Types Of Trays Research Articles

A Fast Path Planning Method of Seedling Tray Replanting Based on Improved Particle Swarm Optimization

In the factory nursery, qualified seedlings can be used to replant unqualified seedlings or missing seedlings in the seedling tray through automatic transplanters. Due to the random positions of unqualified and missing seedlings, the end effector of the automatic replanting machine spends substantial time shuttling between the supply tray and the target tray to complete the replanting task. Therefore, we proposed a fast path planning method based on improved particle swarm optimization and compared it with the fixed sequence method and genetic algorithm in experiments with different replanting numbers in different tray types. The experiment shows that the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm and genetic algorithm can shorten the length of the replantation path by about 20% compared with the fixed sequence method, and the running time of the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is 57.63% less than the genetic algorithm on average. The replanting path optimization method based on improved particle swarm optimization designed in this research can significantly optimize the length and time of the replanting path of the seedling tray, improve the efficiency of the replanting operation, and meet the real-time requirements.

Study on the Hydrodynamic Performance of a Countercurrent Total Spray Tray under Sloshing Conditions

In this paper, a new type of total spray tray (TST) with gas–liquid countercurrent contact is proposed to solve the problem of slight operation flexibility and poor sloshing resistance in towers under offshore conditions. Its hydrodynamic performance indicators, such as pressure drop, weeping, entrainment, and liquid level unevenness, were experimentally studied under rolling motion. A tower with an inner diameter of 400 mm and tray spacing of 350 mm was installed on a sloshing platform to simulate offshore conditions. The experimental results show that the rolling motion affected the hydrodynamic performance of the tray under experimental conditions. When the rolling amplitude did not exceed 4°, the degree of fluctuation of the hydrodynamic performance was small, and the tray could still work stably. With increasing rolling amplitude, the TST wet plate pressure drop, weeping, and liquid level unevenness fluctuations also increased. When the rolling amplitude reached 7°, the maximum fluctuation of the wet plate pressure drop was 8.9% compared to that in the static state, and the plate hole kinetic energy factor, as the TST reached the lower limit of weeping, increased rapidly from 6.2 at rest to 7.8 under the experimental conditions. It can be seen that the TST still exhibits good hydrodynamic performance under rolling motion.

Microbial control during the incubation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs exposed to humic acid

IntroductionCultured fish species are increasingly exposed to fungi and bacteria in the rearing environment, often causing disease and mortality causing aquaculture producers to rely on the use of chemical therapeutants which may have negative consequences for both human and environmental health. This study investigated the effect of humic acid as a treatment to reduce fungal and bacterial infections to increase survival during the incubation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs.MethodsHumic acid, an aqueous extract of oxidized lignite was added to water entering both stacked tray and jar type incubators at a dosage rate of 5 mg/L from fertilization until hatching.ResultsThe water treatment eliminated observable fungus and significantly improved survival until hatching in the treated incubator trays (77.2%) compared to the untreated controls (55.5%) (p ≤ 0.001). Egg survival was not improved in the incubator jars. The humic acid reduced bacterial diversity, but only in the stacked tray incubators and altered bacterial composition of the water after 20 days of treatment.DiscussionThe treatment increased the bacterial abundance of Burkholderiales, positively associated with healthy fish eggs and decreased the abundance of Flavobacterium and Aeromonas, known fish pathogens. These findings support the topical treatment of humic acid as a potential alternative treatment to prevent fungal infections and reduce mortality during incubation of rainbow trout eggs.

Standardised colour-coded compartmentalised syringe trays improve anaesthetic medication visual search and mitigate cognitive load

