently with types of treatment methods.