BackgroundAnaesthetic procedures are complex and subject to human error. Interventions to alleviate medication errors include organised syringe storage trays, but no standardised methods for drug storage have yet been widely implemented. MethodsWe used experimental psychology methods to explore the potential benefits of colour-coded compartmentalised trays compared with conventional trays in a visual search task. We hypothesised that colour-coded compartmentalised trays would reduce search time and improve error detection for both behavioural and eye-movement responses. We recruited 40 volunteers to identify syringe errors presented in pre-loaded trays for 16 trials in total: 12 error present and four error absent, with eight trials presented for each tray type. ResultsErrors were detected faster when presented in the colour-coded compartmentalised trays than in conventional trays (11.1 s vs 13.0 s, respectively; P=0.026). This finding was replicated for correct responses for error-absent trays (13.3 s vs 17.4 s, respectively; P=0.001) and in the verification time of error-absent trays (13.1 s vs 17.2 s, respectively; P=0.001). On error trials, eye-tracking measures revealed more fixations on the drug error for colour-coded compartmentalised trays (5.3 vs 4.3, respectively; P<0.001), whilst more fixations on the drug lists for conventional trays (8.3 vs 7.1, respectively; P=0.010). On error-absent trials, participants spent longer fixating on the conventional trials (7.2 s vs 5.6 s, respectively; P=0.002). ConclusionsColour-coded compartmentalisation enhanced visual search efficacy of pre-loaded trays. Reduced fixations and fixation times for the loaded tray were shown for colour-coded compartmentalised trays, indicating a reduction in cognitive load. Overall, colour-coded compartmentalised trays were associated with significant performance improvements when compared with conventional trays.

Factors that influence the quality of final impressions for fixed dental prostheses in Nairobi, Kenya

Background:Good quality dental impressions free of air bubbles, voids, steps, drags, streaks and tears are a pre-requisite for the fabrication of well-fitting fixed dental prostheses (FDP). The quality of impressions is dependent on clinician and material factors.Aim:To evaluate factors that influence the quality of final impressions for FDP in Nairobi, Kenya. Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 234 impressions received by five dental laboratories were analyzed. The study collected information on the type of tray, impression material, technique, type of prostheses, and clinically detectable errors, including voids, inadequate material at margins, tears, steps, drags, and streaks. Impression quality was the outcome assessed as good, fair, or poor by two investigators. The independent variables influencing impression quality included clinician specialty, experience, impression material, technique, and tray type.Results: Inter-rater agreement was 96.8% (p&lt;0.001). Clinician experience ranged between 1-45yrs, median 13.5yrs and mean 8.39±11.96yrs. The majority were GPs, 80.8% while restorative dentists were 11.5% and other specialists, 7.7%. Most impressions were non-aqueouselastomers, 97.9% employing dual-viscosity technique, 75.6%. Impression trays included stock metal, 60.3%, stock plastic, 34.2%, and custom, 5.5%. Impression quality was good, 24.8%, fair, 37.2% or poor, 38.0%. Cumulatively, 74.5% impressions hadbubbles/voids, 53.0% tears and 43.2% poor margins. Clarity of margins was associated with clinician specialty, (Fisher’s exact=9.372, p=0.047), and impression technique with impression quality, (Pearson’s χ2 = 6.385, p=0.041). Compared to restorative specialists, estimated odds of other specialists producing poor margins was 5.71, 95%CI 1.55,21.06, Wald χ2=5.24, p=0.009 while for GPs, the estimated odds was 2.19, 95%CI 0.88, 5.43, Wald χ2 = 2.86, p=0.09. Compared to dual viscosity, estimated odds of monophase giving a poor-quality impression was 1.52, 95%CI 0.83,2.78, Wald χ2 = 1.52, p=0.18.Conclusion:Most impressions were good or fair hence acceptable. Quality of impressions was influenced by clinician specialty and impression technique

An in vitro comparative evaluation of accuracy of impressions using different types of impression trays

An in vitro comparative evaluation of accuracy of impressions using different types of impression trays

Research on the Tray-type Shuttle Crank Connecting Rod-parallelogram Mechanism Jacking System

Pallet shuttle plays a key role in the efficient and stable operation of high-density automated storage systems. For tray type through the roof overloading its cargo, we design a crank connecting rod-combinations of parallelogram mechanism type jack-up system. This paper introduces the principle of the jack-up structure in detail, and part of the dynamics of jack-up institutions is analyzed, calculated, and simulated. The driving motor of the jacking mechanism is selected. The feasibility of the scheme is verified by a prototype test.

Color appearance in rotational material jetting

Material jetting (MJT) is a recognized additive manufacturing (AM) method to combine various materials and create a wide range of designed appearances. However, the measured color of MJT objects is frequently different from the color provided in the printer software. As a result, estimating the color quality and the measured color attributes of an object before printing is vital for accurate color reproduction. This study investigates the color variation based on the texture in an object 3D-printed using the MJT method on a rotary tray. The novel radial shape of the rotary tray build platform and variation in the layers structure were targeted as the main factors that can increase the uncertainty in accurate color reproduction. The influence of the PolyJet printer setup has been examined by thickness variation of the colored layers, location on the tray (swath selection), ink color, and finish type between layers. Color quality was assessed by comparing the produced object color by calculating spectral and colorimetric differences. Spearman rank correlation coefficient and principal component analysis (PCA) methods were used to analyze the direct or indirect influence of independent categorical factors on the measured color variables. Based on the studied parameters, switching swathes did not fail printer objects for industrial color matching. In contrast, a thickness variation as small as 0.5 mm could cause CIEDE2000 above 5 for most models, resulting in unnatural color reproduction. Color differences in most objects might be discernible to inexperienced observers, depending on the 3D printing parameters.

Growth Characteristics of &amp;lt;italic&amp;gt;Hemerocallis thunbergii&amp;lt;/italic&amp;gt; Baker Seedlings depending on Cell Size in Sowing using Plug Trays

Background and objective: This study was conducted to determine the appropriate cell size, and days after sowing seeds by examining the growth of Hemerocallis thunbergii Baker (HTB) seedlings using plug trays.Methods: The growth of seedlings was examined after sowing seeds in four types of plug trays (143, 70, 18, 13 mL/cell). The sown trays were placed in a greenhouse for three repetitions per treatment. The seedling growth were measured at intervals of one month after sowing.Results: The leaf width and root length increased in proportion to the cell size, and at 90 days after sowing the highest leaf number was observed in the 143 mL/cell plug tray, followed in order by 18, 13, and 70 mL/cell plug tray. The longest leaf length was found in the 70 mL/cell plug trays, followed in order by the 70, 18, 143, and 13 mL/cell plug trays, but there was no significant difference except in 13 mL/cell plug trays. By analyzing the plant water content (PWC) of the shoots and roots, it was found that the PWC of the root system increased as the cell size increased, compared to that of the shoots, and there was a significant difference according to the cell size.Conclusion: Compared with the 143 mL cell plug tray, which had the largest cell size among the other treatment groups, the leaf number increased only for the 18 mL cell plug tray, there was no significant difference from 143 mL cell plug tray, and the leaf length was rather longer. Therefore, considering the actual production period and economic efficiency of raising the seedlings, it is considered that nursery period of 60 days or more is appropriate for HTB based on 18 mL/cell in sowing in plug trays.

A study of diabatic distillation in a column with a low pressure drop

This paper examines diabatic columns with a new type of tray. The design provides effective liquid reflux flow in each column tray and a low pressure drop. The contact devices comprise a stack of multi-diameter plates with raised edges. The vertical tubes of the dephlegmator integrated into the column centre pass across all plates, and are used for heat removal. Vapors of the ascending mixture partially condense onto the plate surfaces and the dephlegmator, resulting in vapor enrichment. The liquid flow down the column forms a thin layer on the surfaces of the middle and bottom plates. When the condensate drops onto the smaller-diameter top tray, it partially evaporates, is then mixed with the liquid flow on the underlying plates, and partially evaporates again. An algorithm calculation of distillation parameters for a diabatic column, with a known reflux flow rate, vapor velocity and heat transfer coefficient, is proposed and approbated. The column separation efficiency is assessed depending on the temperature and cooling-water flow rate in the dephlegmator pipe. Several approaches for enhancing the heat transfer intensity in the column dephlegmator pipe were analysed. Several heat removal methods, including liquid film flow cooling of the inner dephlegmator pipe surface, were examined. Experimental tests were carried out using an ethanol-water binary mixture and a raw spirit complex mixture. Comparison of the characteristics of the new diabatic unit and a packed column with a spiral prismatic packing showed that the plate column with the same separation efficiency has a lower pressure drop and metal consumption. The results encourage further research on this new diabatic column design.

Bracket Transfer Accuracy with the Indirect Bonding Technique-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Purpose: To investigate the bracket transfer accuracy of the indirect bonding technique (IDB). Methods: Systematic search of the literature was conducted in PubMed MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus through November 2021. Selection Criteria: In vivo and ex vivo studies investigating bracket transfer accuracy by comparing the planned and achieved bracket positions using the IDB technique were considered. Information concerning patients, samples, and applied methodology was collected. Measured mean transfer errors (MTE) for angular and linear directions were extracted. Risk of bias (RoB) in the studies was assessed using a tailored RoB tool. Meta-analysis of ex vivo studies was performed for overall linear and angular bracket transfer accuracy and for subgroup analyses by type of tray, tooth groups, jaw-related, side-related, and by assessment method. Results: A total of 16 studies met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review. The overall linear mean transfer errors (MTE) in mesiodistal, vertical and buccolingual direction were 0.08 mm (95% CI 0.05; 0.10), 0.09 mm (0.06; 0.11), 0.14 mm (0.10; 0.17), respectively. The overall angular mean transfer errors (MTE) regarding angulation, rotation, torque were 1.13° (0.75; 1.52), 0.93° (0.49; 1.37), and 1.11° (0.68; 1.53), respectively. Silicone trays showed the highest accuracy, followed by vacuum-formed trays and 3D printed trays. Subgroup analyses between tooth groups, right and left sides, and upper and lower jaw showed minor differences. Conclusions and implications: The overall accuracy of the indirect bonding technique can be considered clinically acceptable. Future studies should address the validation of the accuracy assessment methods used.

A Study on Tray Adhesives Used with Elastomeric Impression Materials and Different Types of Trays

A Study on Tray Adhesives Used with Elastomeric Impression Materials and Different Types of Trays

Accuracy of Elastomeric Impression Made with Standard and Dual Arch Tray: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: The dual-arch impression techniques utilise special stock impression trays of various designs. These trays are made of plastic or metal with fabric or mesh material placed across the occlusal surfaces of the teeth connecting their buccal and lingual flanges. These special trays register the impression of the opposing segments of the dentition. The dual arch impression technique is used in dentistry effectively since many decades but there is very little evidence published regarding the effect of different tray design on the accuracy of impression. Aim: To evaluate the accuracy of inter-abutment distance in dies obtained from different dual-arch trays and with those obtained from stock metal trays. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was carried out in the Department of Prosthodontics, M.M. College Of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Haryana, India between June 2016 to November 2017. A total of 70 elastomeric impression using heavy and light body addition silicone impression material were made, of the prepared typodont teeth of right mandibular first premolar and first molar for thee- unit fixed partial denture. impressions were grouped into four groups, based on the type of tray used i.e. Group A consisted of impressions obtained from plastic dual-arch trays (n=20), Group B- plastic reinforced with metal dual-arch trays (n=20), Group C- metal dual-arch trays (n=20) and Group D-full stock metal trays (n=10). Group A, B and C were further divided into Subgroup I (working side poured first) (n=10) and Subgroup II (non-working side poured first) (n=10) depending upon the sequence of pouring. The measurements were obtained using travelling microscope and statistical analysis was done using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test which was then followed by a post-hoc test. Results: The inter-abutment distance showed a decreased value in all the groups when compared to the master model (p-value &gt;0.05). Percentage decrease in inter-abutment distance was between 0.006% - 0.48%. The results indicated statistical insignificant difference when full arch metal stock tray impression is compared to all dual arch trays impression. There was insignificant difference between the inter-abutment distance obtained using dual arch trays which were poured with working or non working side first. Conclusion: The impressions obtained with both dual arch trays and stock tray, produced dies with distortion in a clinically relevant range. Thus, dual arch trays can be recommended for making impressions of short span fixed partial dentures, and can be considered to be an alternative to the conventional method.

Current trends in the development and efficiency of irrigation systems

The article presents research methods for the developed irrigation systems, for increasing the efficiency of water use in the agricultural sector. Based on an analysis of literature and patent sources, the authors present ways of modifying irrigation systems, such as physical and hydraulic barriers and magnetic treatment of irrigation water. The article also presents the results of laboratory tests of the proposed drip irrigation system. It investigates five different types of drip trays to quantify hydraulic performance. Researchers obtained dependencies of uniformity of water flow through the drip trays when changing the operating pressure in the system.

Status of mat-type nursery raising techniques for rice cultivation in India - A Review

In a quest for successful mechanical transplanting of rice, an intervention of mat-type nursery raising is a precursor. The status of techniques of mat-type nursery raising for rice has been reviewed and presented in this paper. Findings on suitable field location, nursery field preparation, seed varieties, optimum nursery sowing time, use of media, mat thickness, seed rate, water application and different nursery raising devices and machines are presented as it differs from traditional wash root type nursery raising. Two methodologies in mat-type raising i.e. tray method (off-situ) and open field (in-situ) were reviewed and found that open field method of nursery raising is most commonly practiced in India despite meagre mechanical intervention and higher input requirement in terms of labours. Tray type mat nursery sowing machines could not be popularised in India due to lack of technical knowledge to use it and also due to establishment involving higher initial investment. Need-based research is required for complete mechanization in growing in-situ mat-type nursery through efficient and appropriate machine to save labour and time.

Susceptibility of Impact Damage to Whole Apples Packaged Inside Molded Fiber and Expanded Polystyrene Trays.

Postharvest damage, leading to loss and waste, continues to be a significant problem in the fresh produce industry. Trays, designed to reduce fruit-to-fruit contact, are utilized by the apple industry to minimize bruising of whole apples. During distribution, packaged apples are subjected to various supply chain hazards, which may lead to bruising damage. Currently, molded fiber (MF) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) trays transport whole apples from the packhouse to the retail outlet. Mechanical shock, by free-fall drop method, was used to evaluate the performance differences between the two trays and quantify the bruising characteristics of the apples. Results showed that the EPS trays provided better shock protection to the apple as compared to the MF tray, reducing the impact acceleration by more than 70%. Additionally, the bruise susceptibility was 40% less for the apples packaged inside the EPS trays, regardless of drop height. However, apples packaged in the middle layer trays were most susceptible to bruising damage, regardless of tray type.

Exergy, energy and economic analysis of a V-groove assist rotating tray type solar cabinet dryer for drying potato chips

In this present work we have studied the exergy, energy and economic performance of a V-grooved type air collector with rotating trays type of solar cabinet dryer for drying potato chips in the sunny days of winter season at Bhubaneswar (20.2961° N, 85.8245° E), Odisha. The obtained results from this experiment were also compared with the performance of a flat plate air collector with rotating trays used in the same dryer. The average energy efficiency of the solar air collector (SAC) and drying chamber (DC) was found to be 73.3% and 24.8% in case of V-grooved and 60.1% and 19.3% in case of plane collector respectively. The average exergy inflow, outflow, loss and efficiency of the drying chamber in case of V-grooved collector was found as 19.7 W, 11.82 W, 7.88 W and 58.14% where as it was 22.3 W, 12.96 W, 9.34.88 W and 56.12% in case of plane collector respectively. Similarly the average exergy inflow, outflow, loss and efficiency of the SAC in case of V-grooved was found as 845 W, 20.1 W, 824.9 W and 1.99% where as it was 830 W, 22 W, 808 W and 2.28% in case of plane collector respectively. The average exergy and energy efficiency of the V-grooved type chamber are found to be 3.47% and 22.17% higher respectively as compared to plane collector. The air temperature at the inlet and outlet of the SAC and DC mainly affects the exergy value.

Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus Clinical Isolate Screening in Azole-Containing Agar Plates (EUCAST E.Def 10.1): Low Impact of Plastic Trays Used and Poor Performance in Cryptic Species.

Azole-containing agar is used in routine Aspergillus fumigatus azole resistance screening. We evaluated the impact of the type of plastic used to prepare in-house agar plates on the procedure's performance against A. fumigatus sensu stricto and cryptic species. A. fumigatus sensu stricto (n = 91) and cryptic species (n = 52) were classified as susceptible or resistant (EUCAST E.Def 9.3.2; clinical breakpoints v10). In-house azole-containing agar plates were prepared following EUCAST E.Def 10.1 on three types of multidish plates. We assessed the sensitivity, specificity, and agreement values of the agar plates to screen for azole resistance. Overall, sensitivity and specificity values of the agar screening method were 100% and 93.3%, respectively. The type of tray used did not affect these values. All isolates harboring TR34-L98H substitutions were classified as resistant to itraconazole and voriconazole by the agar method; however, false susceptibility (very major error) to posaconazole was not uncommon and happened in isolates with posaconazole MICs of 0.25 mg/liter. Isolates harboring G54R and TR46-Y121F-T289A substitutions were correctly classified by the agar method as itraconazole/posaconazole resistant and voriconazole resistant, respectively. False resistance (major error) occurred in isolates showing tiny fungal growth. Finally, agreements between both procedures against cryptic species were much lower. Azole-containing agar plates are a convenient and reliable tool to screen for resistance in A. fumigatus sensu stricto; the type of plastic tray used minimally affects the method. On the contrary, the performance against cryptic species is rather poor.

Synergistic effects of waste plastic food tray as low-cost fibrous materials and palm oil fuel ash on transport properties and drying shrinkage of concrete

Waste plastic recycling is an essential step toward a green environment and a circular economy. Plastics, which are non-biodegradable polymers that come in various forms, have become an essential part of human life. The quick growth of the world's population has increased the need for plastics in different sectors such as food packaging. Consequently, adequate management of plastic waste recycling is critical to preventing environmental emissions from these wastes. In this study, experimental investigations were performed to determine the possibility of using polypropylene type of waste plastic food trays (WPFT) as low-cost fibres to improve the strength and durability performance of concrete. WPFT fibres with a length of 20 mm and dosages of 0–1% were used in concrete mixtures. The outcomes revealed that the inclusion of WPFT fibres decreased the workability of fresh concrete and the compressive strength. Despite a slight decrease in compressive strength, WPFT fibres' addition significantly increased the tensile strength by about 31% and reduced concrete's drying shrinkage by 35%. Besides, with fibre dosages of up to 0.6%, chloride penetration depth and sorptivity were remarkably decreased. The findings indicated that the use of WPFT fibres to manufacture sustainable concrete has a promising future. Concrete comprising waste plastics also leads to the conservation of natural resources and minimises solid wastes.

Data Analysis of Plastic Surgery Instrument Trays Yields Significant Cost Savings and Efficiency Gains.

Inpatient surgery costs have risen 30% over the past 5 years, and the operating room accounts for up to 60% of total hospital operational expense. On average, only 13.0% to 21.9% of instruments opened for a case are used, contributing to significant avoidable reprocessing, repurchase, and labor expense. A comprehensive review of 40 major instrument trays at UNC Rex Hospital was conducted using a technology service (OpFlow; Operative Flow Technologies, Raleigh, NC). Among the full scope of the project, the general plastics tray and breast reconstruction tray were evaluated for the plastic surgery service line over a 3-month period. Intraoperative data collection was performed on the exact instruments used across a standard breadth of cases. Data analytics were conducted stratifying instrument usage concordance among surgeons by tray and procedure type. After a surgeon-led review of the proposed new tray configurations, the optimized versions were implemented via a methodical change management process. A total of 183 plastic surgery cases were evaluated across 17 primary surgeons. On average, the instrument usage per tray was 15.8% for the general plastics tray and 23.5% for the breast reconstruction tray. After stakeholder review, 32 (45.1%) of 71 instruments were removed from the general plastics tray and 40 (36.7%) of 109 were removed from the breast reconstruction tray, resulting in a total reduction of 2652 instruments. This resulted in a decrease of 81,696 instrument sterilization cycles annually. The removal of the instruments yielded an estimated cost avoidance of US $163,800 for instrument repurchase and US $69,441 in annual resterilization savings. The instrument volume reduction is projected to save 383.5 hours of sterile processing personnel time in tray assembly annually. An analytics-driven method applying empirical data on actual case-based instrument usage has implications for better efficiency, improved quality, and cost avoidance related to instrument repurchase and sterile processing. Given increasing cost constraints and the transition to value-based care models, leveraging a technology-based solution enables meaningful change in the sterile processing department as a source for cost reduction and quality of care improvement.